THE NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE OF BREEDING PEPPERS FOR THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY

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Garry Harvey Whitehead
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1 WELCOME TO THE

2 THE NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE OF BREEDING PEPPERS FOR THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY BY DR. BENIGNO VILLALÓN, Professor Emeritus Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Weslaco, Texas USA

3 EARLY DAYS of SALSA Incas, Mayans, Aztecas

APPEARANCE, SIZE, COLOR, PUNGENCY, FLAVOR, AROMA, WALL THICKNESS,

4 BREEDING PEPPERS FOR THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY IS A BREEDER S HERCULEAN TASK! EVERY MAJOR PROCESSING COMPANY HAS ITS OWN SPECIFIC NEEDS TYPE, APPEARANCE, SIZE, COLOR, PUNGENCY, FLAVOR, AROMA, WALL THICKNESS, MOISTURE CONTENT (DEHYDRATION), ETC. TEXAS 1947 FRESH MARKET PEPPERS SOMEWHAT EASIER?

5 GOD BLESS TROPICAL AMERICA Solanaceae soccer Nightshades chiles, egg plant, petunias, potatoes, tobacco, tomatillos, tomatoes

6 PEPPERS = CHILES, CHILIS, CHILLIES, AJIES, CAPSICUMS, PIMIENTOS AWESOME!!

7 Kaleidoscopic BEAUTIFUL

9 BELL PEPPERS, the most highly consumed pepper in the U. S. A.! VITAMINS = C, A, POWERFULL ANTIOXIDANTS

10 VITAMINS = C, A, POWERFULL ANTIOXIDANTS CANCER FIGHTERS

11 BEAUTIFUL!! VITAMINS C & A, ANTIOXIDANTS FROM BELL PEPPERS FIGHT HEART DISEASES

13 1950 s s RGV, SOUTH TEXAS

14 Major Viruses of Texas Peppers Tobacco Etch 95 % 2. Pepper Mottle 4 3. Cucumber Mosaic 3 4. Potato Virus Y 1 5. Tomato Spotted Wilt 1 6. TMV, Plus > 45 Viruses

Diseased 1971 South Texas 400 Bell Pepper Cultivars All Susceptible To TEV Genetically Healthy 1973 1.

15 Diseased 1971 South Texas 400 Bell Pepper Cultivars All Susceptible To TEV Genetically Healthy Tobacco Etch Virus 95 % 2. Pepper Mottle Virus 3. Potato Virus Y 4. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus 5. Plus 4-5 other minor viruses 1975

16 Sources of Resistance

17 1971 Virus Susceptible and sweet bell pepper (large) BELL S Virus Resistant and hot serrano pepper (small) J

18 XXXXXX XXXX VR P VR VR VR VR

19 B

20 MVR TEV PVY TRSV TMV TAM BELL II 1975 TAM BELL I 1973

21 MVR

22 JALAPEÑO FRUIT EVALUATION YIELD, SIZE, COLOR, APPEARANCE, FLAVOR (YELLOW STREAKS), AROMA, PUNGENCY, WALL THICKNESS, ETC.

23 PEPPER FLAVOR? Mouth Components Sweet, Sour, Salty (umami) Bitter, Spice AROMATIC COMPOUNDS Sensory Aspects = nose FRUIT QUALITY TRAITS GENETICALLY INDEPENDENT HEAT (spice), COLOR, FLAVOR, NUTRITIONAL, MEDICINAL

25 STUDIES IDENTIFIED 180 CONSTITUENTS STEAM VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CAPSICUMS 1. ALCOHOLS 2. ALDEHYDES 3. KETONES 4. TERPENES 5. ACIDS 6. ESTERS

26 DIFFERENT PEPPER FLAVORS INDIVIDUAL FINGER PRINTS = ID

27 BELL PEPPER FLAVOR COMPOUND pyrazine = most odor-intense substance known MAINLY = Capsicum annuums

28 annuums pyrazine

29 baccatum, chinense, frutescens, pubescens, roccoto β-ionone, plus other esters = fruity/floral bouquet, nutty, green

30 UNIQUE FLAVORS

31 CHILE SERRANO Octavio Pozo, Tampico, Mexico Veracruz S-69 Pánuco Altamira Huasteco Tampiqueño-74

32 TAM MILD PICO de GALLO OR SALSA VERY HEALTHY STUFF! NOT A DANCING THING! GREAT PHYTOCHEMICAL COCKTAIL WESLACO S PEPPERS TOMATOES ONIONS CILANTRO LIME JUICE AVOCADOS A HEALTHY TEXAS THING!

33 1973 TAM HIDALGO MVR TEV PVY TRSV TMV Veracruz S-69 Pánuco Altamira Huasteco Tampiqueño-74

34 CHILE JALAPEÑO Veracruz, Mexico Juventino Contreras 1973 Tipico, Peludo Candelaria, Quaresmeño Espinalteco, Morita Jarocho, Papaloapan Jalapeño M, Early Jalapeño TAM VERACRUZ HOT MVR= TEV, PVY, TRSV,TMV

35 Jalapeño FLAVORLESS, ODORLESS, COLORLESS, TASTELESS HIGHLY IRRITANT YELLOW = FLAVOR = NO CAPSAICIN

36 YELLOW STREAKS = FLAVOR AND NOT HEAT CRYSTAL CLEAR GLOBULES = CAPCAICIN AND NOT FLAVOR

37 1973 MVR DULCITO

38 YELLOW STREAKS ON THE PLACENTA INDICATES STRONG PEPPER FLAVOR

PHIL VILLA 1960 S L, M, P VILLALÓN 1971-1996 = MVR

39 PHIL VILLA 1960 S L, M, P VILLALÓN = MVR FEW CRACKS, AND YELLOW PLACENTA, A MUST CHILE JALAPEÑO

40 MILAGRO!

43 1990 TAM VERACRUZ HOT JALAPEÑO MVR = TEV, PVY, TRSV, TMV

GUACAMOLE * JALAPEÑO Nutrients in Avocado 1.00 cup (146.

Tomatoes 1015 Mild Onion Cilantro Texas Lemon Vitamins - C, A, Powerful Antioxidants fiber 39.

44 GUACAMOLE * JALAPEÑO Nutrients in Avocado 1.00 cup ( grams) Nutrient % Daily Value Healthy/Nutritious Texas Stuff Tam Mild Jalapeño Chico or Roma Tomatoes 1015 Mild Onion Cilantro Texas Lemon Vitamins - C, A, Powerful Antioxidants fiber 39.1 % vitamin K 38.3 % Folate 29.5 % vitamin C 24.3 % vitamin B % potassium 20.2 % vitamin B 619 % Calories (233) 12 % Another Great Phytochemical Cocktail

45 TAM CAYENNE MVR - RETAINS HIGH FLAVOR WHEN RED YELLOW STREAKS INSIDE LIKE NO OTHER PEPPER

46 aroma = flavor? pyrazine Yellow streaks Yellow streaks

47 THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS SMELLING A HOT PEPPER! CAPCAICIN IS ODORLESS AND IS NOT FOUND IN THE SEEDS!

48 TAM MVR GENES Green chlorophylls pyrazine Red carotenes flavor? LONG - GREEN/RED CHILE & CAYNNE

49 TAM MVR GENES Yellows flavor xanthophylls capsanthins PIMIENTOS, ANCHOS, TABASCOS & CHERRIES

50 1992 MVR JALORO = hot yellow jalapeño, high flavor β-carotene HIGH C, A, QUERCITIN, LUTEOLIN

51 NUMEX 6 = TEX-MEX 6 = TAM MILD CHILE I, II 1979 MVR

52 KEVIN CROSBY

53 350 ASTA ESQUINA = AZTECA

54 DARK GREEN & WIDE DARK CRIMSON CHILE ANCHO = Azteca, Mexico City, POBLANO = Valle de Puebla Mulato, Miahuateco, De Chorro, De Ramos, (Esmeralda, Verdeño, Flor de Pavellon, V-2, Roque) Leon, Guanajuato = Phytophthora capsici

55 CAPSAICIN FROM CAPSICUM

56 CAPSAICINOIDS = GENETICALLY, EXTREMELY COMPLEX

57 YELLOW STREAKS = FLAVOR AND NOT HEAT CRYSTAL CLEAR GLOBULES = CAPCAICIN AND NOT FLAVOR

58 CLASSIC STANDARD

60 TMJ MVR

61 1985 DR. ROY NAKAYAMA NEW MEXICO CHILE CONFERENCE BEN VILLALÓN REVOLUTIONIZED THE ENTIRE SALSA INDUSTRY WITH ONE WORD MILD

63 NO, NO, SEÑOR!!

64 SWEET, MILD, HOT, NUTRITIONALLY HEALTHY & WITH GOOD FLAVOR Products of Breeding Research Program MULTIPLE DISEASE & INSECT RESISTANT, TROPICALLY ADAPTED MILD PEPPER CULTIVARS 1. Tam Bell-I Tam Mild Chile Tam Mild Jalapeño Tam Bell II Hidalgo Serrano Tam Mild Chile Rio Grande Gold-Sw Yellow Tam Veracruz Jal Jaloro Yellow Jal 1992

65 Products of Breeding Research Program 1. Tam Bell-I Tam Mild Chile Tam Mild Jalapeño Tam Bell-II Hidalgo Serrano Tam Mild Chile Rio Grande Gold-Sw Yellow Tam Veracruz Jal Jaloro Yellow Jal 1992

66 Aggie Pepper Picker

Foods For Health DEVELOPMENT OF THOUSANDS OF BREEDING

PEPPERS TYPES 1971 NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF ALL CHILES,

TYPES TAMU VEGETABLE & FRUIT IMPROVEMENT CENTER,

67 Foods For Health DEVELOPMENT OF THOUSANDS OF BREEDING LINES REPRESENTING 25 DIFFERENT VIRUS RESISTANT PEPPERS TYPES 1971 NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF ALL CHILES, VEGETABLES, & FRUITS DESIGNING FOODS FOR HEALTH 25 VR TYPES TAMU VEGETABLE & FRUIT IMPROVEMENT CENTER, HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER, MEDICAL SCHOOL, KINESIOLOGY DEPT. running

DR. KEVIN CROSBY S MVR PEPPER RELEASES CULTIVAR

TAM BEN VILLALÓN CHILE (mild) 2010 OTHERS READY!

68 DR. KEVIN CROSBY S MVR PEPPER RELEASES CULTIVAR YEAR 1. TAM MILD JALAPEŇO *TAM MILD HABANERO* TAM DULCITO JALAPEŇO (sweet) TAM TROPIC BELL TAM VALLEY HOT CAYENNE (hot) TAM BEN VILLALÓN CHILE (mild) 2010 OTHERS READY! CARO-TEX F1 HYBRID HABANERO BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT RESISTANT SERRANOS, LONG CHILES, PAPRIKAS PHYTOPHTHORA RESISTANT PAPRIKAS HIGH FLAVOR & HEALTH BENEFITS

69 TAM Ben Villalón Chile

70 Current efforts Large, dark green, firm-fleshed fruit Early maturity and high yields Higher phytochemicals- capsaicin, capsiate, flavonoids, sugars Gene discovery- new resistance and quality related genes Resistance to TSWV, powdery mildew, aphids and leafminer Enhanced abiotic stress tolerance- larger root systems and better water use efficiency, lower stomatal conductance

71 PP M

72 TAES 480 sweet pepper

73 Caro-Tex and Helios VR Habaneros

74 BREEDING PEPPERS FOR THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY IS A BREEDER S HERCULEAN TASK!

75 VITAMINS C & A ANTIOXIDANTS

76 USA VEGETABLE BREEDING GIANTS PHIL VILLA, CA PAUL G. SMITH, UC, DAVIS HIROCHI NAGAI, BRAZIL AL COOK, UFL, GAINSVILLE TOM ZITTER, CORNEL LOWELL BLACK, LSU WALTER GREENLEAF, Auburn U. JOSE LABORDE, MEXICO S. HOMNA, MI, ROY NAKAYAMA, NMSU PAUL BOSLAND, NMSU KEVIN CROSBY, TAMU

77 Food for Health BY DR. BENIGNO VILLALÓN TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION WESLACO, TEXAS 25 VIRUS RESISTANT PEPPERS TYPES 1971 NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF CHILE

78 WESLACO, TX A Total Success Story THANK YOU

79 THANK YOU!

81 HOW TO LIVE HEALTHILY EVER AFTER EAT FOOD, NOT TOO MUCH, MAINLY VEGETABLES, LOW FAT MEATS, SOME FRUITS, MINIMIZE SUGARS AND DO LOTS OF EXERCISE

82 Our country wastes over $3.0 trillion dollars of health care resources a year, trying to keep sick people from dying, but they still die too soon? 40 years of Plant Science Research and exercise, has transformed me from a Plant Virologist/Pepper Breeder to a student of the science of foods for health, (vegetables, fruits), & human disease prevention and wellness information gatherer. Disclaimer?

83 FOOD = energy, growth, & repair; composed of 50 different essential items: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals & water BODY CELL COUNT

84 GOD BLESS TROPICAL AMERICA Solanaceae soccer Nightshades chiles, egg plant, petunias, potatoes, tobacco, tomatillos, tomatoes

85 My Pharmacy

87 I MUST KNOW OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD = MINERALS & VITAMINS biotin calcium choline chromium copper dietary fiber flavonoids folate iodine iron magnesium manganese omega-3 fatty acids pantothenic acid

88 Food is the most important poison in the world! IINFLAMMATIONON OXIDATION & STAIRCLIMING GLYCATION

PRESERVATIVES: processed foods, in boxes or in cans ADDITIVES = ARTIFICIAL COLORANTS, MANY CHEMICALS TO ENHANCE APPEARANCE, ADD FLAVOR AND SHELF

89 PRESERVATIVES: processed foods, in boxes or in cans ADDITIVES = ARTIFICIAL COLORANTS, MANY CHEMICALS TO ENHANCE APPEARANCE, ADD FLAVOR AND SHELF LIFE 1. HOW SAFE ARE THEY? 2. COULD HAVE DETRIMENTAL AFFECTS ON LIFE? 3. GENETIC MUTATIONS IN DNA AND OTHER CELL PARTS THAT COULD LEAD TO MANY CANCERS?

90 ADDITIVE Sodium nitrite is used to change the color of the meats, so they look fresh even when they re not. It also forms nitrosamines, a carcinogen, in the human body. NITRITES MAY BE CARCINOGENS?

91 Organic vs non-organic 1. Organic foods are not any more healthier than traditional foods! THEY ARE MORE EXPENSIVE 2. Pesticides, in minute amounts, are designed to destroy pests not humans! 2/3 OF U.S.A. VEGETABLES AND FRUITS COME FROM OTHER COUNTRIES!

92 METABOLIC SYNDROME A Group of Medical Problems Inflammation, Obesity, Hypertension, Heart Attack, Stroke, Hepatic Insulin Resistance = Diabetes, Pancreas, Liver and Kidney Failure, etc. Might be Caused By: High Triglycerides, Low HDL, High LDL, High Blood Sugar = Fructose Overdose = Obesity?

WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM CONTRIBUTES TO MANY DISEASES 500 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES STROKES ATHEROSCLEROSIS HYPERTENSION HIGH BLOOD SUGARS CANCERS CARCINOMA, SARCOMA, LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA DIABETES

93 WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM CONTRIBUTES TO MANY DISEASES 500 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES STROKES ATHEROSCLEROSIS HYPERTENSION HIGH BLOOD SUGARS CANCERS CARCINOMA, SARCOMA, LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA DIABETES PANCREAS, LIVER, AND KIDNEY FAILURES DEMENTIA EMPHYSEMA ALZHEIMER S, Parkinson s LOU GEHRIG S DISEASE (ALS) SCHYZOFRENIA STOMACH DISORDERS ACID REFLUX, DIARRHEA, CONSTIPATION, NAUSEA, BLOATING, VOMITING MORE DISEASE CAUSES IMBALANCE OF GUT MICROBES, TOXINS, POOR DIET, STRESS FRUCTOSE OVERDOSE? GMO s? PESTICIDES? = 5 STEPS OF LIFE?

94 CANCER

95 7,000 COMPOUNDS IN CIGARETTE SMOKE 70 ARE KNOWN CARCINOGENS DNA DAMAGE

96 @

97 KNOW ANYONE THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS? INFLAMMATION!

98 SO, IS THIS HAPPINESS? NO 4 THINGS?

99 INFLAMMATION IGNORANCE, NEGLECT? Firmicutes Bacteriodes?

100 Inflammatory factors predict virtually all bad outcomes in humans. It predicts heart attacks, heart failure, diabetes, becoming fragile in old age, cognitive function decline, and even cancer... Dr. Russell Tracy, Pathology/Biochemistry

TWELFTH TEXAS PEPPER CONFERENCE

TWELFTH TEXAS PEPPER CONFERENCE WESLACO, TEXAS NOVEMBER 12-13, 2009 Thursday, Nov.12, 2009 6:00-8:00 PM Registration Welcome/Reception-Best Western Palm Air Hotel Weslaco Chamber of Commerce Friday, Nov.13,