THOSE OTHER FRUIT BEARING PLANTS

Transcription

1 THOSE OTHER FRUIT BEARING PLANTS Elizabeth Wahle Extension Educator, Commercial Agriculture CURRANTS (ZONES 4-6) RIBES SPP. GROSSULARIACEAE, THE CURRANT FAMILY Black currants and white pines are extremely susceptible to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) Introduced (white pine blister rust) into the U.S. around 1900 Red currants exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility. Always choose resistant cultivars Black Consort, Crusader, and Titania Better suited to a cool site Will tolerate shade in hotter climates Multi-stemmed shrub or trained as a standard 1

2 EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE TO WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST Black currant; Blackcomb, Canada RIB0112, Consort (Prince Consort), Crusader, Coronet, Crandall, 'Doch Siberyachki (Daughter of Siberia), Kosmioleskaja, Lowes Auslese, Minaj smyriou, Pilot Alexander Mamkin, Polar, Risager, Tahsis, Titania, Willoughby Red currant: Rondom White currant: White Imperial, White Currant 1301 WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST Photo credit: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Photo credit: Washington State Department of Natural Resources 2

3 GOOSEBERRY (ZONES 3-8) RIBES SPP. GROSSULARIACEAE, THE CURRANT FAMILY Gooseberries exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility to white pine blister rust Always choose resistant cultivars Very tart when eaten raw Excellent in jams and pies Better suited to a cool site Will tolerate shade in hotter climates Types of gooseberry plants American Tend to be smaller fruited GOOSEBERRY RIBES SPP. GROSSULARIACEAE, THE CURRANT FAMILY Poorman (red), Hinnonmaki Red (red), Pixwell (Pinkish) European cultivars Larger and better flavored (not always); make sure to select mildew resistant cultivars Invicta (yellow-green) Susceptible to leaf spot American x European Captivator (deep red) 3

4 EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE TO WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST Gooseberries: Achilles, Canada O-273, Captivator, Columbus, Downing, Glenton Green, Golda, Hinnomaen kiltaenen green (Hinnomaki yellow), Howards Lancer, InvictaJahns Prairie, Jeanne, Josselyn, Oregon, Pixwell, Poorman, Sabine, Whitesmith JOSTABERRY/PRUTERBERRY/YOSTABERRY ZONES 4-7 (RIBES NIDIGROLARIA) GROSSULARIACEAE, THE CURRANT FAMILY Cross between gooseberries and 2 species of black currants Seems to be highly resistant to white pine blister rust Thornless Fruit are deep black, tart, and borne singly like gooseberries Don t ripen evenly Image courtesy 4

5 EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE TO WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST Black currant-gooseberry hybrids: Josta (a.k.a. Jostaberry); Orus 8 HARDY KIWI (ZONES 4-9) (ACTINIDIA ARGUTA) ACTINIDIACEAE, CHINESE GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Strong growing perennial vine Requires a trellis system for support Train and prune to avoid growing over fences and up trees Can be aggressive Most plants are dioecious Must plant a male and a female plant Hermaphroditic plants don t perform as well About 5 years to bearing, then another 4 years before full production Similar in flavor to non-hardy kiwifruit (A. chinensis), just minus the fuzz Don t mature until early fall Susceptible to sooty blotch/fly speck 5

6 HYBRID BERRIES BLACKBERRIES (RUBUS URSINUS, R. FRUTICOSUS) AND RASPBERRIES (R. IDAEUS) Loganberry (California, USA, 1883), R. loganobaccus, a spontaneous cross between R. ursinus 'Aughinbaugh' and R. idaeus 'Red Antwerp' Boysenberry (USA, 1920s), a cross between R. idaeus and R. loganobaccus Veitchberry (Europe, 1930s), a cross between R. fruticosus and R. idaeus Marionberry (1956), now thought to be a blackberry cultivar R. 'Marion' Silvanberry, R. 'Silvan', a cross between R. 'Marion' and boysenberry Tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry cross Tummelberry, R. 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding program as tayberry Hildaberry (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry cross discovered by an amateur grower From: Ardle, John (July 2013). "Hybris vigour". The Garden. BOYSENBERRIES (ZONES 6-9) (RUBUS URSINUS X RUBUS IDAEUS) Have blackberry, raspberry, loganberry and dewberry in the parentage Management similar to other trailing-type brambles Unfortunately, not reliably winter hardy Would require winter protection Image courtesy Kent Cameron, 6

7 Blackberry-raspberry cross Management similar to other trailing-type brambles Unfortunately, not reliably winter hardy Would require winter protection LOGANBERRY (ZONES 6-10) (RUBUS LOGANOBACCUS) Image courtesy JUNEBEERY/SHADBUSH/SERVICEBERRY/ SARVISBERRY, SASKATOON (AMELANCHIER SPP.) USDA Zones 3-9 Small, multi-stemmed tree Good fall color (red) Anywhere from 6-30;, depending on cultivar Select cultivars selected for fruit production Pome fruit, not a berry Select cultivars bred for improved fruit production Red, turning to black fruit Good in pies and preserves Ripen in ~late June Favorite of birds Though very adaptable, prefer moist, acidic soil in full sun Will take some shade Image courtesy olimbach.sk/en/ 7

8 CHOKEBERRIES (NOT CHOKECHERRIES, PRUNUS VIRGINIANUM) (ARONIA MELANOCARPA) Zones 3-9 Red or black berries Beautiful fall color Very good for you (superfood mega oxidant!), but doesn t really taste good (off flavors) Birds eat it last! Spotted Wing Drosophila goes to last too! Berries are firm, mealy, with a tough skin Cooking greatly improves texture Needs something sour added to the recipe to bring out good flavors and mute off flavors Image courtesy Andre Abrahami GOJI/WOLFBERRY/MATRIMONY VINE LYCIUM BARBARUM VAR. BARBARUM, LYCIUM CHINENSE VAR. CHINENSE SOLANACEAE, THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY Another super food, high in nutrient and antioxidant content Raisin-size fruits Sweet tomato/unripe pepper, bitter aftertaste Zones 2-7 Not very good eating fresh maybe in a salad or covered in chocolate. Slightly thorny deciduous woody shrub, typically 3 to 6 feet tall when cultivated and pruned Plants can reach 12 feet tall in their natural state Fruit are borne on the current year's wood Can have similar tomato pests Image courtesy ww.provenwinners.com 8

9 Korean cherry, Manchu cherry/downy cherry/shanghai cherry/ando cherry/mountain cherry/chinese bush cherry/ Chinese dwarf cherry/hansen's bush cherry NANKING BUSH CHERRY (ZONES 3-10) PRUNUS TOMENTOSA Can reach heights of 9 to 15 feet, taking the form of a spreading shrub or small tree Well adapted to our growing conditions 3 years after establishment to fruit Partially self fruitful, Pincherry, Nanking cherry, chokecherry and sandcherry all cross-pollinate Fruit size is generally from ¼ to ½ Typically bright red, but some cultivars are pink or white Ripens early to late summer From tart to sweet; though not as good as traditional sweet and tart cherries Similar stone fruit pests Wildlife enjoys Image courtesy USDA 6-9 GOUMI (ZONES 6-9) ELAEAGNUS MULTIFLORA ELAEAGNACEAE, THE OLEASTER FAMILY Fruit is slightly elliptical, bright red, about the size of a small cherry Despite goumi being considered only partially self-fertile, fruit is quite bountiful on a single plant Drops easily when ripe Pleasant, somewhat tart flavor with slight astringency when fully ripe Potential uses include sauces, pies, jellies, juice and perhaps wine Photo courtesy Julia Adamson, photographer in the Saskatoon area. 9

10 FIG FICUS CARICA MORACEAE, THE MULBERRY OR FIG FAMILY Most are not hardy in zone 6 Brown Turkey (z 5-10)and Chicago Hardy (z 5-9) Will top kill if not protected below 10 F Resuming growth in the spring All others container grown Fruit ripens to a dark mahogany color Very good for fresh eating Relatively pest free ELDERBERRY (ZONES 4-8) SAMBUCUS SPP. ADOXACEAE, THE MOSCHATEL FAMILY S. canadensis Found across North America Medium to large shrub, often found in moist areas or along rights of way, railroad tracks, fencerows S. nigra = European or black elderberry S. nigra subsp. Canadensis = American black elderberry S. Nigra subsp. Caerulea = blue elderberry Berries used for juice, jelly, jam, wine, spirits, flower products, ingredient, food colorant, etc. Mildly poisonous in unripe state (cyanogenic glycosides > hydrogen cyanide) Cooking or drying dispels the offending substance, and greatly improves the flavor New cultivars adapted to the Midwest Wyldewood, Bob Gordon (American) Marge (European) S. caerulea S. nigra 10

11 HONEYBERRY (ZONES 3-8) LONICERA CAERULEA SUBSP. KAMTSHATICA, EDULIS, BOCZKARNIKOVAE, ALTAICA HASKAP (ZONES 2-8) LONICERA CAERULEA SUBSP. EMPHYLOCALYX CAPRIFOLIACEAE, THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY USDA Zones 2 or 3-8 Russian types not as suited, requires consistent cold winter temperatures Japanese types more flexible but still may be sensitive to fluctuating winter temperatures Can be used like blueberries Russian (Honeyberry) types long and thin, bloom uniformly Japanese (Haskap) types short and plump, uneven bloom Two cultivars needed for cross-pollination Plant shapes range from vines that need support to rounded mounds to upright bushes 2-5 are common for upright selections Image courtesy North Dakota State Agricultural Experiment Station, Carrington Research Extension Center JUJUBE, CHINESE DATE ZIZIPHUS JUJUBE RHAMNACEAE, THE BUCKTHORN FAMILY Zones 6a 9b We are at the absolute northern edge of adaptability ~ risky!! Requires only 150 hours winter chill ~risky!! Fruit eaten either fresh, candied, canned, or dried like dates; quite sweet Deciduous tree (some with spines) Can reach anywhere from 15 to 35 tall with a spread of 10 to 30 Image courtesy 11

12 SHIPOVA ( SORBOPYRUS AURICULARIS) IS A HYBRID BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN PEAR (PYRUS COMMUNIS) AND THE COMMON WHITEBEAM (SORBUS ARIA) Zones pyramidal tree with open growth habit requiring little or no pruning Notoriously slow to start fruiting, taking up to 15 yrs. Partially self-fruitful Pollinate with pear for increased production Flesh is semi-solid, buttery, sweet and fragrant about 2 in diameter and somewhat flattened, like an Asian pear Fire blight is an unknown factor Elizabeth s tree has shown no evidence of fire blight. Image courtesy Lee Reich, Ltd Small to medium-sized tree Fruit are small, about the size of a small crabapple CHINESE HAW CRATAEGUS PINNATIFIDA Better preserved (candied) than eaten raw Somewhat mealy texture Tastes slightly bitter and sour The skin even more so Image courtesy Yongin Birds enjoy Very susceptible to apple rust diseases Catalogs fail to mention this! Elizabeth cut her tree down for this reason. 12

13 MEDLAR MESPILUS GERMANICA Small tree (8 tall by 8 wide) Self pollinating Chestnut colored fruit Look like a cross between a small apple and a rosehip Rock hard when harvested in the late fall (flesh still white) Must be bletted Image courtesy onegreenworld.com Bletting is the process in which fruits are allowed to go just past what is normally thought to be ripe...almost to the point of decay, but just before ferment. This should NOT be considered the same as rotten or inedible. The bletting process reduces tannins and increases sugars Also bletted are quince, persimmons and pears Good in tarts, jellies, preserves, fools and syrups Attractive to wildlife Images courtesy Lee Reich QUINCE (ZONES 5-9) CYDONIA OBLONGA Small, irregularly shaped trees growing to about 15 feet tall Used as dwarfing rootstock for pears May be fire blight susceptible?? Most fruit cultivars too astringent to eat fresh, must be cooked (or bletted) Very good tart and sweet! Smell incredible- very strong, exotic floral Usually covered with a gray layer of lint-like fuzz, which can be easily washed off Image courtesy Valerie Lugonja Vexing to slice through as a tough ol catcher s mitt ~ David Lebowitz Change color from white to golden to pink to red when cooked-the longer they marinade in poaching liquid the redder they get Wildlife enjoys Image courtesy of David Lebowitz 13

14 SEABERRY/ SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES) ELAEAGNACEAE, THE OLEASTER FAMILY USDA Zones 3-9 One of the most vitamin-rich plants and are a well-known source of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E (Superfood) Small shrub to medium-sized tree Dioecious Nitrogen fixing Very time-consuming to pick and process Fruit don t form an abscission layer Some cultivars have hidden fine thorns Tart taste, but tartness varies among cultivars; a pleasing citrus flavor Skin is tough, but flesh is juicy Birds enjoy Good for juicing Fruit sweeter after some bletting Images courtesy University of Wisconsin, Carandale Farm Zone 5 8 PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRILOBA) ANNONACEAE, THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY Small deciduous tree (20 +) Difficult to transplant so should be planted while still small Prefer full sun, but require temporary shade during establishment (1 st year) Moist but well drained soil Two different cultivars required for successful pollination Flowers pollinated by carrion flies Fruit borne in clusters Ripe fruit are yellowish-black Usually ripen from mid-september until frost Many lima bean-sized seeds Custard like texture, very unique flavor Wildlife enjoys 14

15 EXTRACTING PAWPAW SEED Scape out flesh, seed and all Hand remove seed Remove gelatinous outer coating Provide cold moist stratification for 90 days Seed in deep cell trays Tap root grows for long time before breaking soil surface Puree flesh and freeze until used Great as ice cream and baked puddings CORNELIAN CHERRY (CORNUS MAS) CORNACEAE, THE DOGWOOD FAMILY Zones 5 to 8 The only species of dogwood that produces edible fruit upright to spreading tree Usually multi-stemmed Bloom very early (yellow) before leaves develop (February-early-March) Fruit are red or yellow, depending on cultivar Variegated leaf-type cultivars too Size of a medium olive Describe taste as a floral sweetness Likes full sun, but will tolerate some shade Birds enjoy Very sour eaten raw Good pickled like an olive, jellied, or made into wine Image courtesy straightfromthefarm.wordpress.com 15

16 PERSIMMON (DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA, D. KAKI) EBENACEAE, THE PERSIMMON OR EBONY FAMILY Two distinct groups Native persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Usually dioecious; rarely self-pollinating Tends to be smaller, seedier and more astringent until the fruit is ripe More cold hardy (-20⁰F zone 5a) A number of improved native persimmons have been selected, named and are available for purchase The Oriental persimmon (D. kaki) May produce male, female and/or perfect flowers on the same tree; do not need cross pollination Introduced into the United States about a hundred years ago Killed or injured below 10⁰F (zone 6a) Non-astringent types tend to be the most cold sensitive, and need to be peeled before eating fresh In general, their fruit is superior in quality to native persimmons PERSIMMON (DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA) EBENACEAE, THE PERSIMMON OR EBONY FAMILY Most unripe persimmons which are fully colored but firm are astringent Native persimmons should not be picked from the tree When they are ripe, they will fall easily from the tree naturally or with any shaking of the limbs Photo courtesy of Knoxville Mercury, Eleanor Scott Often, fruits will split or pop when they hit the ground. On ripening (bletting), the astringency disappears along with a softening of the fruit into a jelly-like consistency The flesh of bletted fruit darkens considerably to a purplish-orange or even somewhat brown-amber The skin will become almost translucent and very thin Small wrinkles will form on the skin due to the sagging pulp 16

17 CONTAINERIZED FRUIT Not hardy here but work well in a container Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) Citrus Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Sugarleaf (Stevia rebaudiana) Babaco (Vasconcellea heilbornii) Related to papaya Pineapple guava (Acca sellowiana) Banana (Musa spp.) Pomegranate Need lots of light A LITTLE ROUGH MATH Image courtesy Square dimensions 1 gallon is legally defined as 231 cubic inches (technically it is 256 cubic inches) Roughly 6 length x 6 width x 6 height 25 gal = 18 x18 x18 30 gal = 19 x19 x19 60 gal = 24 x 24 x gal = 36 x 36 x 36 Use an online conical frustum calculator to determine the volume of a pot For example, a pot that has a 12 wide base and a 24 wide rim and is 24 tall has a volume of roughly 27 gals. 17

18 QUESTIONS? 18