8/21/18% Grapes,%%%%%Pecans,%%%Peaches%and%Blackberries% Apple Apricot. Apricot. Blueberry Plum. Plum. Pomegranate. x% x% Blueberry. Strawberry.

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1 Grapes,Pecans,PeachesandBlackberries Apple Apricot Plum Pomegranate All#Texas# Crops# Apricot Blueberry Plum x x Blueberry Strawberry Plum Citrus Olive Fig Pomegranate Citrus Strawberry Pear Plum Peach Olive Fig Pecan Strawberry Blackberry Fig Persimmon Citrus Jujube Pomegranate Grapes XBellCo. XWilliamsonCo. 1

2 WhatareChillHours? AgriLifeResearchCenteratOvertonTX MississippiStateUniv. webapps.msucares.com/chill_hours/ Notes: Chill Hours for KTXBELTO23 for Oct thru Aug : Below 45 Model = 967 Between 32 and 45 Model = 778 First Below 45 day: :20:00 Last Below 45 day: :42:00 TexasChillingRegions 1000( )# VariePesorspecieswithtoolowchilling requirementfortheregionresumegrowthtoo quicklyandareaspringfrostliability. Toohighchillingrequirementresultsinpoor producpon,growth&fruitquality 800( )# 700#( )# 600( )# XisBellCo. X X XisWilliamsonCo. 500#( )# 400#( )# 200#(502350)# 2

3 DrupeFruits Peaches Olives Plums Jujube TheDrupe PeachesinTexas 3

4 Soilrequirements WellZdrained Avoidheavyclays. ph:6.0z7.0;ironchlorosiswhen>7.5 Raisedbedsorbermsaregood. Soilpathogenconcerns:nematodes,codonrootrot,armillariarootrot Rootstocks Lovell&Halford bederonclaysoilsandhigh ph,butsusceppbletonematodes. Myrobalanplum fornoncommercialtrees wherepoorlydrainedsoilsandoakrootrotis problem. Nemagurad Fornematodeproblems. PruningofPeachTrees 4

5 OpenVasePruning Howaprunedtreeshouldlook. SpringistoughPmetogrowpeaches intexas Photo:MichaelPoder,CEAZHORT,Montgomery Co. 5

6 Peachbudson Jan.20 th 2017 TexKingPeach400chillhours Stage LT10 LT90 FirstSwell 18( o F) 1( o F) CaylxGreen 21 5 CaylxRed 23 9 Pink Bloom(early) Bloom(late) PostBloom LT LethalTemperature SymptomsofInsufficientChilling Abnormallyshapedfruit &fasterdeteriorapon ReducedYield Photo: Sparseanddelayed Kamas foliagedevelopment 6

7 Excessfruitloadleadstosmall peachesandbrokenlimbs ReducetheFruitLoad 7

8 PeachVariety ConsideraPons Chillhours&ripeningdate. FreestonevsClingstone Color Yellow,Red,White ShapeZZZTipandsutureprominence Firmvs.MelPngflesh Sugarandacidlevels Diseaseresistance Chillingdifferencesamongmedium&lowchillpeaches Medium-Chill Chilling Stone Days Before Elberta Varieties Requirement Freeness 'Flordacrest' 425 Semi-Cling 55 'Flordaking' 450 Cling 51 'Goldprince' 650 Cling 46 'TexKing' 450 Cling 42 'Juneprince' 650 Semi-Free 35 'Texstar' 450 Semi-Free 32 'Southern Pearl' 650 Free 28 'TexRoyal' 600 Free 25 'Suwanee' 650 Free 22 'TexPrince' 550 Free 20 'La Feliciana' 600 Free 18 Low-Chill Chilling Stone Days Before 'Flordaking' Varieties Requirement Freeness 'Gulfking' 350 Cling 6 'Flordacrest' 375 Cling +4 'Gulfprince' 400 Semi-Free +25 Days After 'Flordaprince' 'FlordaPrince' 150 Cling -0- 'TropicPrince' 150 Cling +7 'TropicBeauty' 150 Semi-Free +14 WhiteDelightPeaches LateJuneZEarlyJuly Chill:700 Flavor:Subacid White Delight Three White Delight Four SlideCredit:DaveByrne 8

9 SmoothTexanOne MidMay Chill:550 Flavor:SweetAcid SlideCredit:DaveByrne Flat,SaucerorDonutPeaches Variety# Bloom# Ripe# Flat#Delight#One# Feb#28# May#25# Flat#Delight#Two# Feb#26# June#02# June#Gold# Mar#13# June#04# Galaxy# Mar#10# June#22# # SlideCredit:DaveByrne Nectarines VariePes Karla#Rose##600chillhours Redgold850chillhours Rose#Princess##850chillhours ArmKing###550chillhours # # Sungem##425chillhours(UnivofAlabama)# KarlaRose RosePrincess ArmKing 9

10 Plums Plums Culture Mayrequireapollinator CareandPruning thesameaspeaches Diseases PlumCurculio PeachTwigBorer SPnkandLeaffootedBug Leafcurl Brownrot BacterialLeafSpot VariePes Bruce Methley* Morris OzarkPremier* SantaRosa *SelfPollinaPng MexicanPlum Asmalltomediumtree Exposure:sunparPalsun FlowerColor:white BloomingPeriod:spring Fruitroundpurplishdrupes(plums) Height:to25s.Width:to25s. HeatTolerance:medium WaterRequirements:mediumlow SoilRequirements:adaptable 10

11 Apricots Apricots VarieRes# # Tisdaleabout600chillhrs. Blenheim500chillhrs. Moorpark6 700chillhrs. Bryan700chillhrs Chinese(orMormon)700hrs. Tisdale PruningtheApricot TysdaleApricot Twoyr.oldfromplanPng 11

12 PrunusHybrids Plumcots, Pluots Apriums GrowingCherries RoyalLeeChillHrs.2Z300 MinnieRoyalHrs.4Z500 StellaHrs.5Z600 MontmorencyHrs.6Z700 MinnieRoyal Stella RoyalLee Almonds ThevarietymostcommoninTexas AllZInZOne 12

13 Arberquina2#Mostplantedin TexastoDate Aarbosana2onlymoderate coldtolerance FrantoioZHaslowcold tolerance# # Manzanilla2#FromSpain,a tableolive,needsapollinator # Mission2DevelopedinUS,good coldtolerance # Pendolino2#Usuallygrownonly asauniversalpollinator # Olives Olives OliveHarvesPng 13

14 Jujube(ChineseDate) RecommendedVariePes,Lang,So,SugarCane,Chico PomeFruit ApplePearPersimmon ThePomeFruit 14

15 15 Apple Culture Threesizes Standard,semiZdwarf dwarf Prunetoacentralleader Onefruit/cluster RequireCrossPollinaPon VariePes PinkLady(5Z600hrs.) RedDelicious GoldenDelicious(7Z800hrs.) Gala(140Z160days,600hrs.) Jerseymac Mollie sdelicious(500z600hrs.) Fuji(140Z160days,5Z600hrs) GrannySmith(400hrs. Univ.Pollinator) EinShemer(400hrs.) Insects/Diseases FireBlight CodonRootRot AppleMaggot CodlingMoth Scab NOTE:DifferentWebsiteslist differingchillhoursforapples Pears Culture ChooseFireBlightResistance Generally15feettall Prunetoacentralleader SomeRequire2variePesforpollinaPon VariePes *Kieffer *Orient# Warren# Ayres# *Moonglow# **ShinLi# **Shinko# Insects/Diseases FireBlight CodonRootRot *RecommendedZone2 **AsianforZone2 #AlsoforZone1 Persimmons

16 Berries Blackberry#Culture# Dewberries Rubusspp. Severalspecies SomearedioeciousZmale andfemale Earlyflowering,short maturapon Predominantlytrailing Dewberries Rubusspp. 16

17 ThornlessErectBlackberry Growthforms Bramblefruit 17

18 SoilZSiteConsideraPons Widelyadaptedtosoils Goodinternaldrainageispreferable phrange5.5to7.5 Irondeficiencywillbeaproblemathigh7Z8range. Plantspacingisarbitrary(widetohighdensity), dependsongoalsforberryproducpon. HighpHsoils. Correctwithiron chelate,foliar&soil Irondeficiency CaneberryBotany Primocane;vegetaPve,usuallynonZflowering; growsfromthecrowninthecurrentseason. Floricane;fruiPng,oneyearZold;bearscurrent seasonfruitcrop;thendies. 18

19 FirstYearGrowth RegularwateringandsummerferPlizer encouragevegetapvegrowth. Primocanes,JulyAserBerryHarvest Three Categories of Blackberries Thorny Rustresistant,double blossomsusceppble, heavyyielding,large fruit. Thornless Primocane Bearing Doubleblossom resistant,rust susceppble,moderate yielding,mediumzsized fruit LateZSummer,Fall Bearing;Poorly AdaptedtoHot Climates 19

20 ArkansasThornyVariePes Shawnee 1983 Heavybearing,sosfruit 7Z8g/berry Choctaw 1989 Early,medgoodsize,smallseeds 5g/berry Chickasaw 1998 Largesize,diseasesuscepPble 10Z11g/berry Kiowa 1996 Verylargefruit,goodfirmness 11Z13g/berry ThornlessBerrySize Variety# Arapaho 500 Natchez 500 Ouachita 300 Navaho,Apache 800 Chilling# Requirement# Natchez ThornlessBerrySize Arapaho;5g Navaho;5g Apache;8Z10g Ouachita;6g Natchez;8Z9g Navaho# Apache# Kiowa# Photo:#LSU#AgCTR# Kiowa;11Z13g(NotThornless) 20

21 WhiteDrupelet High#Sunlight,#low# humidity????# APACHE=Worst#Known# Problem# DoubleBlossom Rosede ThornyTypesMost SuscepPble Orange#Rust#[Gymnoconia)peckiana]## ThornlessTypes MostSuscepPble 21

22 PrimoZCaneBearing PrimeZJimZZ2004 PrimeZJanZZ2004 PrimeARK PrimeARKFreedom 2013 (Thornless) AdaptaRon#to#high#summer#heat#of# Texas#is#marginal.#Future#is#unclear!# PrimeARK45 WhatdothetermsDioeciousandMonoeciousmean? Dioecious DisPnctMaleandFemalePlants Monoecious BothMaleandFemaleflowersonthesamePlant GrapeProducPon 22

23 NaRve#Grapes#of#Texas# NaRve#Grapes#of#Texas# V.)acerfolia)(mapleleaf#grape)# V.)aes4valis)(summer#grape)# V.)arizonica)(canyon#grape)# V.)champinii)(Champins#grape)# V.)cinerea)(graybark#grape,#winter#grape)# V.)mon4cola)(sweet#mountain#grape)# V.)mustangensis)(mustang#grape)# V.)palmata)(catbird#grape)# V.)riparia)(riverbank#grape)# V.)rotundifolia)(muscadine#grape)# V.)rupestris)(sand#grape)# V.)vulpina)(frost#grape)# Why#doesn t#my#grapevine#produce#fruit?# Perfect#Flower# Female#Flower# Male#Flower# Mostwildgrapeshaveeithermaleorfemaleflowers. Grape Types Grapetypes Vinifera# theoldworldgrape,mostly California Poordiseaseresistance Needgrasingontoresistantrootstock American theoldconcordtype,mostly easternus Moderateyields Fairquality Diseaseresistant French#x#American#hybrids CombinaPonofViniferaandAmerican Goodyields,bederquality Bederdiseaseresistance 23

24 Is#it#a#Bunch#Grape#or#Muscadine?# Muscadines Smoothbark Fewberriespercluster (<10) Largeberries Thickskin Berriesdropat maturity BunchGrapes Peelingbark Manyberriespercluster Noberrydrop Scuppernong Muscadine Bunch ConsideraRons#for#SelecRng#VarieRes# DiseasesuscepPbility Heat/coldtolerance Soiltolerance QualitypotenPal/use Jelly,Wine,TableGrape,Juice Thesehybridsdon tgrowwellin manyareasoftexas Concord Niagara Catawba 24

25 Low#Maintenance#Grapes#for#Home# ProducRon## RedorBlackFruit America BenHur BlackSpanish(Lenoir) Carman Champanel Herbemont(SomePDResist.) Lomanto Norton(Cythiana) VictoriaRed(TexasSuperstarTableGrape) WhiteFruit MissBlanc LakeEmerald Edna GrapeberriesaremostsuscepPbletofungal diseasefrom2weeksprezbloomthrough6z weekspostzbloom.(2weekspriortoveraison) Veraison(ripening) PreZbloom PlanPngtheVine Mostpurchasedvinesarebareroot Usually1yr.plants Grapesaretypicallygrasedontoa rootstock PlantinJanorFeb Space12feetapart 25

26 Growing & Training LocaPonoftheGrapeClusters FerRlizing#Grapevines# GrapevineshavealownitrogenrequirementrelaPvetomany othercrops Earlyspring(beforeMay)ferPlizaPonispreferred Avoidnitrogenjustbeforebloom,andlateseason (Septemberorlater) 1cupof13Z13Z13pervineor1/2cupofammoniumsulfate, halfthatamountfornewvines. SpreadferPlizerin12Z18 ringaroundtrunk 26

27 Its#beger#to#under2ferRlize#than#over2ferRlize# # # # OverZferPlizaPoncanleadto: Excessgrowth Delayedripening Reducedfruitquality ReducedfruitproducPon Fungaldisease IrrigaRng#Grapevines# GrapesarerelaPvelydroughttolerant DripirrigaPonispreferredoversprinkler(leafwe}ng encouragesfungaldisease) Water1or2Pmesperweekinsummerdependingon soilwaterholdingcapacityandweather PruningduringDormancy 27

28 PruningduringDormancy GrapeHarvester Strawberries 28

29 Strawberries Chandler Sequoia FruitSizeMediumtoLarge PollinaPonSelfZpollinaPng Ripens/HarvestJune SoilpH 5.5Z6.5 Yearstobear1Z2 FruitSizeLargeZExtraLarge PollinaPonSelfZpollinaPng Ripens/HarvestJune SoilpH 5.5Z6.5 Yearstobear1Z2 Blueberries VariePes Ti~lue Brightwell Powderblue Climax Premier SoilMix Usea20Z25gal.orlarger containerlikea½barrel. 4Z5partsPeatMoss 1partPineBark 1PartPerlite WaterwithRainWater(pHof ) 29

30 Figs Culture ClosedeyevariePes Prune/Trainasatreeorshrub FullSun SelfPollinaPng VariePes BrownTurkey TexasEverbearing BlackMission Alma Celeste Diseases None NotFreezeHardy Fig Pomegranates 30

31 Pomegranates Culture BestGrownasBushes LikeHot/DrySummers SelfFerPle Usuallysoldbareroot PronetoSunDamage Insects/Diseases SPnk/LeafFootedBugs Whitefliesandthrips. FungalDiseases VariePes AlZsirinZnar Russian18 Salavatski SpanishSweet Sumbar SurhANor Wonderful Pomegranates SunScald SunBurn LeafFootedBugs GoodFruit HeartRot FungalDisease MyerLemon Citrus Orange(ManderinZIncludesSatsumas ClemenPnesandTangerines) Satsumagrasedtosourorange 31

32 Pecan#Culture# 1Z2yearold:Dia.1.5s. 4Z5yearold:Dia. 6Z8s 728#year#old:#Dia.#10212#h# 12214#year#old:#Dia.# 20#h# SoilpHforpecans Lower# limit# Ideal#Range# Upper# limit# Lime#Required# Soil#Zn#Ok# Cogon#Root#Rot# Foliar#Zinc# Iron#Chlorosis# 32

33 ZincDeficiency Nitrogen Zincisneededforleafexpansion 9to13leaflets/supporteachpecan! Chlorophyllcomponentneededfor growthofbranches,leaves,nuts. Palefoliage Poorshootgrowth ReducednutproducPon SoilMoisture& RootGrowth Mostfeederroots responsibleforwater uptakeestablishin thetop6z12 ofsoil. Withgoodwatering, rootswillspread outwardsignificantly fromthetrunkduring thefirsttwoyears. WhathappenswhenwaterislimiPng? Feederrootsdie Growthisreduced Calipergrowthand terminalgrowthare correlated Waterisredirected fromfruittoleaves forcooling Leavesexhibit stress/scorch Twigs,branches,die Wholetreedies. 33

34 !!Pecan Irrigation Requirements March#to#July # #1#inch#per#week# August#to#October####2#inches#per#week#!!Dormant Season Irrigation Mid2November###2 # End#December###2 # First#February ###2 ## TOTAL 6 Water about every 6 weeks HomePecanTreeFerPlizaPon Trunk diameter (inches) Nut-Bearing Status** 1-2 Young, not bearing nuts 3-6 Young, not bearing nuts 7-11 Bearing normal crop Bearing normal crop Bearing normal crop Bearing normal crop Greater than 27 Bearing normal crop Approximate Tree age (years) Amount of granular fertilizer to apply using pound per inch pound per inch pounds per inch pounds per inch pounds per inch pounds per inch OR pounds per inch; maximum of 80 lbs per tree Amount of granular fertilizer to apply using /2 pound per inch 1.0 pound per inch 1.5 pounds per inch 1.5 pounds per inch 1.5 pounds per inch 1.5 pounds per inch 1.5 pounds per inch; maximum of 40 lbs per tree Supplies N,P,K Supplies onlyn Pecanis Alternate Bearing PecanvariePesnaturallyoverbear. HeavyseedcropproducPonreducescarbohydrate/energyreserve producponandflowerproducponisreduced. HormonesthatsignalinducPonoffemaleflowersaresuppressed. Weatherandpestsaccentuatethecycling. 34

35 Preventovercropping,thinoutoverproducinglimbs FactorstoconsiderinvarietyselecPon PollinaPon SuitabilitytoClimate MarkePng Precocity&Yield AlternateBearing& CropLoadMgt SelecPngtherightmixofvariePesiscriPcaltobothshortZ termandlongztermeconomicsuccess. Type#I# Pecan PollinaPon Type II: Flowers First Catkins first Pawnee (I) Western (I) Wichita (II) Nacono (II) April 20 April 30 May 10 May 20 Brownwood, Tx Receptivity=Red Pollen Shed=Yellow Chart: Tommy Thompson 35

36 CentralTexasRegion (I) TypeIpollenshedfirst (II) FlowersRecepPvefirst **NewUntested SsScabSuscepPble bbbreaksdormancyearly x XBastropCo. HOWMANYINSECTSFEED ONPECAN??? 20#NUT#FEEDERS# Pecannutcasebearer Pecanweevil Hickoryshuckworm SPnkbugs/leaffooted bugs 67ZTwig,Branchandroot feeders Twiggirdler Rootborers Branchpruners Scale 103FoliageFeeders Blackpecanaphid Yellowaphidcomplex Webworms Leafminers Grasshoppers Walnutcaterpillar PECAN#NUT#CASEBEARER# CasebearerMoth 36

37 PheromoneTrap PheromoneTrap YellowAphidComplex:2species Yellowpecanaphid Blackmarginedaphid 37

38 Aphids(BlackandYellow BlackPecanAphid causesyellow chloropcspots anddefoliaponif pressureisheavy. Late Nut Feeders: Hickory Shuckworm PECANWEEVIL 1. Monitor nut development 2. Use adult emergence traps 3. Use carbaryl (*Sevin 80S) 38

39 hdp://aggiezhorpculture.tamu.edu/fruitznut 39