SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR THE ARTICLE: Distribution Profiles of Melamine and its Derivatives in Indoor Dust from

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1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR THE ARTICLE: Distribution Profiles of Melamine and its Derivatives in Indoor Dust from Twelve Countries and the Implications for Human Exposure Hongkai Zhu, Kurunthachalam Kannan *,, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York , United States Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author at: Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY , USA Fax: (K. Kannan) Submitted to: Environmental Science & Technology Tables: Figures: S1-S7 S1 References: 2 S1

2 List of Supporting Information: Table Table S1. Details of indoor dust samples collected from various countries Table S2. MRM conditions for tandem mass spectrometry Table S3. Concentrations of melamine and its derivates in house dust (ng/g) collected from 12 countries Table S4. Correlation analyses of melamine and its derivatives in indoor dust from 12 countries Table S5. The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by the WHO Table S6. The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by the U.S. FDA Table S7. The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by Hsieh et al. Figure Figure S1. Chromatograms of the quantitation MRM transitions for standard (A) and a real dust sample from Kuwait (B) Reference S2

3 Table S1. Details of indoor dust samples collected from various countries Countries Cities Locations Period China (n = 50) Shanghai (n=4; urban area); Beijing (n=17; urban area); Qiqihaer (n=5; urban area); Nanchang (n=8; urban area); Xinjiang (n=5; urban area); Shandong (n=6; rural area); Guangzhou (n=5; urban area) Homes Colombia (n = 45) Cartagena (urban area) Homes 2014 Greece (n = 30) Athens, Erateini, Komotini Homes 2014 India (n = 36) Patna (urban area) Homes 2014 Japan (n = 14) Kumamoto, Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Saitama, Saga Homes 2012 Kuwait (n = 24) Kuwait (urban area) Homes 2013 Pakistan (n = 25) Faisalabad (Urban area: n=12; rural area: n=13) Homes Romania (n = 23) Iasi (urban area) Homes 2012 Saudi Arabia (n = 31) Jeddah (urban area) Homes 2013 South Korea (n = 30) Ansan, Anyang (urban area) Homes 2012 USA (n = 15) Albany (Urban area) Homes 2014 Vietnam (n = 18) Hanoi, Hatinh, Hungyen, Thaibinh Homes 2014 Table S2. MRM conditions for tandem mass spectrometry Compounds Abbreviation Ionization mode Transition (m/z) CE DP CXP EP Melamine 13 C 3, 15 N 3 melamine Ammeline 13 C 3 ammeline Cyanuric acid 13 C 3, 15 N 3 cyanuric acid Ammelide 13 C 3 -AMD MEL 13 C 3, 15 N 3 -MEL AMN 13 C 3 -AMN CYA 13 C 3, 15 N 3 -CYA AMD 13 C 3 -AMD Note: *Quantitation transition ES+ ES * * * * * * * * S3

4 Table S3. Concentrations of melamine and its derivates in house dust (ng/g) collected from 12 countries MEL AMN AMD CYA Total MEL AMN AMD CYA Total 25th th China (n=50) 50th 3, , Kuwait 50th th (n=24) 75th th th th th Colombia (n=45) 50th Pakistan 50th th (n=25) 75th th th th th Greece (n=30) 50th 1, , Romania 50th th (n=23) 75th th th th th India (n=36) 50th 75th Saud Arabia (n=31) 50th 75th th th th th Japan (n=14) 50th 4, USA 50th th (n=15) 75th th th th th South Korea (n=30) 50th 4, Vietnam 50th th (n=18) 75th th th MEL: melamine; AMN: ammeline, AMD: ammelide; CYA: cyanuric acid S4

5 Table S4 Correlation analyses of melamine and its derivatives in indoor dust from 12 countries AMN AMD CYA MEL 0.427** 0.303** 0.188* AMN 0.281** 0.200** AMD 0.677** MEL: melamine; AMN: ammeline, AMD: ammelide; CYA: cyanuric acid Table S5 The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by the WHO Hazard Quotients WHO Infant Toddlers Children Teenagers Adults USA Greece Colombia Romania Japan South Korea India Vietnam Saudi Arabia Kuwait China Pakistan S5

6 Table S6 The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by the U.S. FDA Hazard Quotients U.S. FDA Infant Toddlers Children Teenagers Adults USA Greece Colombia Romania Japan South Korea India Vietnam Saudi Arabia Kuwait China Pakistan S6

7 Table S7 The calculated hazard quotients for melamine based on the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set by Hsieh et al. and Wang et al. Hsieh, D. P. H.; Chiang, C. F.; Chiang, P. H.; Wen, C. P., Toxicological analysis points to a lower tolerable daily intake of melamine in food. Regul Toxicol Pharm 2009, 55, Wang, I. J.; Chen, C. C.; Chan, C. C.; Chen, P. C.; Leonardi, G.; Wu, K. Y. A hierarchical Bayesian approach for risk assessment of melamine in infant formula based on cases of related nephrolithiasis in children. Food Addit. Contam., Part A 2011, 28, Hazard Quotients Hsieh et al. (2009) 1 and Wang et al. (2011) 2 Infant Toddlers Children Teenagers Adults USA Greece Colombia Romania Japan South Korea India Vietnam Saudi Arabia Kuwait China Pakistan S7

8 Figure S1. Chromatograms of the quantitation MRM transitions for standard (A) and a real dust sample from Kuwait (B) S8

9 Reference (1) Hsieh, D. P. H.; Chiang, C. F.; Chiang, P. H.; Wen, C. P., Toxicological analysis points to a lower tolerable daily intake of melamine in food. Regul Toxicol Pharm 2009, 55, (2) Wang, I. J.; Chen, C. C.; Chan, C. C.; Chen, P. C.; Leonardi, G.; Wu, K. Y. A hierarchical Bayesian approach for risk assessment of melamine in infant formula based on cases of related nephrolithiasis in children. Food Addit. Contam., Part A 2011, 28, S9