Study Questions for Stavrianos Chap 21

Transcription

1 Study Questions for Stavrianos Chap 21 Expanding Civilization of the West: Economic Growth and State Building 1. Put the following periods of European history in order. 1 indicates the earliest (listed) period, 2 the next (listed), period, etc. A few have been done for you. You might have to search a few terms (ex. Google) to find the order. _1 the period of the Roman Empire _2 the Dark Ages, i.e. early Middle Ages _3 the High Middle Ages, i.e. middle Middle Ages the Renaissance the Enlightenment the Reformation the late Middle Ages the dude you re so old the Middle Ages the 19 th century, i.e. the 1800 s _9 the 20 th century, i.e. the 1900 s 2. For the purposes of this course, what s the difference between the terms Medieval Period and Middle Ages? Choose the best answer from the option below. Hint: It s a. a. Nothing. They are basically the same thing. 3. Which century is generally considered to have been really bad for Europe? In which century did Europe see lots of crop failures, famines, and the advent of the Black Death (bubonic plague)? a. the 1100 s (12 th cent) b. the 1300 s (14 th cent) c. the 1500 s (16 th cent) d. the 1700 s (18 th cent) 4. How well did Europe grow after the above (# 2) bad century? a. Europe jumped almost immediately into the age of Modernity. Europe quickly industrialized and saw growth rates of per capita GDP at or above 1%/year. b. Europe had fairly steady economic growth and population growth. The growth rates, while not high by modern standards, were good for pre-modernity. c. Europe s economy and population were basically stagnant for about the next 250 years. d. Europe s economy and population continued to shrink for another 250 years or so. 1

2 5. Fill in the names of each of today s European countries. Note: On an exam I will NOT ask for any of the following countries: Iceland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kaliningrad (actually part of the Russia), Belarus, Moldavia, Romania, Bulgaria (sorry Dr. Tochkov), Macedonia, Albania (sorry Dr. Nikaj), Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, or Vatican City, Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Malta, Andorra, and Atlantis. 2

3 6. Which of the following was an event (or series of events) that probably hindered Europe s economic development between about 800 and 1000? Note: If I was strictly following Stavrianos, I would have simply said; before about 1000? a. The Roman Catholic church declared that receiving money, rather than payments of goods or services (barter), was sinful. b. invasions and raids. In particular, Viking and Magyar raiders caused much destruction, uncertainty and disruption in Europe prior to about c. el pequeño hermaphrodite: an area of warm water developed in the Atlantic. This resulted in wet winters and dry summers in Europe. Food production fell greatly. d. el pequeño hermaphrodite: an area of warm water developed in the Atlantic. This resulted in European temperatures being 9 F (5 ) lower than normal. Food production fell greatly. 7. Which of the following was a technological, occurring in the Middle Ages, that allowed Europe to produce more food on a given amount of land? a. A mechanical seed-drill was invented. This machine placed a single wheat seed in the ground every 8 inches (or so). Seeds now only went where they were needed. Prior to the seed drill, seeds were scattered by hand and it took 4 x as much seed to plant a field. b. Chemical fertilizers were invented. These fertilizers, accidentally discovered by dyers of cloth, greatly increased yields. c. Different crop rotations were developed. In particular, instead of leaving ½ of the land fallow, Europeans planted 1 / 3 with a fall planted crop (wheat), 1 / 3 with a spring planted crop (ex. oats and barley), and only 1 / 3 fallow. d. The plow was invented. Instead of using shovels, hoes, and even sticks to turn over the soil, farmers used plows for the first time. This allowed much more land to be cultivated. 8. Which of the following was a technological, occurring in the Middle Ages, that allowed Europe to produce more food on a given amount of land? a. Better collars for horses were developed and used. Now, one could hitch a horse to a plow or wagon without pressing on its throat if the horse pulled hard. Horses worked a lot faster than oxen (cattle). b. Europeans discovered and domesticated wheat for the first time. Wheat allowed them to produce more calories and protein per acre than pre-medieval crops such as barley. c. Europeans learned how to cure meat using smoke from a fire. This meant they no longer had to leave enough forests to ensure a fresh supply of meant (deer, etc.) through the winter. They could get by with smaller forests, hunt during the spring when lots of animals are out) and cure enough meat to get them through the year. d. Raman noodles baby!! 3

4 9. Energy will play a very important role in the modernization of Europe. According to the Stravrianos reading (p ), and Lynn White Jr. (a historian who came up with a lot of theses in the 1960s), how did Europe s energy use change during the Middle Ages? a. There was almost no change in energy use. European used roughly the same energy techniques at the end of the Middle Ages as they did at the beginning. Further, since population had increased, this meant less energy per person. b. Europeans greatly expanded their use of coal as an energy source. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, more energy came from coal than from human, animal, and water power. c. Energy use expanded just a bit faster than the population grew. This was mostly due to greater use of domestic animals such as cattle.. d. The use of non-human power greatly increased. Europeans improved and expanded their use of water power and wind power. 10. All in all, Stravrianos chapter 21 portrays Europe between 800 and 1500 as experiencing: a. a decline in overall technology levels. b. technology levels that are basically stagnant. c. significant advances in technology, although at a much slower rate than we are used to today. d. A rapid growth in technology, roughly at the same rate we are experiencing today. 11. Beginning in the late 1400 s European naval forces (including private merchants) were able to dominate other navies of the world. For example, small numbers of Portuguese ships repeatedly defeated larger fleets of Muslim and Indian ships. What, according to Stavrianos, was a major advantage the Europeans had in this matter? a. Sometimes I put a study question, but don t include a list of possible answers. b. Why would I do that? So you ponder these questions, instead of simply working on them by process of elimination and memorization. c. That being said, here s a hint. Look on page What does Stravrianos chapter 21 argue regarding the effect European Colonization had on Europe s economic development? a. Colonization helped make Europe more commercial/capitalistic. b. Colonization had little effect on Europe s level of commercial sophistication. c. Colonization, ceteris paribus, actually made Europe less commercial/capitalist. However, this negative effect was swamped by other factors that greatly increased the level of commercial sophistication and capitalism in Europe. 13. What, according to Stravianos, best explains Stravrianos best explains the answer to # 12 above? a. Colonization diverted valuable resources, especially people, from Europe to the colonies. b. Colonization introduced a large influx of gold and silver to Europe. c. Colonization brought many new diseases, both human and animal diseases, from the new world to Europe. 4

5 14. What, according to Stravianos, happened to the size of the average political unit in Europe by the end of the fifteenth century (i.e. by the late 1400 s)? a. With the fall of the Frankish empire, Western Europe went from just a few large political units to a patchwork of many, small, local units. The number of political units in the eastern Europe, however, decreased as that area came to be dominated by either the Ottomans or the Hungarian Empire. b. All of Western Europe except for the British Isles was, for a century at least, united under the Holy Roman Empire. c. Political units were becoming larger. Nations states such as England and France were gradually supplanting a system of many, smaller, feudal units. 15. What, according to Stravianos, was a major reason for the change seen in # 14 above? a. The use of gunpowder meant that feudal lords with a small castle could not long resist the onslaught of a King s large army. Small units became less survivable. b. The Pope, head of the Roman Catholic Church, decreed that any local ruler who did not acknowledge the Holy roman Emperor as their secular ruler, was excommunicated. c. The Pope, head of the Roman Catholic Church, refused to endorse a single ruler as the temporal leader of Western Christendom. The Patriarch of Constantinople, head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, chose Matthias Corvinus to be King of all Eastern Christians. 16. What, according to Stravianos, was a result of the change seen in # 14 above? a. Western Europe became less innovative for about two centuries. With only a few political units, there was less competition to innovate and improve the local economy. b. For the first time since the Roman Empire, Western Europe had a single language of trade and finance, Italian. Merchants could now do business more easily at a distance. c. Trade within much of Western Europe became easier. A merchant could now travel within a single, large nation without paying many tolls. Previously, a merchant would have to pay a toll every time he or she travelled from one small area to another. d. Western Europe soon lost most of its financial talent with the expulsion of Muslims and Eastern Orthodox Christians. It would take Western Europe about 200 years to rebuild its pool of financial talent. 17. It is the year 1433 and you live in Mogadishu, on the coast of East Africa. You see a convoy of ships from foreign lands offshore. Where did these ships originate? a. Baylor University b. China c. The Dutch Republic d. England e. France f. India g. Northern Germany h. Portugal i. Spain j. TCU 18. The Chinese name 鄭和 (or 郑和 ) has been anglicized as either Cheng Ho or (more recently) Zheng He. Who was Zheng He and why is he famous? a. 郑和率领几个非常大的探险从中国一路印度, 阿拉伯, 非洲和东部非洲甚至在哥伦布还没有出生 这令人印象深刻 中国探停止出于政治原因 b. 老兄, 不要使用谷歌翻译 这不是很好 5