Developing Cold-Hardy Grapes: The Trials and Tribulations of Breeding Grapes for the Northern Continental U.S.

Transcription

1 Developing Cold-Hardy Grapes: The Trials and Tribulations of Breeding Grapes for the Northern Continental U.S. Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Matthew Clark

2 There is a large field for the plant breeder to work in. We need hardier cherries and better varieties of plums for the market, we need long keeping varieties of apples and many other fruits. How are we going to get these? Only through the patient and hardworking plant breeder. C. Haralson, 1908 Louis Suelter Beta Grape (1881)

3 History of Grape Breeding Epidemics in mid 19 th century Powdery mildew Phylloxera (root louse) Downy mildew Black rot Introduction of rootstocks V. riparia, V. rupestris Kennelly et al. (2007) Phytopathology, 97(4),

4 Distribution of Native Grape Species

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6 Limitations of V. vinifera in Cold Climate Regions Cold tolerance: winter Late spring: frost Length of season for fruit ripening Susceptible to diseases commonly occurring in the Midwest

7 Grape Breeding in the Late 20 th Century the Elmer Swenson Era ( ) Elmer Swenson Established a legacy of coldhardy grape breeding in North America V. riparia MN 78 French hybrids Developed numerous varieties Others still being tested and named

8 Cold Climate Grape Cultivars Cultivars by breeder Elmer Swenson St. Croix St. Pepin Swenson Red Swenson White Sabrevois Edelweiss (joint UMN) UMN cold climate cultivars Frontenac (1996) Frontenac gris (2003) Frontenac blanc Marquette (2006) La Crescent (2002)

9 Breeding Timelines Year

10 Current Grape Breeding Scheme Year Cultivar release years after the cross was made

11 Current Grape Breeding Scheme Year

12 What is a DNA marker A DNA sequence or gene that can be used to: identify an individual represent a gene variant Be a sign post along the DNA strand

13 Genetic Map: a roadmap of markers Garris et al., JASHS March 2009 vol. 134 no

14 Genetic Map: a roadmap of markers S10_34153 S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S0_ S3_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S0_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_72 S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10 S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_ S10_

15 What is DNA-Informed Grape Breeding? Use of DNA Markers Tests Identity and fingerprinting Paternity Testing Validation of a cultivar Select parents for crossing Cull offspring likely to have undesirable traits

16 What is DNA-Informed Grape Breeding? Gene Mapping Identify markers linked to traits Is there a diagnostic DNA test for the trait?? Identify genes that influence a trait of interest Can we understand why a mutation or variation exists at the gene level

17 Marker Assisted Breeding Catch-all term Screen Parents with DNA tests Screen Seedlings with DNA tests Accelerate breeding timeline Gain insight and predict

18 Year Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme Year

19 Year Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme Year

20 High-Throughput Phenotyping Firmness/Texture Chemistry (fruit quality) Metabolite profile Disease Resistance Microvinification Sensory evaluation Columbiafruit.com

21 Targeted Fruit Quality Traits Fruit quality ph Acids (<9 g/l) Malic : Tartaric Sugars (21-25 Brix) Flavor/aroma Phenolics (tannin) Color

22 Juice Chemistry 2015

23 Juice Chemistry 2015

24 Juice Chemistry 2015

25 Mapping Population: Pedigree V_riparia Cascade SV Seibel405 Aramon_du_Gard Landal Villard_blanc V_riparia_MN89 V_riparia_MN39 Veeblanc Seibel4595 Seibel4199 Rayon_D'Or SV Landot4511 MN1069 Seibel5656 MN1057 Frontenac Seyval_Blanc MN1200 MN1264 MN1246 GE1025

26 Powdery Mildew 2013: 2 QTL Uncinula necator Photo: Michelle Grabowski;

27 Foliar Phylloxera 2012: 2 QTL Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Photo: E.C. Burkness & T.L. Galvan Clark et al. in prep

28 Berry size and color

29 Berry size

30 Berry color

31 Informative roadmap

32 What s next? Combining favorable gene variants Gene pyramiding Identifying off flavors and aromas Validating that these markers work in broad populations

33 Many thanks to John Thull Jennifer Thull Bryan Forbes Northern Grapes Project VitisGen Check out: enology.umn.edu grapes.umn.edu Former project direction Dr. Jim Luby and Peter Hemstad

34 NDSU Winegrape Germplasm Enhancement for North Dakota DR. HARLENE HATTERMAN- VALENTI JOHN STENGER, COLLIN AUWARTER, BRITTANY OLSON, CHRIS ASMUNDSON, TOM PLOCHER, HVC TEAM.

35 Goal One red & one white grape for North Dakota. Hardy: -40 C with no protection Early to ripen: <1800 GGD base 50 F Good quality Total Titratable Acidity: <1% Sugar: Brix Reds: high tannins Overall distinct, complex flavor and aroma (not Concord grape-like)

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39 Direction Two approaches 1. Short-Term Quick-hitting crosses between available material Proven parents and elite materials for our area Creating releasable material in one generation 2. Long-Term Series of crosses with selection Multiple generations prior to releasable material Building from the ground up

40 Emphasis on stability and quality early Continental climate Dominated by unpredictable conditions. Large temperature swings Unpredictable growing season What we want out of our vines Predictable yields Predictable quality Predictable incomes

41 Germplasm Adapted (V. riparia) Established parents SD 62- U of M riparia s Local material Red River of the North Sheyenne river Missouri river Bismarck, ND Culbertson, MT Many others from several local contributors

42 Greenhouse offers possibility of year around breeding Current collection of potted vines at NDSU is over 100 varieties and growing. Cold room > greenhouse> cold room Allows 2 pollinations per year for each vine: 1 month to break bud and bloom 2 months to ripen fruit 2 months of vernalization in cold Year around crossing

43 Year around crossing Greenhouse offers possibility of year around breeding Current collection of vines growing in the ground at NDSU is? varieties. Multiple stems at various stages of reproduction on a single plant. Advantages/Disadvantages: Growth in the ground vs. pots Insects and diseases Plant manipulation

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52 What else can be done to help growers?

53 Recognitions & Thanks The research team: Collin Auwarter John Stenger Tom Plocher NDSU High Value Crops Project Chris Asmundson Volunteers over the years Materials U of Saskatchewan Mark Hart Carl Camper Jacob Ballinger Dave Griffin Jeff Peterson So many others Funding North Dakota state legislature North Dakota Dept. of Ag North Dakota Grape and Wine Program Committee North Dakota Grape and Wine Association North Dakota State University Graduate School Those who paved the way for our industry University of Minnesota Elmer Swenson South Dakota State AND MANY MORE

54 Questions?