3 4 SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST OF AMERICA,
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1 3 4 SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST OF AMERICA, Columbus was right. The spirit of adventure brought many explorers to America. Here is an overview of Spanish explorers, who came first. 24
2 SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST OF AMERICA, THE RACE TO CLAIM AMERICA WAS ON! Excitement about Columbus discovery spread throughout Europe. Spain, France, England, Portugal, and Holland all competing for wealth and power began staking their claims. By 1550 bold Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) had founded a vast empire, NEW SPAIN and PERU, conquering the gold-rich Aztecs and Incas in the process. By 1610 Spain s empire stretched larger than the ancient Roman Empire. Meanwhile, in 1519 Spain hired Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan to sail westward around the world to find the Indies. He was killed in the Philippine Islands, which he claimed for Spain, but in 1522 one of his 5 ships completed the historic, first trip around the world with only 18 of 239 men surviving. Three G s motivated the remarkable Spanish conquest of America: 1. GOLD the search for wealth 2. GLORY the search for fame 3. GOD the aim to convert Indians to Catholic Christianity, Spain s official religion. Bernal Diaz a colonist of Hispaniola, wrote: Spanish colonizers enslaved the Indians they conquered and used their labor to farm, mine, and build cities. In 1542 Bartolome de Las Casas, a humane Spanish priest in Hispaniola, persuaded King Charles V to end Indian slavery, but Indian abuse continued. Spain ruled New Spain and Peru with a tight fist, allowing no representative government, no free trade, no freedom of religion all the while growing rich from New World gold and silver. I came to America to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do. Yet Spain gave New Spain and Peru a rich endowment of western civilization in terms of people, language, law, literature, universities, religion, plants, and livestock (horses, cows, pigs). European diseases proved fatal to the Indians, for they had no immunity. Millions died; they were replaced by enslaved Africans. The empire founded by Columbus in 1492 ended for Spain three centuries later, when her American colonies won their independence. But even by 1600, Spain had lost her monopoly in America, as rival nations challenged her lead. 25 Before we check on France, let s explore with one of Spain s North American conquistadors: Hernando De Soto.
3 3 6 FRANCE CLAIMS NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING ARKANSAS, Now back to the BIG RACE FOR NORTH AMERICA: France envious of Spain s American wealth and eager to find a northwest passage to the riches of Asia ignored the Pope s division of the New World between Spain and Portugal and claimed her rights of discovery in North America with the voyages of brave adventurers. Pope Clement VII scolded King Francis I for violating the Treaty of Tordesillas. The king, unfazed, had a quick answer. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD Newfoundland Cartier, St. Lawrence River NEW FRANCE England Grand Banks Quebec France Champlain, NORTH Spain AMERICA Portugal Verrazano, 1524 Treaty of Tordesillas Line 1494 S P O P A R ATLANTIC I T U N OCEAN G A L PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA 30 AFRICA
4 FRANCE CLAIMS NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING ARKANSAS, America s interior river highways beckoned France. The French wanted to: open new fur trade routes, find a water route to China, convert the Indians to Christianity, extend the French empire. An expedition left New France (Canada) to explore the Mississippi River. New France Leading the 1673 French expedition were Louis Joliet, a fur trader, and Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit priest who spoke five Indian languages. They stopped in present-day Arkansas (near Arkansas Post), where friendly Quapaw Indians saved them the trouble of continuing down-river. Joliet and Marquette returned home Nine years later Robert La Salle led another French expedition down the Mississippi River. He was determined to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Henry de Tonti, an Italian in the service of France, was his lieutenant. Enroute to the Gulf of Mexico, La Salle stopped in present-day Arkansas, near the earlier landing of Joliet and Marquette. He visited with friendly Quapaw Indians and erected a Christian cross. He must have surprised them when he said: ROBERT LA SALLE 31
5 3 7 ENGLAND ENTERS THE RACE FOR NORTH AMERICA, English King Henry VII regretted his refusal to back Columbus in So in 1497 he paid John Cabot, a Frenchman, about $50 to find a North American passage to Asia. Cabot discovered Newfoundland instead. In 1579 English seaman Francis Drake on a daring round-the-world voyage staked a claim for England in North America. So did Henry Hudson, a Dutchman sailing for England in 1610, but England was slow to colonize. Then, in 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, with the help of geographer Richard Hakluyt, convinced Queen Elizabeth I that colonies in North America would make England as rich and powerful as Spain Virginia was founded when 1587: THE LOST COLONY Raleigh Meanwhile, daredevil English seadogs the Queen gave Raleigh a land grant stretching from present-day North Carolina to Maine. He named it Virginia for Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. sent 117 people to settle Roanoke Island off North Carolina s coast. By 1591 they disappeared, leaving the name of an Indian tribe, Croatoan, carved on a post. What do you think happened? 1588 Furious, Spanish King Philip II built a 130-ship Armada to invade and punish England. The largest fleet in history, the Armada stretched seven miles as it sailed toward England. 33 Francis Drake and John Hawkins pirated Spanish ships carrying American gold. England grew rich from this stolen treasure, and Spain grew angry! 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada came as a storm scattered the fleet, enabling crafty English seadogs led by Sir Francis Drake to out-maneuver and sink much of the invincible Armada.
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