Oriental beetle Blitopertha orientalis Reitter, 1903 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

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1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Oriental beetle Blitopertha orientalis Reitter, 1903 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2015

2 Blitopertha orientalis Reitter, 1903 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Common name: Oriental beetle, beetle, oriental, white grub Synonyms: Anomala orientalis Heyden, 1887, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse, 1875) Exomala orientalis Reitter, 1903, Phyllopertha orientalis Waterhouse, 1875) Economic impact: Losses mainly arise from the larvae of E. orientalis feeding on the roots, which may be severely damaged, with crops turning brown and dying. In lawns, feeding by the overwintering larvae may kill the grass in June, but more often in August and September, with areas from a few square centimetres to 1-2 ha turning brown. In 1928, about 6 ha of lawn were injured in New State alone (Smith et al., 1992). It is considered the most serious grub pest of turf and woody ornamental plantings in Long Island, northern New Jersey and Connecticut, USA (Facundo et al., 1999b). Turf grasses now cover an estimated 10.1 to 12.1 million ha in the USA, and turf grass culture is at least a US$25 billion per year industry (Potter and Braman, 1991). Economic losses by E. orientalis larvae are serious in turf grasses. When scarab larvae were sampled at 15 golf courses in 11 provinces of Korea, the most abundant species was the E. orientalis Choo et al., 1998b, 1999). Primary injury from larvae consuming turf roots is followed by secondary damage from wild birds searching for and feeding on grubs in the infested area (Choo et al., 2002b). Damage by E. orientalis in turf grasses is increasing in Korea. Hosts: Major hosts: Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass) Minor hosts: Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), Dahlia, Euonymus japonicus (japanese spindle), Iris (irises), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Phlox, Rosa hybrida, Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Wild hosts: Ananas comosus (pineapple), Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Petunia, Poa pratensis (smooth-stalked meadowgrass), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry), Zea mays (maize), Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass), Zoysia matrella (Manilagrass).

3 Geographic distribution: Asia: China, Korea, DPR, Korea, Republic of, Philippines North America: USA Oceania:Federated states of Micronesia World distribution map of Blitopertha orientalis Reitter, 1903 Morphology: Egg The egg is milky-white, ovoid and smooth. It is approximately 1.2 mm wide by 1.5 mm long. Mature eggs are more spherical and approximately 1.6 mm by 1.9 mm after a few days in damp soil (Tashiro, 1987). Larva First-instar grubs range from approximately 4-8 mm long and 1.2 mm in head width. Second-instar grubs range from approximately 15 mm long and 1.9 mm in head width. Third-instar grubs range from approximately mm in length and 2.9 mm in head width. The characteristics of the raster pattern on the ventral side of the tenth abdominal segment differ from other species. E. orientalis larva have two parallel rows of setae along the median line. Palidia are present, forming a pair of subparallel rows of medially pointed recumbent setae. There are usually pali, but the number may vary from 10 to 16 in either paralidium, and may differ by as many as three pali between palidia (Tashiro, 1987). The anal silt is transverse and the seta shape is pointed. Larvae in KAAD solution shrank and hardened (Choo et al., 1999). Pupa The prepupa is quiescent, wrinkled and flaccid. The exuviae split longitudinally to release the maturing pupa.the mature pupa is approximately 10 mm long by 5 mm wide (at the greatest diameter). The ventral side of the abdomen differs in the two sexes.posterior to the ninth segment of the male and ventrally, there are two lobes that are absent in the female (T., 1999). Adult The adults are 13.5 by 7.5 mm and straw coloured to brownish-black. There are symmetrical, triangular black markings on the thorax between a longitudinal middle line, although some adults lack these markings. The spaces between the markings and the size of the markings are variable. The colour and markings on the elytra are also variable. In general, there are black bands on the elytra, although frequently this characteristic is lacking.

4 Larva Raster Patern Pupa Adult

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6 Biology and ecology: The mating season of E. orientalis in New York, USA began in the middle of June, with a peak in the first week of July and ended in mid-august (Facundo et al., 1999b). However, this occurs 1 month earlier in Korea (Choo et al., 2002b). Both sexes were most active around sunset (Facundo et al., 1999b; Choo et al., 2002b). Mate acquisition and copulation occurred on the soil surface near the female emergence site, with both sexes engaging in pheromone-mediated behaviours after having emerged from the soil. A highly stereotyped female pheromone release or calling behaviour was observed, consisting of the insertion of the female's head into the soil and the elevation of the tip of her abdomen into the air. Mating and copulation occurred without an obvious complex courtship, but observations of postmating behaviours suggested that mate guarding occurs (Facundo et al., 1999a). In Korea, the emergence time of E. orientalis is the same as blooming of Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata). Early-, intermediate- and late-maturing varieties of Japanese chestnut are being grown in Korea. The adults were found on the flowers of the late-maturing chestnut variety because the flowers of the early and intermediate varieties were in senescence at the time of E. orientalis female emergence. Thus an outbreak of E. orientalis can be predicted by the blooming of late-maturing Japanese chestnut. The concentration of females on late-blooming Japanese chestnut trees led to higher densities of E. orientalis larvae. The late-blooming variety of Japanese chestnut tree is an important factor that affects the distribution of E. orientalis in turf grasses in Korea (Choo et al., 2002b).. Peng and Leal (2001) identified and cloned a pheromone-binding protein (EoriPBP) from the Japanese and American populations of E. orientalis. EoriPBP has 116 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 12,981 Da, pi of 4.3, and six highly conserved cysteine residues. 5'-RACE amplifications led to the characterization of a signal peptide with 19 amino acids.

7 Symptoms: The symptoms of E. orientalis larval infestation in turf grass are expressed as dead patches (Choo et al., 2002b), but normally these are not easily seen during the 4 or 5 years of infestation. The larvae feed on grass roots within 2.5 cm of the soil surface. Densities of grubs per 0.1 m² are fairly common and cause severe damage. Early turf symptoms include gradual thinning, yellowing, wilting in spite of adequate soil moisture, and the appearance of scattered and irregular dead patches. As the damage continues, the dead patches join together and increase in size. Infested turf feels spongy underfoot because the grubs pull up the underlying soil (Potter, 1998). In dry and hot summers, and in autumn, the damaged turf becomes whitish and wilted. These plants die relatively quickly and in the cases of high grub density, dead and black or white patches appear. In the following spring, E. orientalis-damaged grass has reduced growth and greening because of a lack of vitality and destroyed roots. Feeding by E. orientalis adults is usually restricted to the flowers of some plants (Friend, 1929; Potter, 1998; Choo et al., 2002b). The adults occasionally cause a little damage by feeding on the flowers but they are not considered to be a serious pest. Symptoms by affected plant part Roots: reduced root system; external feeding.

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9 Means of movement and dispersal: Natural Dispersal The natural spread of E. orientalis has been slow because it rarely makes long flights. However, mechanical agencies are of considerable importance in long-distance spread. The adults may remain hidden in flowers, whereas the larvae may be present in the soil accompanying consignments (Smith et al., 1992.) Movement in Trade E. orientalis larvae can be introduced into new habitats with nursery stocks in soil. Because the adults feed on the flowers of some plants, the possibility of introduction with flowers cannot ruled out. Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport - Leaves: Adults; borne internally; visible to naked eye. - Roots: Eggs, Larvae; borne internally; borne externally; visible to naked eye.. Phytosanitary significance: E. orientalis is exotic in the USA. This insect entered directly from Japan with infested nursery stock (Friend, 1929). As pests of nursery stock, the larvae have been shipped to new locations in containers or balled and burlaped plants (Alm et al., 1995). E. orientalis is an A1 quarantine pest in the EPPO region (Smith et al., 1992) and is also of quarantine significance for OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria). If it is introduced into new regions, E. orientalis can cause considerable losses to horticulture, especially to grass. E. orientalis is quarantine pests list of Iran. Detection and inspection: The standard golf course hole cutter (11 cm diameter), or an oversized 15 cm diameter hole cutter are useful for the detection of the eggs, larvae and pupae of E. orientalis in turf grass (Schumann et al., 1998; Potter, 1998). The larvae are collected by handpicking though each soil core. They are identified using raster characteristics observed under a hand lens. Another method of sampling for grubs is to cut off sod using a flat-blade spade. Up to a 0.1 m² sample is cut on three sides to a depth of 7-10 cm and then the sod is turned back as if it were a flap. The soil is then broken up and the grubs detected (Schumann et al., 1998; Potter, 1998). A pheromone trap was a useful detection instrument for E. orientalis adults. Identification of the E. orientalis pheromone, (Z)-7-tetradecen-2-one (Leal, 1993; Leal et al., 1994; Facundo et al., 1994; Zhang et al., 1994; Alm et al., 1999) has made detection possible.. 7-tetradecen-2-one - 6-tetradecen-2-one - 5-tetradecen-2-one - 2-(E)-nonenol - japonilure - GC-EAD - GC-BB

10 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2002.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,429p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. keys.lucidcentral.org/.../white%20grub.htm bugguide.net/node/view/ zerophoto.dee.cc/ja/pre_gallery/living_insect... blager.exblog.jp/tags/blitopertha+orientalis/