The Potency of Salt: Gandhi s Demonstration of Moral Victory from a Symbolic Revolution

Transcription

1 The Potency of Salt: Gandhi s Demonstration of Moral Victory from a Symbolic Revolution Claire Liu Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2,493 words

2 Introduction 1 Known to many historians as father of a nation, Mahatma Gandhi used innovative tactics to win independence for his nation. While the Salt Campaign did not officially liberate India or invalidate any of the harsh strictures the British implemented, it unified India s diverse people to one simple, but powerful cause. In fact, the Salt March is recognized today as one of the most influential anti-colonial resistances. Gandhi and his supporters inspired the Indian people to fight for liberation using civil disobedience against British imperialism during the Salt Campaign, bringing global attention to the power of unified non-violence. The Significance of Salt For 200 years, they were glimpsed upon as vermin in the moonless slums under the choking rule of the Raj. And they were vermin, scavenging for a taste of freedom. What cause could be so powerful, so powerful as to transcend all barriers-- barriers of men and women; of young and old; of rich and poor; of Hindus and Muslims-- so powerful as to unite the people of India, a feat they could not accomplish for 200 years? 1 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine, last modified October 10, 2014, accessed October 26, 2016, 1

3 He stood and announced to the world-- Salt. Salt will unite us. Next to air and water, he said, 2 salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life. Ever since Britain colonized India, anger at the Raj, British colonial rule, was shared by many Indian people, but revolutionists could not persuade them to fight for the political topics that seemed irrelevant compared to the everyday struggles against the British forces. Therefore, 3 Indian rights were trampled on due to the lack of opposition. Indians felt uncomfortable in their homeland, as the colonial police force restricted their freedoms and disrespected them. After Gandhi s return to India from a civil rights movement in South Africa, he developed a campaign to expel the Raj. To create mass opposition, Gandhi focused the hatred for the Raj on a single 4 relatable problem that reached across religious and socio-economic differences. In January 1930, the Indian National Congress (INC) adopted Gandhi s Satyagraha (civil disobedience) campaign. Many anticipated Gandhi would choose to protest a high profile injustice; instead, Gandhi focused on salt, a relatively minor non-political issue. Since the British colonization of India in 1858, the salt tax ironically funded colonial militarization. The British Salt Acts prohibited Indians from making their own salt and instead 2 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 3 "Gandhi Leads the Salt March, 1930," Historic World Events, Gale, last modified accessed November 5, 2016, 4 Mark Engler, and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 2

4 created a high priced monopoly for British merchants. Every Indian felt this burden, as salt was a heavily-taxed household item that everyone needed. Tushar Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi s great-grandson, asserts that many people were reduced to eating a dry bread with just a pinch of 5 salt. For Gandhi, this interference in the simplest aspect of Indian life was an inexcusable 6 evil. The fact that Indians were not permitted to freely collect salt...was a clear illustration of 7 how a foreign power was unjustly profiting from the subcontinent s people and its resources. Consequently, Gandhi organized the March to the Sea as the start of the Salt Satyagraha. My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence, he warned Viceroy 8 Lord Irwin, and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India. The March to the Sea What gives a man the will to walk? For him, it was not just the fight for all Indians, but for a unified India. For 24 days, he marched. And marched. He spoke about the need for self-rule, about the need to stand against the Raj. 5 Tushar Gandhi, Gandhi s Salt March Protest, Interview, Audio file, BBC, 6 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com, A&E Television Networks, last modified March 15, 2015, accessed 13 Nov. 2016, 7 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 8 Biography.com Editors, "Mahatma Gandhi Biography, Bio, A&E Networks Television, last modified October 1, accessed November 11, 2016, 3

5 And they followed him-- not as animals obediently trailing their master-- but as a single group marching for a single purpose. Justice. And at last, when they saw the blue of the tameless sea, 9 he picked up a single lump of salt-rich mud -- a grain of hope-- and declared: 10 With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire. On the Salt March eve, Gandhi moved the audience with his speech, stating he had faith 11 in the righteousness of [their] cause and the purity of [their] weapons. His inclusion of Hindu beliefs in his Satyagraha philosophy attracted much Indian support, and thousands joined the procession the next day. In the early morning of March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi and 78 of his loyal supporters began their 241 mile trek from his holy retreat in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi (See Appendix A), where they symbolically and illicitly harvested salt from the Arabian Sea. Although Gandhi set a vigorous pace of 12 miles a day, he used padayatra, a long spiritual march, through each town to educate crowds up to 30,000 about the campaign and salt tax. Padayatra also attracted international media attention, including The New York Times, keeping the general public updated with the march s progress. Coincidentally, as a global depression 9 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 10 Danielle Mazzo and Gaurav Passi, "The Salt March And The Indian Struggle For Independence," Social Science Docket, no. 1(Winter-Spring 2007): &db=ehh&AN= &site=ehost-live&scope=site. 11 Mahatma Gandhi. On The Eve of Historic Dandi March. Speech, March 11, 1930, Gandhi Research Foundation, 4

6 emerged, Gandhi convinced hundreds of Indians to resign their posts and join the march. What 12 is government service worth, after all? he asked during a stop. A government job gives you 13 the power to tyrannize over others. [W]ith each passing day an increasing number of people joined the salt satyagraha, 14 and soon, the procession became miles long. The day after Gandhi arrived at Dandi, on April 6, 1930, strategically the anniversary of 15 the 1919 Jallian Bagh massacre in which hundreds of Indians were killed, he walked to the Arabian Sea beachside, where more than 12,000 journalists and supporters gathered to watch 16 him make salt from the crystallized mud flats. Gandhi expected to be beaten and jailed, but the British feared public retaliation and only attempted to delay his salt making by crushing the beach salt. Gandhi, nevertheless, found a piece of salt-encrusted mud and declared, With this, I 17 am shaking the foundations of the British Empire. (See Appendix B) Salt began to symbolize the injustice and arrogance of the 200-year-old British rule and hope for India s independence. This well-planned emblem empowered the people to attack British imperialism through a simple solution of creating salt. The Salt Satyagraha They laughed. Salt was not political They said. 12 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 13 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 14 History.com, "Salt March," History.com, A&E Television Networks, last modified accessed October 22, Kurtz, Lester R, (June 2009), The Indian Independence Struggle, International Center on Nonviolent Conflict, retrieved from 16 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 17 Danielle Mazzo and Gaurav Passi, "The Salt March And The Indian Struggle For Independence,"

7 and They sat back on their pedestals. But one by one, the people joined hands and awakened the world with their small voice in hope for a better future. A future of equality and independence. their voices were silent no more. And as their assent for the Raj washed away in the sea, They laughed no more. Salt making spread across almost all provinces of India (See Appendix C). Jawaharlal Nehru, the future Prime Minister of India, was astonished at the popularity of salt-making, 18 stating, It seemed as though a spring had suddenly been released. The INC started a salt deposit, and the salt sold became Indian badges of honor. Despite the British authorities use of force, the campaign expanded to incorporate regional grievances. In the West, people ceased paying their land revenue tax; in center provinces, protesters burned trees to defy British regulations; in the East, people opposed liquor laws. The Daily Gleaner, a Canadian Newspaper, 19 reported that strikers paralize[d] train services. Boycotting foreign textiles, another heavily taxed item the British profited from, was also popular. The Salt Campaign initially caused ridicule and skepticism, as many thought the choice of salt was ludicrous; politicians did not associate salt with independence. The Statesman noted, 20 It is difficult not to laugh, and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians. Yet, the simplicity of the problem was the impetus for the campaign. Through the symbolic crime of making salt and the campaign s organization through daily newspaper updates, Gandhi 18 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 19 Many Arrests Made Following Gandhi Disobedience Campaign, The Daily Gleaner, April 24, 1930, 21, Newspaper Archive. 20 Mark Engler, and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 6

8 rallied millions to participate in civil disobedience. Business owners, university students, and laborers put aside their differences to fight British imperialism. The only wonder is that no one 21 else ever thought of it Motilal Nehru, another leader of INC, later remarked. The British initially did not perceive the protest as a threat either. Viceroy Lord Irwin reported back to 22 London, the prospect of a salt campaign [did] not keep [him] awake at night. The initial inaction allowed more people to join the campaign, but once the number of supporters reached a dangerous level, colonial forces arrested around 100,000 protesters. Even though there were criticisms of the campaign s focus on attracting media attention, the worldwide shock of witnessing British brutality was what brought down British rule. By making a popular Indian struggle a civil rights problem, the campaign attracted media attention that exposed the unjust laws implemented by the Raj and reported every British abusive action; this gained sympathy for Indians from across the globe. When 2,500 unarmed demonstrators (See Appendix D) advanced on Dharasana Salt Works, a government controlled salt production facility, journalists from around the world wrote about the steel-tipped pole beatings soldiers gave to protesters, which embarrassed the British and secured global support for Gandhi s 23 non-violent movement. American journalist Webb Miller wrote about the horrific scene, which even reached the U.S. Congress: [S]cores of native police rushed upon the advancing marchers and rained blows on their heads Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off the 21 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 22 Nadine Bloch, Case Study: The Salt March, Beautiful Trouble, accessed October 26, 2016, 23 Danielle Mazzo and Gaurav Passi, "The Salt March And The Indian Struggle For Independence,"

9 24 blows. With Time Magazine naming Mahatma Gandhi its 1930 Man of the Year, the campaign gained momentum and reporters took any opportunity to write about the Salt 25 Satyagraha (See Appendix E). Sympathy for the Indians was stirred up even in England, due to the media and Gandhi s letter To Every English Man in India, which told them to...make 26 common cause with the people of India whose salt [they were] eating. An adversary to Gandhi s campaign for self-rule, Winston Churchill later acknowledged that Britain s violence inflicted such humiliation and defiance as has not been known since the British first trod the soil of India. 27 Many radical Indian politicians unwillingly joined Gandhi as not participating was seen as equal to supporting the Raj. Because the protests of the Salt Satyagraha were well organized and successful, the Indian people were convinced the INC could replace the Raj, creating a smooth transition from a suppressed colony to a successful country. The Successful Anticlimax What gives a man the will to wish? For all Indians, it was the possibility of freedom and independence, of not feeling like foreigners in their homeland. It was the movement that consumed all Indians. And it would go on, as fire cannot burn the water of the sea. Because although they were a nonviolent army, their weapons were their disobedience, 24 Gandhi, Gandhi s Salt March Protest. 25 Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 26 Mahatma Gandhi and R.L. Khipple, Famous Letters of Mahatma Gandhi (Lahore: Indian Printing Works, 1947), Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. 8

10 and their armor was their hope. The world cried with outrage, as they read about the vulnerable people trampled by the cruel, cruel forces. And as the life of the campaign inched towards the new year, the high horse became tired and embarrassed. So inevitably, like the sun-kissed spring that comes after the merciless winter, the thin deteriorating walls of the Raj yielded, as the strongest country in the world couldn t defeat a nonviolent army. The Raj s strategy of increased force to suppress protesters lead to loss in all moral 28 control. The British were trapped--to use violence would cause public outrage and to do otherwise would cause British downfall. Sir Charles Innes, a provincial governor, recognized 29 that England [could] hold India only by consent. [They could not] rule it by the sword. In order for Britain to save its deteriorating reputation, the Viceroy finally agreed to negotiate with Gandhi in early 1931, resulting in the Gandhi-Irwin pact, which only included minor concessions, such as the releasing of protesters, in return for discontinuing the Satyagraha. 30 Many historians argue that the Salt Satyagraha was an anticlimax, since the Gandhi-Irwin Pact did not invalidate the Salt Acts and ignored the possibility of India s liberation. Because the terms were not favorable to the INC, analysts Peter Ackerman and 28 "Gandhi Leads the Salt March, 1930," Historic World Events, Gale. 29 A Force More Powerful, "India - Defying The Crown," A Force More Powerful, accessed January 1, 2017, 30 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 9

11 31 Christopher Kruegler claim the pact was a British victory, making the campaign...a failure. Many Indian congressmen such as Jawaharlal Nehru felt a great emptiness as of something precious gone, 32 believing Gandhi was too lenient during negotiations. Gandhi was subsequently invited to the Second Round Table Congress, where he pleaded to [l]et India get 33 what she [was] entitled to and was disappointed that all talks for India s liberation were overlooked. Despite the disappointment, the Salt Satyagraha is recognized today as one of the most powerful movements in world history. Biographer Louis Fischer explains the intangible result of the campaign in his 1954 biography of Gandhi; India was now free. Technically, legally, nothing had changed. India was still a British colony, but it was inevitable that...india should 34 some day refuse to be ruled. Historians like Judith Brown credit India s liberation to the social and economic pressures created by the campaign. The Raj was no longer seen as all-powerful, weakening its political strength. The dissatisfaction caused by the pact combined with the renewed hope for liberation resulted in unrest until India gained independence, which did not allow the Raj to temporarily appease the general population. The INC realized the effect of the campaign; Subhas Chandra Bose, a congressman initially doubtful of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 35 saw ovations such as he had never witnessed before. The Salt Campaign [shook] the 31 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 32 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 33 Mahatma Gandhi, Speech At The Round Table Conference, speech, November 30, 1931, Gandhi Research Foundation, 34 Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: New American Library, 1954). 35 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 10

12 36 foundations of the British Empire, and as Biographer Geoffrey Ashe wrote, The Raj never 37 recovered. Legacy and Beyond Though his voice was silenced by the shot of a gun, his legacy and philosophy are still passed on. It was carried by the man who had a dream, a dream that all men are created equal. It was carried by the man in South Africa nonviolently protesting apartheid. And it is still carried today, by the dreamers and the wishers, wanting to change the world peacefully. 38 You must be the change you wish to see in the world -Gandhi ( ) Gandhi s Satyagraha philosophy globally inspired many human rights movements. Martin Luther King Jr., stating that [i]t may well be that the Gandhian approach will bring about 39 a solution to the race problem in America, used civil disobedience to fight for African American civil rights. While protesting apartheid, Nelson Mandela saw sympathy internationally 36 Danielle Mazzo and Gaurav Passi, "The Salt March And The Indian Struggle For Independence," Geoffrey Ashe, Gandhi: A Biography (New York: Cooper Square, 1968). 38 Henrik Edberg, "Gandhi's 10 Rules for Changing the World," DailyGood, last modified June 28, accessed January 7, 2017, 39 Selected Quotes, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford University, accessed October 26, 2016, ests/quotes.htm 11

13 40 when the younger community used civil disobedience such as strikes and public protests. In a recreation of the Salt March, participants experienced a renewal of faith and an understanding of the Satyagraha s power. Today s social movements still combat civil rights, but it is clear that they can do so aided by the powerful example of forebears who converted moral 42 victory into lasting change. Conclusion Giving Indians hope for their basic rights, the Salt Satyagraha made them unstoppable until their nation was liberated. The suffering of protestors did not change the minds of the 43 British, but it did change the minds of Indians about the British. The Raj had underestimated the power of a unified population, and the campaign proved that a government could not rule without the consent of the people. Rather than a physical accomplishment many believed the Salt Campaign would achieve, the moral ascent of supporters was the catalyst for India s independence in The success of the Satyagraha inspired generations to take a stand against injustice and will inspire generations to peacefully fight for change. 40 Stephen Zunes, "Mandela Violence Vs Nonviolence," Popular Resistance, last modified December 15, 2013, accessed January 1, 2017, 41 Matthew Taylor, "PeacePower: The Pinch Heard Round the World," Associated Students of the University of California, last modified accessed January 1, 2017, 42 Mark Engler and Paul Engler, How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March, Dissent Magazine. 43 A Force More Powerful, "India - Defying The Crown," A Force More Powerful. 12

14 Appendix A The Salt March - Route Map. Digital image. Smartindia.net.in. SmartIndia Solutions, n.d. Web. 1 Jan This map shows the Salt March s 241 mile journey from Gandhi s religious retreat in Sabermanti to the coastal town of Dandhi. 13

15 Gandhi during the Salt March, March Digital image. Beautiful Trouble. Beautiful Trouble Publishing LLC, n.d. Web. 1 Jan This photo shows Gandhi walking with his supporters during the Salt March. 14

16 Appendix B Gandhi Breaks the Salt Laws at Dandi Beach, April 6, Digital image. PeacePower. Associated Students of the University of California, n.d. Web. 1 Jan In this photograph, Gandhi finds a piece of salt-rich mud while his viewers watch from behind. 15

17 Appendix C Popperfoto/Getty. Evaporating seawater to make salt. Digital image. MSNBC. NBC Universal, 12 Mar Web. 1 Jan Hulton Archive/Getty Images. Nationalist supporters fill containers with seawater in Bombay, India. Digital image. How Stuff Works. InfoSpace Holdings LLC, n.d. Web. 1 Jan Protesters break the British Salt Acts by filling containers with seawater to be boiled to make salt. 16

18 Appendix D Over 2,500 Satyagrahis Prepare to raid the Dharasana Salt Works. May 21, Digital image. PeacePower. Associated Students of the University of California, n.d. Web. 1 Jan Although Gandhi was arrested, 2,500 demonstrators still peacefully protested Dharasana Salt Works. 17

19 Appendix E Mahatma Gandhi, Man of the Year. Digital image. Time. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 1 Jan Gandhi was named Time Magazine s 1931 Man of the Year, which brought more attention to the campaign. 18

20 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Gandhi, Mahatma, and R.L. Khipple. Famous Letters of Mahatma Gandhi. Lahore: Indian Printing Works, Some of these famous letters were written to Viceroy Lord Irwin from Gandhi to warn him of the upcoming salt march. Gandhi states why the salt march has to occur and his use of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. Gandhi also describes the salt tax in greater detail and explains why there should not be a salt tax. The letter To Every English Man in India written by Gandhi was also one of the primary reasons sympathy was felt in Great Britain during the Salt Campaign. Gandhi, Mahatma. Freedom s Battle. Salt Lake City: Project Gutenberg, Project Gutenberg. Web. 22 Oct This letter, written by Gandhi himself, reached out to English people in Great Britain. It exposed the Common Englishman on problems and unfair policies in India implemented by the British government. This letter was widely reproduced in Great Britain and got many favorable responses. Gandhi, Mahatma. On The Eve of Historic Dandi March. 11 Mar. 1930, Ahmedabad. Speech. This famous speech by Gandhi states why and how the salt tax should be violated. This speech was given on the eve before the salt march to more than 10,000 of his supporters. He also tells the audience to protest nonviolently, as it would be more effective and safer, and how they should protest. 19

21 Gandhi, Mahatma. "Quit India Speech by Mahatma Gandhi." In Focus. Indian National Congress, n.d. Web. 05 Nov This website provides the transcript for the Quit India Speech by Mahatma Gandhi, who talks about contributing to the movement or dying. This is similar to contributing to Patrick Henry s famous speech, Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death. Also, this speech strengthens Gandhi s nonviolence philosophy and how India would gain independence. Gandhi s Salt March Protest. Audio Podcast. BBC World Service Witness. BBC, 24 Apr Web. 12 Nov This source provides a description of the Salt March by a Witness. Also, Mahatma Gandhi s grandson, Tushar, describes why salt was so important to the people of India, which lead to the Salt March. Then, Tushar described how Gandhi and his supporters illegally harvested salt during the protest. Gandhi, Mahatma. Speech At The Round Table Conference. 30 Nov. 1931, London. Speech. Because of the success and effectiveness of the Salt Campaign, Gandhi was invited to the second Round Table Conference. The speech Gandhi gives at the conference shows Gandhi s determination for India s liberation. Although this speech is not considered a part of the Salt Campaign, it was a result of it, and shows what Mahatma Gandhi considered as success and failure, as he was depressed when the conference did not provide more Indian rights. Gandhi s Views on Nonviolence. Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya. Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya, n.d. Web. 26 Oct This website gathers quotes from Gandhi on his task and non-violence. This includes his philosophies on limitations of violence and nonviolence being a moral equivalent of war. 20

22 These quotes are gathered from Gandhi s own newspaper writings and speeches, showing that he was passionate about the impact of non-violence. History.com. Gandhi s Salt March. Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 13 Apr Web. 13 Nov This video shows a collection of clips that were recorded during the Salt March. It shows the brutality of the police towards the non-violent protesters and the process of the protesters making salt. Also, there are clips showing how they protested and what they wore during the protest. Many Arrests Made Following Gandhi Disobedience Campaign. The Daily Gleaner 24 Apr. 1930: 21. Newspaper Archive. Web. 16 Nov The reporter who wrote this article first-hand witnessed Gandhi giving a speech to his supporters during the Salt March. He/she quotes Gandhi throughout the article of what Gandhi said. The article also describes what happened at the end of the Salt March and Gandhi s plan to further protest nonviolently. Selected Quotes. Stanford University Libraries. Stanford University, n.d. Web. 26 Oct There are many quotes from Martin Luther King Jr. that talk about using the Gandhian philosophy in the United States civil rights movement. Also, the quotes from Mahatma Gandhi himself talk about his philosophy on violence and protest. This website also has quotes by Gandhi on education, social justice, and social transformation. Taylor, Matthew. "PeacePower: The Pinch Heard Round the World." PeacePower: The Pinch Heard Round the World. Associated Students of the University of California, Web. 01 Jan

23 The author of this article, Matthew Taylor, first-hand experienced the recreation of the Salt March on its 75th anniversary in He describes his experience in the article and what he felt in the last few days of the recreation, stating that everyone grasped and connected with the legacy of Gandhi after the march. Secondary Sources A Force More Powerful. "India - Defying The Crown." A Force More Powerful. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Jan This website provides a timeline of all the major events and protests in the Salt Satyagraha. I mainly used this source to cross-check the accuracy of the events timelines in other sources and to gain background information about the major leaders in the Salt Campaign. The source was also helpful in providing information about Gandhi s religious and moral principles on the use of non-violence, classification of the untouchables, and the necessary interactions between people of different religions. Andrews, Evan. "Remembering Gandhi's Salt March." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 12 Mar Web. 13 Nov I used from this online article the detailed explanation of the Salt March. This includes what happened during the 12 mile march and the attention from the media it caused. Additionally, it describes what happened after the protest, including the Salt Satyagraha, Gandhi s imprisonment, and India s liberation in Ashe, Geoffrey. Gandhi: A Biography. New York: Cooper Square, Print. 22

24 Geoffrey Ashe describes and analyzes the Salt March and the Salt Campaign and the strategies used in those events. I used this source to understand the intangible effects of the campaign on the Raj s power. The Raj was not seen as all-powerful after the Satyagraha, which ultimately lead to India s independence. Biography.com Editors. "Mahatma Gandhi Biography. Bio. A&E Networks Television, 1 Oct Web. 11 Nov Gandhi s early life is described in this biography and how his leadership in South Africa lead him to become a leader in India. It also provides information about his battle for India s independence, which many analysts argue that the fight peaked at the Salt March. Lastly, facts about Gandhi s life after the Salt March, his assassination, and his legacy were offered, letting me understand why Gandhi was such an important person in Indian history and in world history. Bloch, Nadine. Case Study: The Salt March. Beautiful Trouble. Beautiful Trouble Publishing, LLC, n.d. Web. 26 Oct This article explains how Gandhi lead the Salt March and why it worked. It identifies and explains the strategies Gandhi used and why those tactics were powerful. Also, it explains how Gandhi spread the word of the march to the Indians and the British government and the initially reactions to the march. Brown, Judith Margaret. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. West Haven: Yale University Press, Print. I used part of this source to understand the impacts of the Salt Campaign on the liberation of India, even though the two events were chronologically far apart. Additionally, this source 23

25 described how Gandhi s career and civil disobedience movement in South Africa affected his liberation campaigns in India. The book describes how Gandhi felt before the movement and his need to make a difference in the lives of the abused by using civil disobedience. "Defiance of Salt Tax." Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi Research Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Jan This online passage explains the background of the Salt Tax in India and how the British Government profited from the Indian people because of it. This explains why Gandhi chose Salt as the object of protest for his Satyagraha campaign. Also, the plans Gandhi developed for the march was also described. Lastly, it describes the last days before the march and identifies who Gandhi informed about the planned protest. Edberg, Henrik. "Gandhi's 10 Rules for Changing the World." DailyGood: News That Inspires. DailyGood, 28 June Web. 07 Jan This online website article describes and explains Gandhi s message and philosophy from his quotes. Specifically, I used the quote, You must be the change you want to see in the world, in my poem Legacy and Beyond. This helped connect my poem to Gandhi s philosophy and his message to the world. Engler, Mark, and Paul Engler. How Did Gandhi Win? Lessons from the Salt March. Dissent. Dissent Magazine, 10 Oct Web. 26 Oct This article helps me understand the political side and the influence of the Salt March. It also describes the aftermath of the Salt March with the British government and the debate on whether the Salt Campaign was successful. Gandhi s methods are analyzed and states how his methods affected other people, like Martin Luther King, Jr. This article was an influential 24

26 source in my paper, as I saw the strategies and effects of the Salt Satyagraha from a different perspective. Fischer, Louis. Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World. New York: New American Library, Print. I used the part of the source that explains the controversial intangible result from the Salt Satyagraha. Although many Indians were disappointed by the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhi strategically used their disappointment to fuel the country s need for liberation. This book was also helpful in explaining the different parts of Gandhi s life that influenced his Satyagraha philosophy. "Gandhi-Irwin Pact." Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi Research Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Jan This online passage gives detailed information on the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, including the amount and length of the meetings. It also compared the different reactions to the agreement for negotiations to end the Salt Satyagraha; for example, Viceroy Lord Irwin was willing to meet with Gandhi while Winston Churchill was disgusted by Great Britain s will to invite Gandhi to London. I used this website to understand in detail the aftermath of the campaign and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. "Gandhi Leads the Salt March, 1930." Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, World History in Context. Web. 5 Nov This article introduces the key figures in the Salt March, including Mahatma Gandhi, Hindu leader of the Indian nationalist movement, and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India. It summarizes all the events considered part of the Salt March movement and how it impacted India and 25

27 Britain. It also briefly describes how the Salt March Campaign inspired other campaigns to form. Hardiman, David. "Gandhi: Reckless Teenager to Father of India." iwonder. BBC, n.d. Web. 11 Nov This website provides a timeline for Gandhi s whole life and what other important events were happening around that time. It also provides links to primary sources, including a video of a witness of Gandhi s Salt March talking about the protest. Overall, it summarizes the important events of Gandhi s life and how Gandhi did not always hold the beliefs and values he was famous for in the later years of his life. Heyden, Tom. "The 10 Greatest Controversies of Winston Churchill's Career." BBC News. BBC, 26 Jan Web. 01 Jan This online article described Winston Churchill s opinion of Gandhi, his Satyagraha Campaign, and his reaction of the Gandhi going to London to negotiate with Viceroy Lord Irwin. Since he was a experienced British politician with power, I saw his viewpoint as the viewpoint for many other British politicians who disliked Gandhi. From Churchill s viewpoint, he wanted the keep his vision of Great Britain by eliminating the threats to the British government. History.com. "Salt March." History.com. A&E Television Networks, Web. 22 Oct This article provides the events leading up to the Salt March, explaining why the Salt March occurred. Additionally, it explains the major events that happened during the Salt March. The significance of the Salt March was told along with how the protest lead to India s independence. 26

28 Kurtz, Lester R. The Indian Independence Struggle. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict, June Web. 1 Jan This research summary of the Salt Satyagraha describes the political history of Gandhi s campaigns and the strategic actions, such as boycotting the foreign textile industries and the published journals by Gandhi in newspapers. The aftermath of the campaign and the impact the campaign has on today is also highlighted. I used this source to cross-check with my other sources in order to confirm that I have the correct information, and the historical context it gives also helped me understand the Salt Satyagraha better. Mazzo, Danielle, and Gaurav Passi. "The Salt March And The Indian Struggle For Independence." Social Science Docket 7.1 (2007): Education Research Complete. Web. 26 Oct This periodical describes the Salt March and how it relates to the overall movement for independence. It highlights the main events before, during, and after the Salt March. Lastly, the article highlights Gandhi s work in South Africa and India before the Salt march, which is useful in figuring out why Gandhi became so powerful and why he was a leader in this movement. "To Every Englishman in India." Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, Biography in Context. Web. 22 Oct This biography of M. Gandhi helped me understand Gandhi s early years of his career and how it lead to his philosophy of non-violence. Also, this source offered the background of India and Great Britain s relations, which lead Gandhi to take a stand. It provides part of 27

29 primary source, To Every Englishman in India, and explains how it influenced Gandhi s movement. Whipps, Heather. "How Gandhi Changed the World." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 8 Sept Web. 13 Nov Gandhi impacted not just India, but also the entire world, especially with his civil rights movement. Urging India to break away from Britain showed the power of non-violent protest. This article shows the significance of Gandhi in India s liberation and other civil rights protests. Zunes, Stephen. "Mandela Violence Vs Nonviolence." Popular Resistance. PopularResistance.Org, 15 Dec Web. 01 Jan I used this website to compare Nelson Mandela s nonviolence movement to Gandhi s Satyagraha. It is surprising that although Mandela recognized that the nonviolence created more sympathy from the international community and ended the apartheid sooner, his movement was not exclusively nonviolent. This human rights movement is a great example of how Gandhi impacted other future campaigns. 28