奴隶制国家 : 商朝和周朝 The Slave State of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties CHB3002

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "奴隶制国家 : 商朝和周朝 The Slave State of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties CHB3002"

Gabriel Pierce
5 years ago
Views:

1 奴隶制国家 : 商朝和周朝 The Slave State of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties CHB3002

2 词汇复习史前传说盘古开天辟地女娲造人女娲补天三皇五帝炎黄子孙龙的传人华夏华夏文明华夏大地禅让制大禹治水后羿射日嫦娥奔月夏 ( 朝 )

3 最早有文字记载的朝代 (The earliest dynasties to have written history) 商朝时期出现的两大必要条件 (Two essential conditions emerged in Shang Dynasty): 文字 (written script) 历法 (Calendar)

4 文字甲骨文的发现源自中国药店里出售的一味中药 : 龙骨 Oracle bones were discovered because Chinese pharmacists were selling them as a kind of Chinese medicine. These oracle bones proved that Shang really existed in Chinese history.

5 In 1899, a mandarin of the Qing Dynasty found a kind of medicine called dragon bone in his doctor s prescription. When he studied it, he noticed that it actually was a tortoise shell with some odd pictures carved on it. The mandarin then sent his men to collect dragon bones in all herbal medicine shops and had them examined by historian. Finally, over 4000 different Chinese characters were found on these bones and shells, which had been used to record divination facts.

6 至今, 河南安阳殷墟出土了 100,000 件甲骨文 Now, over 100,000 pieces of oracle bones have been unearthed from the ruins of the Shang Dynasty at Anyang in Henan Province.

7 The place where oracle bones were discovered was the latter capital of the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago, and is called the Ruins of Yin( 殷墟 ) now. These written historic records containing information on the 政治 politics, 经济 economy, 文化 culture, 宗教 religion, 地理 geography, 天文 astronomy, 历法 calendar, 艺术 art and 医药 medicine of the period, and as such provide critical insight toward the early stages of the Chinese civilizations.

8 1930, excavation site in Ruins of Yin

9 历法 Calendar It used a lunar calendar combined with the solar year, disciplining month by moon(29.5 days), numbering year by sun(365 days) and adjusting season with an intercalary month. Common year was 12 months and the leap year was 13 months.

10 干支天干 (heavenly stems): 甲 (jiǎ) 乙 (yǐ) 丙 (bǐng) 丁 (dīng) 戊 (wù) 己 (jǐ) 庚 (gēng) 辛 (xīn) 壬 (rén) 癸 (guǐ); 其中甲丙戊庚壬为阳干, 乙丁己辛癸为阴干地支 (earthly branches): 子 (zǐ) 丑 (chǒu) 寅 (yín) 卯 (mǎo) 辰 (chén) 巳 (sì) 午 (wǔ) 未 (wèi) 申 (shēn) 酉 (yǒu) 戌 (xū) 亥 (hài) 其中子寅辰午申戌为阳支, 丑卯巳未酉亥为阴支

11 60 days as a circle 甲子乙丑丙寅丁卯戊辰己巳庚午辛未壬申癸酉甲戌乙亥丙子丁丑戊寅己卯庚辰辛巳壬午癸未甲申乙酉丙戌丁亥戊子己丑庚寅辛卯壬辰癸巳甲午乙未丙申丁酉戊戌己亥庚子辛丑壬寅癸卯甲辰乙巳丙午丁未戊申己酉庚戌辛亥壬子癸丑甲寅乙卯丙辰丁巳戊午己未庚申辛酉壬戌癸亥

12 商朝的起源 An ancient tribe on the lower reaches of the Yellow River The founder of the Shang Dynasty, Xie, had assisted Yu in harnessing rivers A relatively high cultural level Xie was an official in charge of education during the reign of Shun Shang moved its center of activities 8 times before its leader overthrew Xia Dynasty, its influence extending eastward to Mount Tai and north to the coast of Bohai Sea.

13 商朝的起源 Before the perdition of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang had been a prosperous small state, and its agriculture, handicraft and business were more advanced than those of the Xia Dynasty, which led to the dynastic changes. Tang moved to Bo 亳 (in present-day Shandong Province), making preparation to annihilate Xia. Under the assistance of the capable officials, Yi Yin and Zhong Hui, Shang became more powerful. Before crusading against Xia, Shang had conquered a dozen neaby small states, and finally defeated Jie in a battle fighting at Mingtiao.

14 夏朝的灭亡商朝的建立 The notorious last ruler of Xia Dynasty, Jie( 桀 ), was opposed by people because of his misrule. Tang, the leader of Shang launched attacks against Jie. He said that the house of Xia had committed such crimes that the Lord on High had commanded him to destroy it. Follow-rewarded; not follow-enslaved or killed Jie was defeated and Xia Dynasty was overthrown.

15 After the establishment of Shang, Tang treated his people benevolently and appointed many able and virtuous ministers to important positions. Shang experienced rapid development and stability during the leadership of first five kings. From the sixth generation, the brothers fought for the throne and the reign began to decline. Nobles lived a luxurious and decayed life. In order to alleviate class conflicts and save the dynasty, Pan Geng( 盘庚 ) forced nobles and commoners to cross the river and migrate to Yin.

16 盘庚迁都

17 政治 Politics The Shang Dynasty practiced hereditary system ( 世袭制 ), in which the throne was transmitted from elder brother to the younger on or from father to son. At the late stage, that throne was passed down to son via primogeniture was finally established, and the first born of the queen was usually the heir. It laid an important foundation for the feudalpatriarchal system in the Zhou Dynasty.

18 政治 Politics The state organs became mature in the official system, army and penal code. King as the imperator arrogating all the powers; under him was the minister, the head of all officials; and other officials taking charge of 农业 agriculture, 手工业 handicraft, and 军事 military, etc.; shamans, recorders and diviners with religious functions Large army of three units: right, center and left. Soldiers were mainly commoners, sometimes slaves Many prisons and statute laws, including cruel punishment, reflecting the development of slavery. Slave owners and nobles wielded such a colossal state apparatus to exploit and oppress the majority of slaves and commoners.

19 经济 Economy Iron had been discovered and was already in use. The newly excavated iron-blade bronze battle-axes have proved it. However, most of handicraft tools including axe, knife, saw, drill, needle, etc. were all made of bronze. Bronze culture appeared in China before 3000 B.C. and reached its summit around the 13th century B.C. Bronze objects improved the military weapons and enhanced the fighting strength of the soldiers. The wide use of bronze objects enabled unprecedented accomplishments of the Shang in politics, economy, culture and art.

20 经济 Economy The bronze industry: mass output(thousands of pieces) high level of technique:appearance of an alloy of copper, lead and tin as the landmark. The most famous largest rectangular cauldron si mu wu ding( 司母戊鼎 ):84.77% of copper, 11.64% of tin and 2.79% of lead. To finish this great work, two of three hundreds skilled craftsmen were needed to perform different tasks.

22 经济 Economy Development of agriculture: Major part of production Farm implements improved with ploughs, spades and sickles made of wood or stone Primary crops including rice, millet and wheat Cellars for storing grain were built Wine was commonly drunk by nobilities.

23 周朝的起源 An ancient tribe on the loess plateau in the middle reaches of the Weishui. In the late years of Shang Dynasty, King Zhou( 纣 ) earned the hatred of the nobility by his efforts to win over and recruit the slaves of certain tribes and states, Zhou( 周 ) s leader, King Wen of the Zhou( 周文王 ) proposed an agreement among the slave-owners. It authorized searches for escaped slaves, who should be returned to their respective owners and must not be hidden by anyone. This agreement won the support of the nobility.

24 助纣为虐 zhù zhòu wéi nüè aid a evildoer to do evil

封神榜 Feng Shen Bang often translated as The Apotheosis of Heroes or The Investiture of the Gods, is a 16th-century Chinese novel and one of the major vernacular Chinese works in the gods and demons

25 封神榜 Feng Shen Bang often translated as The Apotheosis of Heroes or The Investiture of the Gods, is a 16th-century Chinese novel and one of the major vernacular Chinese works in the gods and demons genre written during the Ming dynasty ( ). Consisting of 100 chapters, it was first published in book form around the 1550s. The story is set in the era of the declining Shang dynasty and the rise of the Zhou dynasty. It intertwines numerous elements of Chinese mythology, including deities, immortals and spirits.

26 周朝的建立 King Wen of the Zhou carried out a series of campaigns against hostile tribes and states and subdued them. The power of Zhou extended a lot and posed a threat to the capital of Shang. Ji Fa, also known as King Wu of Zhou( 周武王 ) attacked Shang and defeat King Zhou( 纣 ). As the Shang soldiers turned against their ruler, King Wu quickly captured the capital of Shang and King Zhou( 纣 ) burnt himself to death.

27 姜太公钓鱼, 愿者上钩 Jiang Ziya is an apprentice of Yuanshi Tianzun. He leaves his master at the age of 72. He only uses a straight fishhook without bait, three feet above the water, for angling. His neighbours are puzzled by his odd method of fishing. They ask him out of curiosity. Jiang replies, "What I'm angling is not a single fish, but the king and the great many vassals. Only those who really wish to go on the hook will be fished by me." Jiang Ziya meant that he was waiting for a wise ruler who recognizes his talent and needs him. Some people told Ji Chang about the weird old man and Ji Chang becomes interested in him. One day, Ji Chang pays a visit to Jiang Ziya. Jiang Ziya demands that the duke helps him pull his cart. Ji Chang does so and stops pulling after he moved 800 steps forwards. Jiang Ziya tells the duke that his future kingdom (the Zhou dynasty) will exist for 800 years. Ji Chang wishes to pull the cart for a few more steps but he is too exhausted to move forward. Jiang Ziya becomes the chancellor of Zhou afterwards and assists Ji Chang in building his kingdom.

28 周朝建立 Having vanquished the Shang, King Wu established the Zhou Dynasty. Among his chief ministers were Dan, the Duke of Zhou; Shi, the Duke of Zhao; and the Venerable Duke Jiang. King Wu appointed his own brothers to watch over Wu Geng, the son of King Zhou at Yin, the previous capital of Shang.

29 叛乱 After the death of King Wu, his son succeeded as King Cheng, and the Duke of Zhou became regent. King Wu s brothers and other nobles were dissatisfied and Wu Geng took this opportunity to rebel against Zhou rule in collaboration with these nobles and some tribes and small states in the east. The Duke of Zhou led his forces in an eastern expedition, crushed the rebellion in three years and extended the influence of the Zhou Dynasty to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and Huai River.

30 西都和东都 The capital of Zhou Dynasty was Hao in present Shaanxi province. It was far remote from the east where the Duke of Zhou was carrying on his military campaign. Luoyi, now Luoyang city in Henan, was chosen as the eastern capital and a strategic center from which the east could be controlled politically and militarily.

31 西都和东都 The new dynasty was stabilized only after the eastern expedition of the Duke of Zhou and the building of the eastern capital.

32 西周 ( BC) Zhou dynasty of ancient China was composed of Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. Western Zhou began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye. The dynasty was successful for about seventy-five years and then slowly lost power. The former Shang lands were divided into hereditary fiefs which became increasingly independent of the king. In 771, barbarians drove the Zhou out of the Wei River valley; afterwards that real power was in the hands of the king's nominal vassals.

33 西周 ( BC) The twelfth and last king of the Western Zhou period was King You of Zhou ( BC). When You replaced his wife with a concubine, Bao Si, the former queen's powerful father, the Marquess of Shen, joined forces with Quanrong barbarians to sack the western capital of Haojing and kill King You in 770 BC. Most of the Zhou nobles withdrew from the Wei River valley and the capital was reestablished downriver at the old eastern capital of Chengzhou near modern-day Luoyang. This was the start of the Eastern Zhou period, which is customarily divided into the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.

34 fēng huǒ xì zhū hóu 烽火戏诸侯 Teasing the Dukes with Beacon Bao Si was of a melancholy disposition so King You offered a thousand ounces of gold to anyone who could make her laugh. Someone at the court suggested lighting the warning beacons usually used to summon armies from the surrounding vassal states in times of danger. The nobles duly arrived at the court only to find themselves laughed at by Bao Si. Even after King You had impressed Bao Si, he continued to abuse his use of warning beacons and so lost the trust of the nobles. Queen Shen s father was upset by the deposition of his daughter and grandson and mounted an attack on King You s palace in conjunction with Quanrong nomads. King You called for the nobles with the beacons but none came as they no longer trusted him. In the end, King You and Bofu were killed and Bao Si was captured. King You s death marks the end of the Western Zhou and the beginning of the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

35 周公旦 The Duke of Zhou He was renowned in Chinese history for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew King Cheng and successfully suppressed a number of rebellions, placating the Shang nobility with titles and positions. He is also a Chinese culture hero credited with elaborating the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven, establishing the Rites of Zhou, and creating the yayue of Chinese classical music.

36 tiān mìng 天命 Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that heaven ( 天 ; Tian) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. According to this belief, heaven bestows its mandate to a just ruler, the Son of Heaven, and withdraws it from a despotic ruler, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. The fact that a ruler was overthrown was taken by itself as an indication that the ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven.

37 tiān mìng 天命 Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven does not require that a legitimate ruler be of noble birth, and dynasties were often founded by people of common birth (such as the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty). The Mandate of Heaven had no time limitations, depending instead on the just and able performance of the ruler and his heirs. Throughout the history of China, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement.

38 tiān mìng 天命 Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven was a well-accepted and popular idea among the people of China, since it argues for the removal of incompetent or despotic rulers, and provided an incentive for rulers to rule well and justly. The concept was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in ancient China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler, in a system that otherwise offered little other checks to this power.

39 分封制 the system of enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty Western writers often describe the Zhou period as "feudal" because the Zhou's fēngjiàn ( 封建 ) system invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe. Royal relatives and generals were given fiefs in the east, including Luoyang, Jin, Ying, Lu, Qi and Yan. While this was designed to maintain Zhou authority as it expanded its rule over a larger amount of territory, many of these became major states when the dynasty weakened. There were many similarities between the decentralized systems. When the dynasty was established, the conquered land was divided into hereditary fiefs ( 诸侯,zhūhóu) that eventually became powerful in their own right.

40 宗法制 Patriarchal clan system The eldest son of each generation formed the main of line descent and political authority, whereas the younger brothers were moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority.

41 The official System More complicated Six ministers: The prime minister A minister of civil administration and land affairs A minister of royal house affairs A minister of construction A minister of justice Officials in charge of agriculture

42 The Official System All called Qing Da Fu 卿大夫 or Shi 士 Most of official posts were held by nobles. The son inherit the position after the death of his father. The salary of officials came from fiefs, and the fiefs were also hereditary. The political organization in each fiefdom was similar to that at the royal court.

43 经济 Economy 农业 Agriculture: System of fallow: Farmland was periodically distributed on the basis of fertility. The peasant worked a piece of land distributed to him and let another piece lie fallow. The well field system 井田制 : Every arable area was divided into nine squares in the shape of 井. Eight families were supposed to cultivate one plot of land each with a common field in the middle. The crops from it were given to government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. Surplus food could be store and distributed given famine or bad harvest. Eight families considered as an administration unit from which taxes and services could be drawn by the government.

44 词汇奴隶制国家朝代商 ( 朝 ) 周 ( 朝 ) 起源建立叛乱灭亡天命世袭制分封制宗法制农业手工业青铜器军事助纣为虐政治经济文化宗教地理天文历法艺术医药

China s physical geography helped keep China economically and culturally isolated throughout its early dynasties Its mountains and deserts

*China s physical geography helped keep China economically and culturally isolated throughout its early dynasties *Its mountains and deserts Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert Huang He Xi Jiang Label: Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Taklimakan Desert, Huang He (Yellow River), Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), Xi Jiang, Tibetan Plateau teau Copyright 2017 2017