Sugarcane leafhopper Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, G.W. (1903) Hemiptera:Delphacidae

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1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Sugarcane leafhopper Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, G.W. (1903) Hemiptera:Delphacidae Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2015

2 Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, G.W. (1903) Hemiptera: Delphacidae Common name: Sugarcane leafhopper, Sugarcane plant hopper, Sugarcane delphacid Synonyms: Perkinsiella vastatrix Economic impact: P. saccharicida is considered a serious pest of sugarcane as it is a vector of Fiji disease [Sugarcane Fiji disease fijivirus]. In America, sugarcane damaged by P. saccharicida resulted in the reduction of sugar production by approximately 17%, representing a loss of over US $5 million annually (Clausen, 1978). The infestation rate of sugarcane by the leafhoppers was 94% in Florida in 1982 (Sosa, 1985). In Peru, the infestation rate of seedlings at days old and 1-6 months old was 86.14% and 100% respectively (Ayquipa and Gomez, 1984). In Australia, the estimated losses in yield and income from pests including P. saccharicida in 1983 were 40% higher than in 1982 (Anon, 1984). In Ecuador, losses caused by the combined activity of P. saccharicida and aphids amounted to ca 20 tons of cane per hectare (FAO, 1967). Hosts: Major hosts: Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Oryza sativa (rice), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Zea mays (maize) Minor hosts: Carex (sedges), Paspalum Geographic distribution: Asia:China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Africa: Cameroon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, South Africa, Swaziland Australia and Pacific Island:, Australia, Papua New Guinea. North America: U.S.A. South America:Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. World distribution map of Perkinsiella saccharicida

3 Morphology: Eggs The egg is elongate, cylindrical and slightly curved, approximately 1.0 x 0.35 mm. The female inserts its eggs into a slit in the central vein of the leaves; the upper ends of the eggs have a dome-like cap and project slightly above the leaf surface. Nymphs There are five nymphal instars. A key for the separation of each nymphal instar is described by Ding et al. (1983). Adults Adults are light green, 4-6 mm long, with a longitudinal band in the middle of the rear quarter of the forewing. Males are macropterous and females polymorphic (Osborn, 1969). Eggs Adult of Perkinsiella saccharicida

4 P. saccharicida egg cluster in a leaf rib Appearance of egg clusters and P. saccharicida feeding punctures in a sugarcane leaf rib Position of reared P. saccharicida adults on a sugarcane leaf

5 Biology and ecology: In Mauritius, the development of P. saccharicida lasted days at 25 C in the laboratory. The egg stage was days (William, 1957). In Madagascar, the female laid eggs, usually in 5-8 batches. The longevity was 4-5 days. The egg and nymphal stages lasted 7-12 and days (average 9 and days), respectively. The adults mated 3-12 days after emergence and oviposition occurred 4-15 days later (average of 7-8 days). The complete life cycle lasted about 6 weeks during the hot season (Frappa, 1955). In America, egg counts were 273 egg masses per shoot compared with 51 nymphs per shoot, indicating high natural mortality during the egg stage or the first instar. Adult populations increased during the summer to a mean peak of 7.5 per shoot in 1983 and 2.9 per shoot in The populations reduced due to low winter temperature in (Sosa, 1985). In Peru, an outbreak of P. saccharicida had been favoured by climatic changes brought about by the phenomenon of El Ni o. The average number of leafhoppers per stalk on cane plants between 1 and 6 months old was 7, 23, 28, 33, 31 and 32, respectively (Ayquipa and Gomez, 1984). In Malaysia, the leafhopper P. saccharicida occurs throughout the year. Three peaks were recorded in early October to January, March to early May and late May to June (Lim and Pan, 1980a). Females predominate in the ratio of 2.6:1 (Perkins, 1903; Pemberton, 1919). Oviposition takes place by night. Most egg masses are found on the upper surface of the leaves or leaf blades. Tissue damaged by nymphs and adults is often infected by red-hot fungus (Glomerella tucumanensis). This condition is described as 'hopperburn' and is probably the result of elevation of sugars to intolerable levels, although the primary cause of sugar increase in plant leaves is unknown (DeLong, 1971). Most leafhopper species that are virus vectors are phloem feeders (Nault and Ammar, 1989). A ratoon crop is generally free from leafhoppers after the processes of harvesting and burning, and is only infested by immigrant adults. Outbreaks of leafhoppers were found to be more frequent in young plant cane than in a young ratoon crop (Muir, 1919).. Life cycle of Perkinsiella saccharicida

6 Symptoms: Direct damage by P. saccharicida includes laceration of tissue by the ovipositor and feeding damage by the nymphs and adults. This damaged tissue is then often infected by red-hot fungus (Glomerella tucumanensis), a condition described as 'hopper-burn.' P. saccharicida is a vector for sugarcane Fiji disease fijivirus and the symptoms of this virus disease can be found in the corresponding data sheet. The distribution and description of insect vectors of sugarcane Fiji disease fijivirus have been reported (Antoine, 1967; Pemberton, 1935; Pemberton and Charpentier, 1969; Hutchinson and Francki, 1973). Symptoms by affected plant part Leaves: internal feeding.whole plant: dwarfing; distortion; rosetting. Fiji disease in sugarcane. Complete loss of crop in a plot of a highly susceptible variety. Note the resistant variety in the background. Fig. 2. Time line showing experimental design for inoculation and transmission assays. Planthoppers were reared on Fiji disease virus (FDV)-infected sugarcane. Individual insects were caged on healthy plants prior to exposure to healthy sugarcane leaf segments. Sugarcane plants were then scored for disease after an appropriate time for Fiji leaf gall (FLG) to develop and leaf segments and planthoppers assayed for FDV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Shading indicates the FDV infection status. Half shaded characters indicate uncertain infection status.

7 Means of movement and dispersal: Agricultural practices are only likely to transport P. saccharicida when crops are planted with infested seedlings or young plants grown elsewhere. and very easy to overlook when it infests plants, which means it is frequently and easily transported by man. It is one of the most frequently detected P. saccharicida in consignments of seedlings. Phytosanitary significance: The descriptions of quarantine measures in sugarcane-growing countries have been reported in the 10th Congress of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists (ISSCT, 1959) FDV is a pathogen of high quarantine risk: it is very serious economically, indexing is unreliable, there is no routine therapy, and the vector is widespread with a high risk of establishment in new areas (Whittle and Twine, 1996). Countries not yet affected by FDV in which sugarcane is an important crop, and where the vectors (Perkinsiella spp.) occur, would seem to be most at risk. The limited distribution of FDV in Asia indicates that countries of this region are particularly vulnerable to the disease, especially as one of the vectors, P. saccharicida, is widely distributed (IIE, 1987). The detection of P. saccharicida in Florida for the first time, in 1982, is also cause for some concern (Sosa, 1985).. Fiji leaf gall (FLG) is caused by the Reovirus, Fiji disease virus (FDV), which is transmitted to sugarcane by planthoppers of the genus Perkinsiella. And are quarantine pests for many countries and Iran. Detection and inspection host for the pest on cutting and in the field

8 Detection and inspection: The nymphs and adults of P. saccharicida can be observed on the underneath of cane leaves. The serological detection method has been used to test for virus transmission (Francki et al., 1986). In the field, this involves inspecting the under surface of sugarcane leaves for elongated galls characteristic of Fiji disease [Surcane Fiji disease fijivirus]. The galls are light green to yellow in colour. Infected cane may show severe stunting, distortion and shortening of the leaves. Inspect for FDV galls on the under surface of the leaf blade outside the leaf sheath; these are a diagnostic characteristic of the disease. Gall formation varies and plants may need to be rationed, making detection by symptoms difficult, especially in moderately resistant varieties (Smith, 1996). Detection and inspection host of pest in post entry quarantine greenhouse

9 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. Dr Bernard VERCAMBRE, Vercambre, 2010, Biology and population dynamics of the potential sugarcane Fiji disease vector Perkinsiella saccharicida (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in Réunion: evidence of its loss of biotic potential, CIRAD, UPR SCA, F Montpellier, France. G. L. Hughes, P. G. Allsopp, S. M. Brumbley, K. N. Johnson, and S. L. O'Neill, July 2008, Volume 98, Number 7, In Vitro Rearing of Perkinsiella saccharicida and the Use of Leaf Segments to Assay Fiji disease virus Transmission, First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia; second author: BSES Limited, P.O. Box 86, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia; and third author: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, c/o BSES Limited, 50 Meier Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia P. B. Hutchinson, R. I. B. Francki C.S.R. Research Laboratories, Roseville, New South Wales, Australia, Department of Plant Pathology, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia