Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) Diptera:Tephritidae

Transcription

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) Diptera:Tephritidae Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2014

2 Anastrepha ludens (Loew) Diptera : Tephritidae Common name: Mexican fruit fly, fruitfully, Mexican Synonyms: Trypeta ludens (Loew), Acrotoxa ludens Loew Economic impact: Anastrepha spp. are the most serious fruit fly pests in the tropical Americas (Norrbom and Foote, 1989), with the possible exception of the introduced Ceratitis capitata (EPPO/CABI, 1996). A. ludens is mainly important on Citrus spp. and mangoes. It is the most abundant fruit fly in some areas of Guatemala (Eskafi, 1988) and Mexico (Malo et al., 1987). Hosts: Major hosts: Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Citrus, Mangifera indica (mango), Prunus persica (peach) Minor hosts : Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut), Annona, Annona muricata (soursop), Annona reticulata (bullock's heart), Annona squamosa (sugarapple), Carica papaya (papaw), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus reticulata x paradisi (tangelo), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Feijoa sellowiana (Horn of plenty), fruits, Malus domestica (apple), Mammea americana (mamey apple), Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Persea americana (avocado), Pouteria sapota (mammey sapote), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Psidium guajava (guava), Psidium longipes (strawberry guava), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Pyrus communis (European pear), Sargentia greggii, Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Syzygium jambos (rose apple). Geographic distribution: Central America & Caribbean: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua. North America: USA, Mexico World distribution map of Anastrepha ludens

3 Morphology: Larva In general it is not possible to identify Anastrepha spp. with certainty from larval characteristics. Descriptions of the larva of A. ludens are provided by Berg (1979), Heppner (1984), Carroll and Wharton (1989), Steck et al. (1990) and White and Elson-Harris (1992). As in other Anastrepha spp., the larva is whitish, up to 12 mm in length, usually feeding in the flesh of the fruits. The two mouth hooks are strongly developed and equal in size. The body is tapered anteriorly and truncated at the posterior end. Each posterior spiracle has three openings or slits arranged parallel or converging, on a sclerotized plate. The larva of A. ludens can be separated from those of A. fraterculus and A. obliqua by having more than 12 buccal carinae (compared to usually eight or nine in the other two species) and by having the caudal papillae, above and below the posterior spiracles, arranged in two lines, rather than a single line. Adult A. ludens, like other Anastrepha spp., is easily separated from other tephritids by a simple wing venation character; the vein that reaches the wing margin just behind the wing apex curves forwards before joining the wing margin. Furthermore, most Anastrepha spp. have a very characteristic wing pattern; the apical half of the wing has two inverted 'V'-shaped markings, one fitting within the other; and a stripe along the forward edge of the wing which runs from near the wing base to about half-way along the wing length. Identification to species is more difficult. In particular, it is essential to dissect the aculeus (ovipositor piercer) of a female specimen to achieve positive identification. Colour: scutum without any silvery or hoary patterning; mediotergite entirely orange; postnotum orange medially, and dark-brown laterally; wing pattern pale yellowbrown; apical section of vein M (beyond dm-cu crossvein) crossed by an oblique marking; in cell r4+5 this marking often joins the marking on crossvein dm-cu to form an inverted V-shaped band (the V-band); patterned areas covering cells sc and the r-m crossvein, separate, or joined along vein R4+5, but never through the whole depth of cell r2+3. Abdomen: aculeus tip serrate (in the apical half of the tip only) and less than 0.18 mm wide; aculeus very long, mm. Wing length 7-9 mm. Adult of Anastrepha ludens

4 Habitus, female (dorsal). Terminalia, female (eversible membrane) Terminalia, female (aculeus) Terminalia, male Terminalia, female (aculeus, line)

5 Larvae of Anastrepha ludens

6 Biology and ecology: As in Anastrepha spp. generally, eggs are laid below the skin of the host fruit (and probably adjacent to the nut, seeds or stone since this species has a long ovipositor). They hatch within 6-12 days and the larvae feed for another days at 25 C. Pupariation is in the soil under the host plant and adults emerge after days (longer in cool conditions); adults occur throughout the year (Christenson and Foote, 1960). Means of Movement and Dispersal There is evidence that adults of Anastrepha spp. can fly for as far as 135 km (Fletcher, 1989) and therefore natural movement is an important means of spread. In international trade, the major means of dispersal to previously uninfested areas is the transport of fruit containing live larvae. In Europe and the mediterranean region, the most important fruits liable to carry A. ludens are Citrus and mango, and to a lesser extent peaches and guava. The various tropical fruit hosts which may be locally important in America are little traded to Europe. There is also a risk from the transport of puparia in soil or packaging with plants which have already fruited. Life cycle of Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit flies laying eggs

7 Symptoms: Attacked fruit can show signs of oviposition punctures, but these, or any other symptoms of damage, are often difficult to detect in the early stages of infestation. Much damage may occur inside the fruit before external symptoms are seen, often as networks of tunnels accompanied by rotting. Very sweet fruits may produce a sugary exudate. Symptoms by affected plant part Fruits/pods: internal feeding. Damage of Anastrepha ludens

8 Means of movement and dispersal: Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport - Fruits (inc. Pods): Eggs, Larvae; borne internally; visible to naked eye. - Growing Medium Accompanying Plants: Pupae; borne internally; visible to naked eye. Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport - Bark/ - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes/ - Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx - Leaves/ - Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants/ - Roots - Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches/ - True Seeds (inc. Grain)/ - Wood. Transport pathways for long distance movement - Conveyances (transport Vehicles): Aeroplanes And Boats, With Fruit Cargo. - Mail: Fruit In Post./ - Containers And Packing: Of Fruit Cargo. - Soil, Gravel, Water, Etc.: Risk Of Puparia In Soil. - Travellers And Baggage: Fruit In Case Or Handbag. Phytosanitary significance: Consignments of fruits of Annona, Citrus, Malus, Mango and Guava from countries where the pest occurs should be inspected for symptoms of infestation and those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae. For example, EPPO recommends (OEPP/EPPO, 1990) that such fruits should come from an area where the A. ludens does not occur or from a place of production found free from the pest by regular inspection for 3 months before harvest. Fruits may also be treated in transit by cold treatment (for example, 18, 20 or 22 days at 0.5, 1 or 1.5 C, respectively) or, for certain types of fruits, by vapour heat (for example maintaining at 43 C for 4-6 h) (USDA, 1994), or forced hot-air treatment (Mangan and Ingle, 1994). Shellie et al. (1997) found that heating in a controlled atmosphere was more effective. Hot-water immersion has also been tested and found to be inadequate (Thomas and Mangan, 1995). Ethylene dibromide was previously widely used as a fumigant but is now generally withdrawn because of its carcinogenicity; methyl bromide is less satisfactory as it damages many fruits and reduces their shelf life, but treatment schedules are available (for example 40 g/m³ for 2 h at C; USDA, 1994). The use of fruit coating has also been investigated as a means of killing larvae (Hallamn, 1997). Plants of host species transported with roots from countries where A. ludens occurs should be free from soil, or the soil should be treated against puparia, and should not carry fruits. Such plants may indeed be prohibited from importation. export from infested areas to these regions is minimal. A. ludens is quarantine pest for Iran and some of other countries. Detection and inspection: No male lures have yet been identified for Anastrepha spp. However, they are captured by traps emitting ammonia and it is likely that traps already set for Rhagoletis cerasi in the cherry-growing areas of the EPPO region may attract Anastrepha spp. if they should ever occur in those areas. McPhail traps are usually used for the capture of Anastrepha spp. (Drew, 1982) and possible baits are ammonium acetate (Hedstrom and Jimenez, 1988), casein hydrolysate (Sharp, 1987) and torula yeast (Hedstrom and Jiron, 1985). The number of traps required per unit area is high; in a release and recapture test Calkins et al. (1984) placed 18 traps per 0.4 ha and only recovered about 13% of the released flies. Trap shape and design is important. Epsky et al. (1995) and Heath et al. (1995) described dry traps for use with synthetic lures. Robacker (1992) tested spheres and rectangles (vertical and horizontal) and found that the most efficient trap shapes and

9 colours varied between seasons. Blanco-Montero and Sanchez-Salas (1990) showed that the traditional McPhail trap was more effective than yellow circular or rectangular traps. McPhail traps baited with Torula yeast are so far the best attractant for Mexican fruit flies. However, different formulations are being tested, such as ammonium150 carbonates, methylamine HCl and putrescine (AMPu)(Robacker, 1995). Recent tests with ammonium acetate and putrescine (Thomas, 1999) and an improved McPhail (IMP) trap further improved trap catches. Trapping is not a good method to estimate populations of this fruit fly. Cutting fruit after harvest or late in the season is a good method of estimating populations. Detection and inspection host for fruit fly

10 (Jackson Trap) McPhail (McP) Yellow Panel (YP) ChamP Trap Open Bottom Dry Trap (OBT) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

11 Multilure Tephri Trap Steiner Trap (ST) C & C (Cook and Cunningham) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

12 Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

13 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. ens_ jpg aggiehort...tamu.edu/ citrusmexfly.htm