World distribution map of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance, 1903)

Transcription

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Orange spiny whitef ly Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Qua Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae aintance, 1903) Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2015

2 Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance, 1903) Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Common name: Orange spiny whitefly,citrus blackfly, citrus mealywing Synonyms: Aleurocanthus citricolus (Newstead) Quaintance & Baker, Aleurocanthus rosae Singh, 1931 Aleurocanthus spiniferus var. intermedia Silvestri, 1927, Aleurodes citricola Newstead, 1911 Aleurodes spinifera Quaintance, 1903, Economic impact: Feeding by A. spiniferus causes general weakening and eventual death of heavily infested plants owing to sap loss and development of sooty mould (Anonymous, 1974). Sooty mould growing on honeydew deposits block light and air from the leaves, reducing photosynthesis. USDA (1975) described it as "one of the most destructive Aleyrodids attacking citrus in tropical Asia and the seventh most important citrus pest in Japan". Clausen (1978) says it is a common and at times serious pest of citrus and other plants in the Indo-Malaya region. Xie (1993) describes A. spiniferus as a pest of tea in China (Guangdong province). It was regarded as a serious pest of citrus in Micronesia until biological control was established against it (Suta and Esguerra, 1993). In India, A. spiniferus can be a serious pest of roses (David and Subramaniam, 1976). Hosts: Major hosts:citrus, Rosa (roses) Minor hosts:annona, Camellia sinensis (tea), Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel), Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus racemosa (cluster tree), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican frangipani), Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree), Salix (willows), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Geographic distribution: Asia:Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, DPR, Korea, Republic o, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippine, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Africa:Kenya,Mauritius,Nigeria,South Africa,Swaziland,Tanzania,Zanzibar,Uganda. North America : USA, Central America & Caribbean: Jamaica(absent, invalid record) Australia and Pacific Island: Australia, Federated states of Micronesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea. World distribution map of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance, 1903)

3 Morphology: Egg: The egg is minute (0.2 x 0.1 mm), yellow, stalked, curved and marked with polygonal areas (Quaintance 1903, Quaintance and Baker 1917). The stalk is short and holds the egg in more or less upright position on leaf. Larva: The larva is elliptical or oval-shaped, brown to black and a short fringe of wax surrounds its body. As the orange spiny whitefly develops to the sessile nympal stage, the second instar is about 0.4 x 0.3 mm and has a distinctly crenulated marginal edge. Additionally, the second instar has short, acute incisions between the marginal wax tubes. Also, in the 2nd and 3rd instar stages, abdominal segments are more distinct than thoracic segments. The dorsal or upper side has a single row of eight abdominal and six thoracic strong, heavy spines on either side of the mid- dorsal line of the body Pupa: The oval-shaped pupa or 4th instar is jet black, convex, approximately 1.23 mm long and 1.88 mm wide with strong, dark dorsal spines. The marginal wax tubes produce a compact, short, cottony fringe that occurs on the pupal margin. The pupal stage of orange spiny whitefly is very similar to another exotic whitefly that is currently established in Florida, Alerocanthus woglumi Ashby or citrus blackfly. The main field characteristic difference between orange spiny whitefly and citrus blackfly is that the white wax fringe that surrounds their pupal case margins is generally twice as large for the orange spiny whitefly. Adult: The adult orange spiny whitefly cannot be distinguished from citrus blackfly -- both are a slate blue color. More information on citrus blackfly in Florida is available in Nguygen and Hamon (1998). A. spiniferus resembles A. woglumi, as follows. Females about 1.7 mm in length, males up to 1.35 mm long: at rest, the general appearance is metallic grey-blue, being the colour of the wings which cover most of the body; light markings on the wings appear to form a band across the middle of the red abdomen. The eyes are reddishbrown and the antennae and legs are white with pale-yellow markings.

4 Aleurocanthus spiniferus a) general aspect of the mounted puparium; b) submarginal dorsal glands; c)marginal teeth using light microscope with phase contrast; d) posterior end of the puparium. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT) Marginal teeth of the puparium using light microscope with bright field. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT)

5 Puparia of Aleurocanthus spiniferus

6 Eggs and nymphs. M.A. van den Berg, ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa Puparia of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT)

7 One adult male and a mating pair of Aleurocanthus spiniferus with laid eggs on the underside of a mandarin leaf. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT) Adult female (1.4 mm in length). M.A. van den Berg, ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa

8 Biology and ecology: Clausen (1978) remarks that the biology and habits of A. spiniferus differ in no important aspects from that of A. woglumi. In tropical conditions all stages of A. spiniferus may be found throughout the year, but little breeding occurs during cold periods. Eggs are laid in a spiral path on undersides of young leaves in batches of up to 50. Chien and Chiu (1986) recorded the average clutch as 8-19 in Taiwan; these hatch in 4-12 days depending on conditions. The first-instar crawlers disperse over a short distance, avoiding direct sunlight, usually settling in a dense colony of up to several hundred in the shade on the undersides of young leaves to feed on phloem sap. Functional legs are lost in the subsequent moult and the next three immature instars are minute, flattened black oval bodies attached to the leaf by their mouthparts. Adults of both sexes feed on phloem sap. Each female lays eggs, possibly more, in her lifetime. A. spiniferus has six generations per year in Taiwan (Chien and Ciu, 1986). Development time is probably similar to that of A. woglumi, in which the life cycle takes 2-4 months depending on conditions, and there are 3-6 generations per year. Mortality of A. spiniferus during development is high; in Taiwan the survival rate between egg and adult stages was recorded as less than 20% (Chien and Chiu, 1986). In A. woglumi, the optimal conditions for development are C and 70-80% relative humidity; it does not survive temperatures below freezing and does not occur in areas where temperatures of 43 C or higher occur. There is some evidence to suggest A. spiniferus may be able to tolerate lower temperatures than A. woglumi..

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10 Symptoms: Sticky honeydew deposits accumulate on leaves and stems and usually develop black sooty mould fungus, giving the foliage (even the whole plant) a sooty appearance. Ants may be attracted by the honeydew. Infested leaves may be distorted. The insects are most noticeable as groups of very small, black spiny lumps on leaf undersides. Symptoms by affected plant part Leaves: abnormal forms; honeydew or sooty mould. Stems: honeydew or sooty mould. Sooty mould on citrus leaves. M.A. van den Berg, ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa Sooty mould on citrus leaves and fruit. M.A. van den Berg, ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa

11 Citrus aurantium plants infested by Aleurocanthus spiniferus. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT) Underside of a citrus leaf with numerous Aleurocanthus spiniferus puparia. Francesco Porcelli - DiBCA sez Entomologia e Zoologia - Università di Bari (IT)

12 Means of movement and dispersal: The leaves, fruit and branches of infested trees are usually covered with sooty mold. Orange spiny whitefly is spread from one place to another through movement of nursery stocks and infested fruits. Orange spiny whitefly is also a potential threat to various ornamental plant hosts. Adults of Aleurocanthus spp. are capable of limited down-wind flight but this is not a major means of long-range dispersal (Meyerdink et al., 1979). The whiteflies are most likely to be moved between countries on planting material of citrus or other host species, or possibly on fruits. Species of Aleurocanthus have been intercepted on the leaves of infested host plants moving in international trade (e.g. USDA, 1988). Phytosanitary significance: A.spiniferus has recently been added to the EPPO A1 list and is also a quarantine pest for NAPPO and IRAN. It presents a risk to citrus in Mediterranean countries. It has a well documented history of spread to new continents from its south-east Asian origin. It appears to be fairly well restricted by natural enemies in its native range, but is liable to cause problems if introduced into new areas. Citrus fruit infested by Aleurocanthus spiniferus

13 Detection and inspection: Examine plants, especially shrubs or trees, closely for signs of sooty mould or sticky honeydew on leaves and stems, or ants running about. Look for distorted leaves with immature stages of A. spiniferus on the undersides. Good light conditions are essential for detection; in poor light, a powerful flashlight is helpful. A large hand lens may be necessary to help recognition of the dorsal spines on immature stages. Detection and inspection host for Aleurocanthus spiniferus

14 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. Marilisa CIOFFI1, Daniele CORNARA1, Isabella CORRADO1, Maurice Gerardus Maria JANSEN2, Francesco,PORCELLI1, The status of Aleurocanthus spiniferus from its unwanted introduction in Italy to date,2plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands st_skudce/aleuroocanthusspiniferus.pdf photos.eppo.org/index.php/image/2604-alecsn gaga.jes.mlc.edu.tw/new23/9402/a07.htm