Coffee mealybug Planococcus lilacinus Cock Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae

Transcription

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Coffee mealybug Planococcus lilacinus Cock Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae Edited by: Ahmad Cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2014

2 Planococcus lilacinus Cock Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Common name: cacao mealybug, coffee mealybug Synonyms: Pseudococcus deceptor Betrem, Pseudococcus lilacinus Cockerell Dactylopius coffeae Newstead, Planococcus crotonis (Green) Planococcus deceptor, Planococcus tayabanus (Cockerell) Pseudococcus coffeae (Newstead), Pseudococcus crotonis (Green) Pseudococcus tayabanus Cockerell, Dactylopius crotonis Green Tylococcus mauritiensis Mamet Economic impact: P. lilacinus is a pest of cocoa throughout the Oriental Region and South Pacific area (Szent- Ivany and Catley, 1960; Pillai, 1987; Cox, 1989), causing severe damage to young trees by killing the tips of branches. It also occurs on and causes damage to a wide variety of economically important crops such as coffee (Sekhar, 1964; Chacko and Sreedharan, 1981), tamarinds (Butani, 1978),custard apples [Annona reticulata] (Butani, 1976; Shukla and Tandon, 1984), coconuts(fernando and Kanagaratnam, 1987), Citrus (Cox, 1989),grapes, guavas and mangoes (Tandon and Verghese, 1987). It has increased and spread to most coffee-growing areas, attacking roots and shoots and causing serious damage to the plant (Sekhar, 1964). The importance of the species has warranted its control using chemicals and biological control agents in several parts of India, mainly on coffee, cocoa, custard apples and mandarins. Hosts: Major hosts: Annona muricata (soursop), Bauhinia (camel's foot), Ceiba pentandra (kapok), Citrus,Coffea (coffee), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Coffea canephora (robusta coffee), Psidium guajava (guava), Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Minor hosts: Annona squamosa (sugarapple), Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Dioscorea (yam), Mangifera indica (mango), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Tamarindus indica (Indian tamarind), Vitis (grape) Geographic distribution: Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand,Vietnam, Yemen. Africa: Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles. Central America & Caribbean:Dominican Republic,El Salvador,Haiti South America: Guyana Oceania: Federated states of Micronesia, Caroline Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea World distribution map of Planococcus lilacinus Cock

3 Morphology: Adult Females In the field, the adult females of P. lilacinus may be easily distinguished from P. citri by the much more globose shape of P. lilacinus. Beneath the wax coating the body is yellowish. The mid-dorsal line is fairly wide but indistinct (Entwistle, 1972). Illustrations of external features are available in Le Pelley (1968) and Entwistle (1972). A full description of the slide-mounted female is given by Cox (1989). The mounted female is broadly oval to rotund, length mm, width mm. Margin of body with a complete series of 18 pairs of cerarii, usually all with stout conical setae. Legs stout: hind trochanter + femur µm long, hind tibia + tarsus µm long, ratios of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur ; translucent pores present on hind coxae and tibiae. Inner edges of ostioles strongly sclerotized. Circulus large, and quadrate, width µm. Cisanal setae noticeably longer than anal ring setae. Anal lobe cerarii each situated on a moderately sized, well-sclerotized area. Venter Multilocular disc pores occurring on median area only, present around vulva as single or double rows across posterior borders of median areas of abdominal segments IV-VII and usually in a single row across anterior edge of segment VII (although the latter is sometimes reduced to a few pores) and a few pores sometimes present on anterior edges of median areas of abdominal segments V and VI. Dorsum Multilocular disc pores and tubular ducts absent. Setae very long, stout and flagellate (a character which distinguishes it from many Planococcus species). Length of longest setae on abdominal segments VI or VII, µm.. Field Characters: Body rotund; conspicuously rounded in lateral view; brownish red or tan; mealy wax covering body, in thick segmental clumps on mature females, body color evident at segmental lines; with dorsomedial bare area on dorsum forming central longitudinal stripe or oval area; ovisac absent; with 18 lateral wax filaments, broad, convergent, posterior pairs sometimes curved, others straight, all filaments about same length, about 1/8 length of body. Primarily occurring on the fruit, stems, and foliage of host; specimens have been reported on the roots of coffee. Ovoviviparous, first instars pale maroon. Surface of lateral filaments rough. Validation characters: Longest dorsal seta longer than 50 µ; legs robust, hind femur with an average of 2.4 and a range of 2.1 to 2.8 times longer than greatest width; translucent pores on hind coxa and tibia, absent from femur; without dorsolateral tubular ducts; usually with ventral oral-collar tubular ducts laterad of front and middle coxae; usually with ventral oral collars between antennae;usually without multilocular pores posterior of front coxa; anal bar present; 18 pairs of cerarii; no auxiliary setae. Planococcus lilacinus Cock

4 Planococcus lilacinus Cock

5 Biology and ecology: Available information on the biology of P. lilacinus is very old and it is possible that the species then described in Java was a misidentification. It was described as being barely oviparous because the embryo was fully developed at the time of egg laying. Hatching usually occurred within an hour. The complete life cycle took about 40 days in Java. Males were said to pupate on the underside of leaves and to be scarce (van der Goot, 1917). On cocoa, it is attended by several ant species, including Dolichoderus bituberculatus (commonly referred to as the black ant) in Java and by Oecophylla longinoda, Technomyrmex detorquens and Odontomachus haematodus in Sri Lanka. In the Philippines it is attended by Anoplolepis longipes [Anoplolepis gracilipes], an ant which on cocoa in Java tends to displace D. bituberculatus and is negatively correlated with P. lilacinus (Entwistle, 1972).. The incidence and biology of mealybug (P. lilacinus) on cauliflowers is reported. Female insects laid eggs in a white cottony envelop on the stem or leaf petioles and the eggs hatched within 24 h. The nymphal period of the pest was between days. Severe infestation led to stunted plant growth, withering and reduced flower size. Symptoms: There is very little information on the symptoms of attack by P. lilacinus in the available literature although it has been said to cause severe damage or listed as being a serious or the main pest of coffee, tamarinds, custard apples, coconuts, cocoa and citrus. Symptoms on coconuts and cocoa are described as button nut shedding and drying up of inflorescence (Fernando and Kanagaratnam, 1987) and the death of tips of branches (Williams and Watson, 1988). Dense colonies form conspicuous patches on fruits; copious honeydew excretion may result in sooty mould development near colonies and the attraction of attendant ants (Watson et al., 1995). Symptoms by affected plant part Fruits/pods: external feeding; honeydew or sooty mould. Inflorescence: honeydew or sooty mould. Leaves: honeydew or sooty mould. Stems: external feeding; honeydew or sooty mould. Whole plant: external feeding... Planococcus lilacinus Cock

6 Means of movement and dispersal: Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport - Fruits (inc. Pods): Larvae, Nymphs, Pupae, Adults; borne externally; visible to naked eye. - Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx: Larvae, Nymphs, Pupae, Adults; borne externally; visible to naked eye. - Leaves: Larvae, Nymphs, Pupae, Adults; borne externally; visible to naked eye. - Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants: Larvae, Nymphs, Pupae, Adults; borne externally; visible to naked eye. - Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches: Larvae, Nymphs, Pupae, Adults; borne externally; visible to naked eye. Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport - Bark - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes - Growing Medium Accompanying Plants - Roots - True Seeds (inc. Grain) - Wood. Transport pathways for long distance movement - Conveyances (transport Vehicles): Theoretically Possible From Lorries And Trucks Brushing Against Plants. Probably Very Minor. - Travellers And Baggage: Possible Transmission On Clothes Or Body. Probably Very Minor.. Phytosanitary significance: This organism has been detected in England in imported consignments on four occasions; on Plumeria leaves (cuttings) from Sri Lanka in March 1996; on Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan fruit) from Indonesia in November 1996 and December 2004; and on Garcinia mangostana (mangosteens) from Indonesia in December 2004 (CSL unpublished data). Immature and adult P. lilacinus are readily carried on plants and plant produce and may be injurious when introduced to new geographical areas where they have no natural enemies. Injudicious chemical spraying techniques may reduce the natural enemies of P. lilacinus allowing them to proliferate.the scale could potentially cause problems on host trees. And this pest is quarantine pest for Iran.

7 Detection and inspection: In the field, P.lilacinus may be detected by thoroughly inspecting its normal habitats such as fruits, growing plant tips, shoots and roots. On plants such as pomegranates, Annona and Citrus, infestations on fruits, which tend to be heavy (Mani, 1995a), can easily be detected. In quarantine procedures, fruits, plant parts and seedlings of suspect host plants should be thoroughly inspected, if necessary, under a hand lens. Inspection host for Planococcus lilacinus Cock

8 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,778p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. Loganathan, M.; Suresh, S. A record of mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus (Cockrell) (Pseudococcidae:Hemiptera) on cauliflower.insect Environment 2001 Vol. 7 No.1 pp nococcus_lilacinus/planococcus_lilacinus.html Cheraghian-a10@hotmail.com