Chapter 22. Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transcription

1 Chapter 22 Trasoceaic Ecouters ad Global Coectios 1

2 Portuguese Exploratio Origially for fishig Lad huger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islads Acquisitio of lad to plat sugarcae 2

3 The Lure of Trade Maritime routes to Asia q Spices, silk, porcelai Silk roads more dagerous sice spread of buboic plague Prices, profits icrease Idia pepper, Chiese giger icreasigly essetial to diet of Europea wealthy classes Africa gold, ivory, slaves 3

4 Missioary Efforts Fracisca, Domiica missioaries to Idia, cetral Asia ad Chia Violet efforts with crusades, recoquista 4

5 The Techology of Exploratio Chiese rudder itroduced i twelfth cetury Square sails replaced by triagular latee sales q Work better with cross wids Navigatioal istrumets Kowledge of wids, currets The volta do mar q Retur through the sea 5

6 Wid ad Curret Patters i the World s Oceas 6

7 Portuguese Breakthroughs Price Hery of Portugal ( ) q Price Hery of Portugal ( ) q Promoted exploratio of west Africa coast Established fortified tradig posts 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rouds Cape of Good Hope, q eters Idia Ocea basi Storms ad restless crew force retur q Vasco da Gama reaches Idia by this route,

8 Christopher Columbus ( ) q Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japa approximately 2,500 miles west of Caaries (actually 10,000 miles) trip Portuguese kigs do ot fud proposed westward Ferado ad Isabel of Spai, Italia bakers uderwrite voyage 8

9 Hemispheric Liks Columbus tries three times, ever reaches Asia But by early sixteeth cetury, several powers follow q Eglish, Spaish, Frech, Dutch Realizatio of value of ewly discovered Americas 9

10 Europea Exploratio i the Atlatic Ocea,

11 Circumavigatio of the Globe Vasco Nuñez de Balboa fids Pacific Ocea while searchig for gold i Paama, 1513 q Distace to Asia ukow Ferdiad Magella ( ) ot supported by Portuguese, sails i service of Spai q Sails through Strait of Magella at souther tip of South America searchig Vasco Nuñez for gold de i Balboa Paama, fids 1513 Pacific Ocea while q Distace to Asia ukow 11

12 Exploratio of the Pacific Eglish, Russias look for orthwest passage to Asia q Most of route clogged by ice i Arctic circle Norwegia Roald Amudse completes route oly i twetieth cetury Sir Fraces Drake (Eglad) explores west coast of North America Vitus Berig (Russia) sails through Berig Strait James Cook (Eglad) explores souther Pacific 12

13 Pacific Ocea, , ad Magella s Voyages 13

14 Empires q Portuguese first to set up tradig posts q duties Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have Yet Arab traders cotiue to operate Yet Portuguese Arab traders cotrol cotiue declies to by operate ed of 16th cetury 14

15 Eglish ad Dutch Tradig Posts Rival, parallel tradig etworks Eglish cocetrate o Idia trade Dutch i Cape Tow, Colombo, souther Pacific 15

16 Europea Tradig Posts i Africa ad Europea Asia, about Tradig 1700 Posts i Africa ad 16

17 The Tradig Compaies Advatage of Dutch ad Eglish over Portuguese Eglish East Idia Compay, established 1600 Dutch Uited East Idia Compay (VOC), established 1602 Privately owed ships, govermet support Empowered with right to egage i trade, build posts, eve make war Exceptioally profitable 17

18 Europea Coquests i Southeast Asia Kig Philip II q Maila becomes major port city Iflux of Chiese traders, highly reseted by Spaish, Filipios q Frequet massacres throughout seveteeth, up to ieteeth cetury q Sigificat missioary activity q q Dutch cocetrate o spice trade i Idoesia Establish Batavia, tradig post i Java 18

19 19 Russia Expasio i Asia Russias take over Mogol khaates, sixteeth cetury Astrakha becomes major tradig city Caucasus absorbed i eighteeth cetury Siberia expasios i sixteeth to seveteeth cetury q Little Trade success with idigeous with missioary Siberia efforts peoples q Little Some success local rebellios with missioary efforts

20 Russia Occupatio of Siberia Disgrutled peasats migrate east q I 1763: 420,000 Russias i Siberia, outumber idigeous peoples 2:1 20

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22 The Seve Years War ( ) Europe, Idia, Caribbea, North America q North America: merges with Frech ad Idia War, British emerge victorious, establish primacy i Idia, Caada 22

23 The Columbia Exchage Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusio: q Plats ad crops q Aimals q Huma populatios q Disease pathoges Liks betwee previously idepedet biological zoes Permaetly alters huma geography, atural eviromet 23

24 Epidemic Diseases ad Populatio Declie Smallpox q Also measles, diphtheria, whoopig cough, iflueza No prior exposure to these diseases i wester hemisphere or Oceaia q No iherited, acquired immuities 1519 smallpox i Aztec empire q Populatio declies 90% withi 100 years (17 millio to 1.3 millio) 24

25 Food Crops ad Aimals Columbia exchage also icreases overall food supply Itroductio of Europea aimals to Americas q Horses, cattle, pigs, chickes, etc. Itroductio of America foods to Europe, Asia, Africa q Maize, potatoes, beas, etc. 25

26 World Populatio Growth, C.E Millios 26

27 Migratio Eslaved Africas q To South America, North America, Caribbea Europea pioeers 27

28 Origis of Global Trade Trasoceaic trade i Atlatic Ocea basi q Maufactured goods from Europe q Raw goods from Americas The Maila galleos q , Spaish galleos domiate Pacific Ocea trade q Chiese luxury goods for America raw materials, especially silver 28

29 Evirometal Effects of Global Trade Fur-bearig aimals huted to extictio or ear-extictio q Also whales, codfish, other aimals with idustrial uses Reletless huma exploitatio of the atural eviromet 29