Soft green scale Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Coccidae

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Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Soft

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Soft green scale Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Coccidae Edited by: Edited by: Ahmad Cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2014

2 Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Coccidae Common name: soft green scale, green scale, coffee, scale, green soft scale, green, green coffee scale, green shield scale Synonyms: Eulecanium viridis, Lecanium viridis, Lecanium viride Economic impact: This tropical soft scale may occur on cultivated hosts in commercial nurseries, resulting in a quarantine of the infested plants until the scale is under control. Usually infestations are accompanied by sooty mold, a black fungus growth, which develops on honeydew excreted by the scale. Accumulations of sooty mold cause the infested plant to be unsightly.when large populations are present yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set and loss in plant vigor are caused. This pest is especially damaging to young trees in the first two years after transplanting (Mau and Kessing 2006). Hosts: Major hosts: Artocarpus (breadfruit trees), Camellia sinensis (tea), Citrus, Coffea (coffee), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Mangifera indica (mango), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Psidium guajava (guava), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Alpinia purpurata (gingerlily), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Citrus deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Ixora, Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Nerium oleander (oleander), Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican frangipani) Geographic distribution: Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Europe: Portugal Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo Democratic Republic, Côte d'ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia North America: USA, Mexico Central America & Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevi, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago South America:Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.

Oceania: American Sam, Australia, Belau, Federated states of Micronesi, Fiji, French Polynesia,, Guam, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga,

3 Oceania: American Sam, Australia, Belau, Federated states of Micronesi, Fiji, French Polynesia,, Guam, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu. World distribution map of Coccus viridis (Green) Morphology: Eggs are laid beneath the mature female where they are protected. They are whitish green and elongate-oval. The under surface of the leaf is preferred, and adult scales may be found in a line along both sides of the midrib and lateral leaf veins. Eggs hatch from a few minutes to several hours after being laid (Fredrick, 1943). NYMPHS Nymphs, or immature green scales are oval, flat and yellowish green in color, and have six short legs. There are three nymphal stages before becoming an adult, each stage being larger and more convex than the previous stage. ADULTS Mature green scales are bright green with a brown or blackish, irregular, U-shaped, internal marking visible to the naked eye. The U-shaped marking is positioned lengthwise along the center of the scale. The presence of the marking distinguishes this scale pest from the green shield scale. These scales are somewhat oval in shape, quite flat and measure approximately 1/12-1/8 inch in length. The front end is more rounded and the rear has a distinct cleft extending about 1/4 of the way into the body. Dead scales are light brown or buff color and the black internal marking is absent. Validation characters - Diagnosis: Dorsal setae enlarged, apically clavate or rounded; ventral tubular ducts medial between middle legs, hind legs, and abdominal segment 1; dorsal submarginal tubular ducts absent; claw with or without small denticle. Other characters: Claw digitules equal; 3 pairs of prevulvar setae (posterior pair often obscured by anal plates); 4-11 submarginal tubercles around body margin; marginal setae slightly enlarged, strongly fimbriate; anal plates with posterior margin about equal in length to anterior margin; each anal plate with 4 apical setae, without a subdiscal seta; with 2 subapical setae on each plate; anal fold with 4 fringe setae; with tibio-tarsal sclerosis; antennae 7- segmented; stigmatic setae differentiated from other marginal setae, middle seta slightly longer than lateral setae; multilocular pores normally with 7 loculi; multiloculars usually present on all abdominal segments; preopercular pores in small numbers, inconspicuous or absent.

4 Coccus viridis (Green)

5 Coccus viridis (Green)

Biology and ecology: Scale insects belong to one of two types, the armored scales or the

These scales are protected by the chitinous body wall of the insect.

The body is usually smooth in outline, dome shaped, and brown, black or mottled in color.

Young females are primarily sedentary, but may move about for a brief time after feeding

Females are always wingless and males either have one pair of membranous wings or are

6 Biology and ecology: Scale insects belong to one of two types, the armored scales or the soft scales. The green scale is classified as a soft scale. These scales are protected by the chitinous body wall of the insect. Compared to the armored sales, they secrete very little wax. The body is usually smooth in outline, dome shaped, and brown, black or mottled in color. Soft scales retain their legs and antennae throughout adult life. Young females are primarily sedentary, but may move about for a brief time after feeding begins. Females are always wingless and males either have one pair of membranous wings or are wingless also. Reproduction is by eggs or the birthing of live young. One generation of the green scale from egg to mature adult requires 1-2 months. Reproduction occurs exclusively without fertilization. Populations are composed solely of females, males have never been recorded. Coccus viridis (Green)

Symptoms: These scales are often found feeding along the main vein of the leaf and near the tips of

Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale is small.

It is a serious pest of coffee in many countries, so devastating at times that coffee production

Like other soft bodied insects such as aphids, leafhoppers and mealybugs, scales excrete honeydew.

The honeydew serves as a medium on which a sooty fungus grows, called sooty mold.

On fruit, sooty mold reduces the marketability of the fruit (Elmer and Brawner, 1975).

on stems, leaves and green twigs where they are associated with veins (Copland and Ibrahim, 1985).

7 Symptoms: These scales are often found feeding along the main vein of the leaf and near the tips of green shoots. The green scale feeds from the phloem of the host plant. Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale is small. However, when large populations are present yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set and loss in plant vigor are caused. This pest is especially damaging to young trees in the first two years after transplanting. It is a serious pest of coffee in many countries, so devastating at times that coffee production ceased (LePelley, 1968). Like other soft bodied insects such as aphids, leafhoppers and mealybugs, scales excrete honeydew. This sweet and watery excrement is fed on by bees, wasps, ants and other insects. The honeydew serves as a medium on which a sooty fungus grows, called sooty mold. Sooty mold blackens the leaf and decreases photosynthesis. On fruit, sooty mold reduces the marketability of the fruit (Elmer and Brawner, 1975). The green scale, like other soft scales, feeds from the phloem of the host plant and may be found on stems, leaves and green twigs where they are associated with veins (Copland and Ibrahim, 1985). Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale is small. However, when large populations are present yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set and loss in plant vigor are caused. Sap sucking and excretion of honey-dew producing sooty moulds and attracting ant /Leaves: honeydew or.symptoms by affected plant part/fruits/pods: external feeding sooty mould/stems: external feeding. Coccus viridis (Green)

Means of movement and dispersal: Scales may be present on stems, leaves of infested

In host plant,infestations are often on stems, leaves and transport of this insect.

ports-of-entry 375 times and is the most commonly intercepted soft scale taken at U. S.

This species is commonly intercepted from nearly all tropical areas of the world that

countries if infested planting material of sugarcane is imported. C.

Detection and inspection: During the vegetative growing period, field infestations of C.

8 Means of movement and dispersal: Scales may be present on stems, leaves of infested plants. adults and eggs occurs through human transport of infested plant material. In host plant,infestations are often on stems, leaves and transport of this insect. Phytosanitary significance: Between 1995 and 2005, this species was intercepted at U. S. ports-of-entry 375 times and is the most commonly intercepted soft scale taken at U. S. borders. This species is commonly intercepted from nearly all tropical areas of the world that send plant material to the United StatesThere is a risk of introduction of other countries if infested planting material of sugarcane is imported. C.viridis is quarantine pest for Iran. Detection and inspection: During the vegetative growing period, field infestations of C.viridis are detected by surveying branches and twigs to see adults and leaves to see nymphs. They establish themselves mainly along the mid-veins on the lower leaf surface. In late autumn, overwintering can be found under branches. Inspection host for Coccus viridis (Green)

9 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,778p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. DeLott1978; HamonWi1984; Kohler1976; Kohler1977; Kohler1978; GillNaWi1977; Tang1991; WilliaWa1990. Broadley, R.H., Smith, D., Owen-Turner, J.C.,Chapman, J.C., Banks, A.G. and Mayers, P. 1987, Protect your citrus, Queensland Department Primary Industries, Information Series QI Smith, D. 1990, Integrated pest management in Queensland citrus, Australian Citrus News 66(12) Smith, D. Beattie GAC & Broadley, R. (eds.) (1997) 'Citrus pests and their natural enemies'. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. Smith, D. and Papacek, D.F. 1985, Integrated pest management in Queensland citrus, Queensland Agricultural Journal Swaine, G., Ironside, D.A. and Corcoran, R.J. 1991, Insect pests of fruit and vegetables, 2nd Edition, Queensland Department Primary Industries, Information Series QI cies/12cocc_viridus/1cocc_viridusdesc.html

Assessed contributions payable by Member States and Associate Members

Assessed contributions payable by Member States and Associate Members s Assessed s payable by Member States and Associate Members - -, Afghanistan 0.0060 64,610 (7,200) 57,400 28,700 28,700 28,700 28,700 Albania 0.0080 86,150 (9,600) 76,540 38,270 38,270 38,270 38,270 Algeria