Pathogenic Effect of Soilborne Fusarium Species on the Growth of Millet Seedlings

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1 World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences 9 (1): 60-68, 2013 ISSN IDOSI Publictions, 2013 DOI: /idosi.wjs Pthogenic Effect of Soilborne Fusrium Species on the Growth of Millet Seedlings A.O. Aknmu, M.A. Abil nd A.C. Obo Deprtment of Botny, Fculty of Science, University of Ibdn, P.M.B. 128, U.I. Post Office, Ibdn, Nigeri Abstrct: Millet is cerel of enormous importnce with potentils in the griculturl systems nd food security but it constitutes neglected grobiodiversity. Soil borne pthogenic fungi could be possible culprit to millet cultivtion in southwestern Nigeri. Therefore, this study investigtes the pthogenic effect of isolted Fusrium species from soil on millet seedlings unr greenhouse conditions. Twenty-two Fusrium species which were isolted from the soil smples collected t vrious cerel growing frm sites in southwestern Nigeri were subjected to pthogenicity test on four vrieties of millet nmely; Perl, Blck fonio, Finger nd Guine millets. The susceptibility of these millet vrieties to Fusrium species shows Guine millet > Finger millet > Blck fonio > Perl millets. Guine millet ws significntly (p<0.05) susceptible compred to other vrieties while Perl millet showed the highest resistnt to ll the Fusrium species in this study. However, the most pthogenic Fusrium isoltes on the millet vrieties re F. nthophilum, F. verticilliois, F. oxysporum nd F. scirpi. The pthogenic effects of the Fusrium species in this study justified tht the biocontrol strtegy needs to be put in plce for sustinle cultivtion of millet in south-western Nigeri. Key words: Millet vrieties Fusrium species Pthogenicity Soil-borne diseses INTRODUCTION Afric is consired the home to importnt centres of origin, diversity nd cultivtion of millet [4]. Perl The millets re cerel crops wily grown round (Pennisetum glucum) nd finger (Eleucine corcn) the world tht serve s humn food nd fodr. millets re globl millets tht originted from Afric while Unlike other importnt crops, this group of highly cultivrs such s white fonio (Digitri exilis), blck vrile smll-seed grsses do not form txonomic fonio (Digitri iburu) nd guine millets (Brchiri group, but rther functionl or gronomic one [1]. flex) re chrcteristic of West Africn drylnds. They inclu species in severl gener, mostly in the Hence, Africn frmers re custodins to n enormous fmily Pnicoie, of the grss fmily Pocee while genetic diversity of these millets [3, 4]. only finger millet nd teff re in the subfmily The verge yield of millet crops worldwi ws Chloridoie [2]. Millets re importnt cerel in mny estimted s 0.83 tonnes per hectre with ntionwi prt of the world, this inclus Asi, Afric, Indi, Chin, verge yield of 3.3 tonnes per hectre [5]. The world s Jpn, Egypt, Nigeri nd Niger, with 97% of millet production of top millet in 2009 ws reported s 26,706,849 production in veloping countries [1]. The good tonnes, Indi ws the world highest producers with nutritionl properties, dptility to dverse productions of 8,810,000 tonnes followed by Nigeri with groecologicl conditions nd requirement of miniml productions of 4,884,890 tonnes then Niger, Mli, Chin, input re some of the distinctive ttributes of Millets over Burkin Fso, Ugnd, Senegl, Chd, Sudn nd Ethiopi mny other cerels [3]. Thus, Millets represent criticl were the orr of productions cpcity [5]. Millet hve plnt genetic resources for the griculture nd food been reported to be ffected by different diseses which security especilly for the inhitnts of rid nd includ but not limited to folige diseses, hed mold, Mrginl lnds [3]. root diseses, smut nd downy milw [6]. The rry of Corresponding Author: A.O. Aknmu, Deprtment of Botny, Fculty of Science, University of Ibdn, Ibdn, Nigeri. P.M.B. 128, U.I. Post Office, Ibdn, Nigeri. Tel: +234(0)

2 the custive pthogens of these millet diseses rnges MATERIALS AND METHODS from different species of pthogenic bcteri, fungl, nemto nd virl infections s highlighted by Wilson Source of Plnt Mterils: This study ws crried out nd Clflin [7]. during the yer 2012, the millet seeds which inclus; Fusrium species re cosmopolitn necrotrophic Blck fonio (Digitri iburu):, Per (Pennisetum pthogens of cerels, pulse crops nd mny other plnts glucum):, Finger (Echinochlo frumentcee) nd importnt in Agriculturl nd forest lndscpe. This Guine millet (Brchiri flex)vrieties were obtined genus inclus mny pthogenic fungi nd lso hve from Ntionl Centre for Genetic Resources nd long rry of specie mostly specilized for cusing Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibdn, Oyo Stte, Nigeri. diseses on specific crops. The type of disese induced includ root or stem rots, cnkers, wilt, fruit or seed rots Collection of Soil Smples, Isoltion nd Intifiction of nd lef diseses [8]. Epimics of Fusrium diseses in Fusrium Species: Soil smples were collected from recent yers becme more frequent, severe nd vrious cerel growing frm sites cross the five wispred in mny countries including Austrli [9], ecologicl zones in south-western Nigeri (Fig 1.0). South Afric [10], Keny [11] nd Jpn. Fusrium Fusrium isoltion from soil smples ws crried out by infections such s Fusrium-er blight hs been reported soil plte method ccording to Sobowle [15]. Ech soil s structive disese in vrious cerel-growing regions smple ws crushed with the use of sterilized mortr nd [12]. This often leds to significnt yield nd qulity pestle nd sieved to obtin fine texture. The electronic losses for frmers nd to contmintion of cerel grins grmme scle ws used to mesure g of the fine with mycotoxins. Moreso, Fusrium pthogens grow well textured soil mesured into ech lelled nd plced into nd produce significnt inoculum on crop residues [13] sterile petri dish contining lredy poured Peptone thus, the disese hs been re-emerging in mny cerel- Pentchloronitrobenzene Agr (PPA) medium while growing regions worldwi [12]. F. ndiyzi, F. nygmi, Spezieller Nährstoffrmer Agr (SNA) medium ws used F. pseudonygmi, F. thpsinum nd F. verticilliois for intifiction of Fusrium isoltes. hve been reported to be ssocited with sorghum nd Morphologicl intifiction of Fusrium isoltes millet [14] but the significnt pthogenic effect of which involved observle chrcters on the cultured Fusrium isolted from southwestern Nigeri on millet pltes (rte of growth, pigment production, presence or seedlings needs to be investigted. Therefore, this study sence of mycelium nd colour of mcroconidi in investigtes the pthogenic potentils of Fusrium sporodochi) nd the microscopic intifiction which species from southwestern Nigeri nd lso evlutes the involved distinctive structures nd chrcters of susceptibility of ech millet vriety to the pthogenic Fusrium (philis, chlmydospores, microconidi Fusrium species. nd mcroconidi). The intifiction nd txonomic Fig. 1: Mp of South-western Nigeri indicting vrious frm sites where soil smples were collected. 61

3 clssifiction ws id by the use of Fusrium 0 = Apprently helthy root or mesocotyl or crown intifiction mnuls: The Fusrium Lortory Mnul tissue by John F. Leslie nd Brett A. Summerell [8] nd Fuskey 1 = < 25% of tissue with disese rot symptoms Fusrium Interctive key by Keith Seifert [16]. 2 = 25-49% of tissue rotted Inoculum quntifiction nd multipliction: A totl of 3 = 50-74%, of the tissue rotted lredy intified 22 Fusrium species were quntified. 4 = 75% or greter of the roots rotted The myceli growth of young cultures of ech intified 5 = wilted or d seedlings/completely rotted Fusrium species were hrvested, the solution ws mesocotyl or crown tissue however sieved with double fold cheese cloth to llow the pssge of fungl spores which ws lter counted Sttisticl Anlysis: The dt gthered in this reserch using hemtocytometer. The spore suspension ws then works were however subjected to Anlysis of vrince redjusted to 3.1 x 105 spores / ml for this study. with Minit version 15 [21] sttisticl softwre nd mens were seprted by Lest Significnt Difference Pthogenicity Test of Fusrium Isoltes: Seed (LSD) t 95% confince level. steriliztion: This ws crried out cccording to the method of Anregg nd Guthrie [17] nd Dniels [18]. RESULTS Ech vriety of vile millet seeds were treted seprtely with 5% Sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 minutes nd Disese Incince nd Severity of Fusrium Species on then rinsed in two exchnges of sterile distilled wter nd Millet Seedlings: The incince nd severity of the ir dried in lminr flow for 2 hours. diseses cused by the twenty-two isoltes of Fusrium in the pthogenicity test on different vrieties of millet Screenhouse Experiment: Excvted top soil from the seedlings ws ssessed in this study. The disese frm re of Botny Deprtment, University of Ibdn ws incince curve (Fig. 2) illustrtes the spred of Fusrium sterilized using electric soil sterilizer. Alredy sterilized disese cross the replictes of millet seedlings plnted soil in pots which were rrnged in Completely while the disese severity (Fig. 3) mesures the Rndomized Design (CRD) were inoculted with 10ml of ggressiveness nd the virulence of ech Fusrium lredy quntified (3.1x 105 spores / ml) spores of ech species on the millet vrieties. At dy 7 fter soil Fusrium pthogen. After 24 hours, three millet seeds per inocultion, there ws significnt (p<0.05) incince of vriety were plnted per pot nd replicted three times, disese on Perl nd Blck fonio millet by the Fusrium longsi with the control (without the Fusrium species except Fusrium rmigenum, F. fujikuroi, F. pthogens). Mngement prctices such s thinning, circintum nd F. cuttum. However, t dy 14 ll the wetting nd weeding were crried out nd Dt on plnt Fusrium species showed significnt (p < 0.05) height (cm), stem girth (mm2), lef number nd lef re pthogenic effect on ll the four millet vrieties. Fusrium (cm2) were obtined t dy 7 nd 14. poe, F. circintum, F. cuttum nd F. nygmi does not show ny significnt (p <0.05) pthogenic differences Disese Assessment, Dt Collection nd Anlysis: from the control experiment on Perl nd Blck fonio millet Disese incince rting: The percentge incince of t dy 7. There ws no significnt (p < 0.05) disese infected millet seedlings ws estimted s scribed by incince on Finger millet by Fusrium fujikuroi, F. Michel et l. [19]: phyllophilum, F. dlmini, F. rmigenum, F. sporotrichois nd F. subglutinns compred to the % Disese incince = n / N x 100 control. Surprisingly, t dy 14, ll the Fusrium species expressed disese symptoms on the four millet vrieties. Where n = number of Plnt showing disesed symptoms Fusrium cuttum nd F. nygmi did not hve ny with t lest one lef disesed. significnt (p < 0.05) disese incince on Perl nd Blck fonio millet repectively (Fig. 2) t both dy 7 nd 14. N = Totl Number of smple used. Fusrium subglutinns ws observed to hve the most significnt (p < 0.05) disese severity on Blck fonio millet Scoring of Disese Severity: This rting ws veloped t both dy 7 nd 14. Generlly, Fusrium nthophilum, bsed on the observle symptoms cused by the F. verticilliois, F. oxysporum nd F.scirpi were the pthogenic Fusrium species nd lso ccording to most significnt (p < 0.05) pthogenic Fusrium species Soonthornpoct et l. [20]. on millet vrieties. 62

4 Fig. 2: Percentge Disese Incince of Fusrium Isoltes on vrieties of millet Fig. 3: Percentge Disese Severity of Fusrium Isoltes on vrieties of millet Pthogenic Effect of Fusrium Isoltes on the Growth Prmeters of Millet Vrieties: The results from the growth prmeters; plnt height, stem girth, number of leves nd lef re of the four vrieties of millet obtined from the pthogenicity test of Fusrium isoltes showed the pthogenic vrition of the Fusrium species on ll the millet vrieties (Blck fonio, Perl, Finger nd Guine millet). With respect to the plnt height nd lef re of the millet vrieties, Perl millet showed susceptibility to thirteen out of the twenty two Fusrium species unr 63

5 test thereby expresses the highest resistnce to the The results obtined from the stem girth prmeter of Fusrium species (Tle 2). Fusrium phyllophilum, ll the millet vrieties showed significnt (p<0.05) F. npiforme, F. rmigenum, F. prolifertum, F. cuttum differences when compred to the control nd F. ndiyzi showed no significnt pthogenic effect experiment, except F. poe tretment tht is non (p < 0.05) on Perl millet, while Fusrium dlmini nd pthogenic on Blck fonio vriety (Tle 1), ll the F. subglutinns showed pthogenicity t dy 14 Fusrium isoltes on Blck fonio nd Perl millet (Tle 2). Blck fonio expresses more susceptibility to (Tles 1 nd 2) shows high pthogenic effect on these Fusrium diseses thn Perl millet lthough the vriety vrieties while Finger millet suppressed 72% of the is resistnt to Fusrium poe nd F. cuttum (Tle 1). Fusrium species t the initil stge but t dy 14 All the Fusrium isoltes however, hve significnt fter plnting, ll the Fusrium species hd (p < 0.05) pthogenic effect on Finger nd Guine millet exerted significnt (p < 0.05) pthogenic effects on vrieties (Tles 3 nd 4). Finger millets (Tle 3). Moreover, no significnt (p < In the lef re ssessment, Perl millet which is 0.05) pthogenic effect ws observed on the stem girths proved s the most resistnce mong the vrieties lso of Guine millet, except in the seedlings treted with F. showed significnt (p < 0.05) level of resistnce to solni (Tle 4). Fusrium phyllophilum, F. subglutinns, F. rmigenum Consiring the effect of the Fusrium species on nd F. solni but found susceptible to fourteen out of the number of leves, Perl millet showed consirle level twenty-two Fusrium species when compred to the of resistnce thn other vrieties t dy 7, but t dy 14 control (Tle 2). Blck fonio shows susceptibility to the Fusrium species showed high significnt (p < 0.05) sixteen Fusrium species t dy 14 (Tle 1) while Finger pthogenic effect on the millet vrieties except in Perl millet nd Guine millet expresses totl susceptibility to ll millet treted with F. sporotricois, however Blck fonio Fusrium species in the study of this prmeter expresses higher susceptibility t both dys 7 nd 14 (Tles 3 nd 4). (Tle 1). Tle 1: Growth prmeters of Blck fonio vriety of Millet in the Pthogenicity Test of Fusrium species Plnt Height Stem Girth No of Leves Lef Are Isoltes Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 F. fujikuroi 6.77± ± ± ±0.46 c c 1.44± ±0.78 F. poe 8.07±2.90 c 22.50± ± ±0.41 c c 1.48± ±3.24 F. phillophilum 11.07± ± ± ± ± ±4.07 F. npiforme 9.47± ±8.70 d 1.61± ±0.66 c 1.75± ±4.84 F.dlmini 10.37±2.66 c 25.03± ± ±1.01 c 2.06± ±4.49 F.subglutinns 9.87±4.06 c 27.63± ± ±0.10 c 2.31± ±4.08 F.rmigenum 11.00± ± ± ±0.32 c 2.45± ±2.90 F. prolifertum 9.57± ± ± ±0.55 c c 2.21± ±0.52 F.Solni 11.87±1.56 c 27.40± ± ±1.11 c 2.83± ±6.65 F.sporotricois c 8.30± ± ± ± ± ±2.31 F. beomiforme 9.40±1.42 c 26.63± ± ±0.30 c 2.06± ±4.19 F. nthophilum 3.77± ± ± ± ± ±0.92 F. verticilliois 6.90±2.18 c 24.40± ± ±0.36 c c 1.39± ±3.61 F. circintum 9.90± ± ± ±0.41 c 2.17± ±4.08 F. oxysporum c 8.27±0.60 c 24.53± ±0.16 d 2.70±0.46 c c 1.76± ±3.44 F. scirpi 6.37± ± ± ±1.31 c c 4.33± ± ±5.79 F. cuttum 11.47± ± ± ±0.50 c c c 2.19± ±1.90 F. globosom c 8.60±0.36 c 23.50± ± ±0.30 c 1.58± ±0.50 F. redolens 10.33± ± ± ±0.30 c 1.89± ±4.06 F. nygmi 10.93±2.75 c 24.00± ± ±1.09 c c 4.33± ± ±6.75 F.compctum 8.37± ±6.22 c 1.55± ±0.84 c 1.73± ±2.36 F. ndiyzi 11.17± ±4.68 e 2.56± ± ± ± ±2.93 Control 10.62± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.97 Mens by the sme letter cross the column do not differ significntly ( p 0.05) 64

6 Tle 2: Growth prmeters of Perl millet in the Pthogenicity Test of Fusrium species Plnt Height Stem Girth No of Leves Lef Are Isoltes Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 F. fujikuroi 7.10± ± ± ± ± ±7.68 F. poe 11.17± ± ± ± ± ±3.30 F. phillophilum 6.80± ± ± ± ± ± ±5.74 F. npiforme 6.03± ± ± ± ± ±1.63 c 9.57±9.05 F.dlmini 7.53± ±14.54 d 1.58± ± ± ± ±4.31 F.subglutinns 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 0±0.00 F.rmigenum 6.17±3.49 c 23.57±6.14 d 1.58± ±0.49 c 1.49± ±3.51 F. prolifertum 7.17± ± ± ± ± ±6.16 F.Solni 2.93± ± ± ± ± ±6.34 F.sporotricois 7.13±1.39 c 22.30± ± ± ± ±4.63 F. beomiforme 7.00±6.06 c 22.30± ± ± ± ± ±7.21 F. nthophilum 10.87± ± ± ±0.57 c 2.38± ±2.27 F. verticilliois 8.03±2.71 c 26.13± ± ±1.14 c 1.87± ±1.55 F. circintum 7.57± ± ± ± ± ± ±8.57 F. oxysporum 3.27± ± ± ± ± ±6.02 F. scirpi 10.17± ± ±0.00 e 3.78± ± ±1.85 F. cuttum 3.83±2.08 c 23.93± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.48 F. globosom 6.67± ± ± ± ± ±1.61 F. redolens c 8.63±1.70 c 28.00± ± ±0.45 c 1.99± ±6.06 F. nygmi 6.23± ± ± ± ± ±7.20 F.compctum 6.67± ± ± ± ± ±5.09 F. ndiyzi 4.77± ± ± ± ± ±1.93 Control 9.60± ± ± ± ± ±2.14 Mens by the sme letter cross the column do not differ significntly (p 0.05) Tle 3: Growth prmeters of Finger millet in the Pthogenicity Test of Fusrium species Plnt Height Stem Girth No of Leves Lef Are Isoltes Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 F. fujikuroi 12.30± ±6.15 d 1.58± ± ± ± ±3.12 F. poe 10.13±4.48 c 28.07± ± ± ± ± ±12.60 F. phillophilum 11.83±2.36 c 28.37± ± ±0.57 c c 4.33± ± ±1.89 F. npiforme 12.97±2.25 c 27.50± ± ±1.14 c 4.33± ± ±5.78 F.dlmini 9.20±2.96 c 24.27± ± ± ± ± ±2.39 F.subglutinns 9.57±1.63 c 25.87± ± ± ± ± ±2.51 F.rmigenum c 8.57±3.43 c 27.30± ± ± ± ± ±5.14 F. prolifertum 11.43± ± ± ±1.55 c c 4.67± ± ±10.28 F.Solni 10.53± ± ± ±0.64 c c 2.64± ±3.25 F.sporotricois 5.57± ± ± ± ± ±8.45 F. beomiforme 10.03±4.00 c 26.87± ± ±0.75 c 4.33± ± ±3.57 F. nthophilum 9.87±4.05 c 25.50± ± ±0.41 c 2.50± ±5.72 F. verticilliois 4.93± ± ± ± ± ± ±7.26 F. circintum 9.80±4.18 c 24.37± ± ± ±0.00 c 4.33± ±1.73 c 9.72±9.39 F. oxysporum 11± ± ± ±0.57 c 2.64± ±3.39 F. scirpi 9.20± ± ± ± ± ± ±10.15 F. cuttum 11.77±3.90 c 21.83± ± ±1.24 c 3.67± ± ±10.25 F. globosom 11.53± ± ± ±0.52 c c 2.88± ±1.89 F. redolens 10.57± ± ± ±0.57 c c 3.05± ±2.28 F. nygmi 10.60±1.15 c 23.50± ±0.21 d 2.27± ± ± ±2.69 F.compctum 10.17±4.67 c 23.83± ± ±0.52 c 2.98± ±3.22 F. ndiyzi 9.77±1.68 c 22.90± ± ± ± ±0.42 c 9.36±7.96 Control d 14.53±0.87 d 39.77± ± ±0.57 c c 4.62± ±2.60 Mens by the sme letter cross the column do not differ significntly (p 0.05) 65

7 Tle 4: Growth prmeters of Guine millet in the Pthogenicity Test of Fusrium species Plnt Height Stem Girth No of Leves Lef Are Isoltes Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 Dy 7 Dy 14 F. fujikuroi 13.13± ± ± ±0.09 c 2.40± ±2.60 F. poe 14.70± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.65 F. phillophilum 11.47±2.80 c 27.80± ± ±0.16 c 2.14± ±0.27 F. npiforme 13.07± ± ±0.19 c 2.86± ±1.37 F.dlmini 11.53± ± ± ±0.17 c c 2.75± ±5.73 F.subglutinns 14.03± ± ± ± ±1.60 F.rmigenum 11.73± ± ± ± ± ±1.18 F. prolifertum 15.77± ± ± ± ± ±0.62 c 9.88±8.04 F.Solni 12.43± ± ± ±0.17 c 2.51± ±4.25 F.sporotricois ± ± ±0.02 c 4.10± ±3.48 F. beomiforme 11.37±2.22 c 28.80± ± ±0.14 c 2.35± ±3.31 F. nthophilum 9.17±7.51 c 23.23± ± ± ±3.21 c 2.21± ±10.02 F. verticilliois 12.63± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.29 F. circintum 12.93±2.05 c 26.80± ± ± ±0.63 c 9.31±3.85 F. oxysporum 11.07±4.31 c 19.63± ± ±0.42 c c 4.00± ± ±5.34 F. scirpi 6.40± ± ± ±0.19 c 4.33± ± ±2.22 F. cuttum c 8.93± ± ± ± ± ±3.05 F. globosom 7.43± ± ± ±0.24 c 4.00± ± ±1.07 F. redolens 10.23±4.65 c 27.23± ± ±0.37 c c c 2.29± ±2.00 F. nygmi 12.63± ± ± ± ±1.31 F.compctum d 14.40±4.95 c 27.80± ±0.35 c 3.22± ±2.55 F. ndiyzi 12.90±3.75 c 26.77± ± ± ± ± ±1.28 c 9.72±4.03 Control 16.43±3.04 d 37.63± ± ± ± ±1.39 d 17.54±9.84 Mens by the sme letter cross the column do not differ significntly (p 0.05) Plnt heights, stem girths, number of leves, lef Koch postulte s illustrted by Agrios [24]. All the re, disese incince nd severity obtined from the Fusrium species showed disese incince but the pthogenicity test showed tht ll the Fusrium species virulent ones tht re pthogenic to the millet seedlings hve potentil of cusing diseses on the gronomicl nd cusing significnt reduction in the plnt height, stem prmeters of millet vrieties. The most virulent girth, lef number nd lef re includ:, Fusrium Fusrium species observed cross the millet vrieties fujikuroi, F.dlmini, F.beomiforme, F.nthophilum, were Fusrium subglutinns, F. fujikuroi, F. dlmini, F.verticilliois, F.oxysporum, F.scirpi, F.cuttum nd F. beomiforme, F. nthophilum, F. verticilliois, F.nygmi, which greed with the pthogenicity of some F. oxysporum, F. scirpi nd F. nygmi. Perl millet Fusrium species reported by Dwson et l. [25] tht expresses the highest resistnce to Fusrium species tested 46 isoltes of Fusrium spp. on whet unr followed by Blck fonio, Finger millet nd the Guine greenhouse conditions nd 38 isoltes (82.4%) were millet which ws the most susceptible vriety to the found pthogenic. The results ws however in line with Fusrium species (Fig. 2). the findings of Khlil et l. [26] tht reported the pthogenic effects of Fusrium species ssocited with DISCUSSION seedling rots of cotton. The disese severity of the Fusrium species on millet seedling vrieties plces Fusrium species re ubiquitous pthogens tht Fusrium nthophilum, F.verticilliois, F.oxysporum cuse vriety of diseses in mny griculturl, nd F.scipi s the four most virulent Fusrium species. horticulturl nd forestry crops [22] nd hve been The virulence of these species hd erlier been reported intified s ecologicl members of both griculturl nd by mny reserchers including Verm et l. [27] nd ntive communities which behve quite differently in their Ploetz [28]. environments [8]. The disese incince nd virulence of In the estimtion of disese incince nd severity, the pthogenic Fusrium species nd their effects on Guine millet:, Finger millet:, Blck fonio: nd Perl millets seedling height, dimeter nd lef re were in ccordnce were in scending orr of susceptibility to Fusrium to the report of Dudley et l. [23] nd lso in line with species, Guine millet being the most susceptible, 66

8 lthough Perl millet ppers the most resistnt of the four 7. Wilson, J.P. nd L. Clflin, Diseses vrieties but it lso suffers disese infesttion nd of perl millet (Pennisetum glucum (L.) R. Br.). exhibits consirle level of virulence, this grees with Common Nmes of Plnt Diseses, APSnet the report of Eliseth et l. [29] who reported the Fungl Publictions. infesttion of sorghum nd perl millet cultivtion in 8. Leslie, J.F. nd B.A. Summerell, The Fusrium Burkinfso. lortory mnul. Blckwell Publishing, Stte Generlly, the Fusrium species exhibited Avenue, Ames, Iow 50014, USA vrying level of pthogenic effects on the millet 9. Purss, G.S., Pthogenic speciliztion in vrieties. Fusrium subglutinns, F. fujikuroi, F. dlmini, Fusrium grminerum. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 22: 553- F. beomiforme, F. nthophilum, F. verticilliois, 561. F. oxysporum, F. scirpi nd F. nygmi expresses more 10. Boshof, W.H.P., W.J. Swrt nd Z.A. Pretorius, pthogenic effects while the most virulent Fusrium Isoenzyme chrcteristion of Fusrium species on the millet vrieties s observed in this grminerum isoltes ssocited with hed blight of study re ; Fusrium subglutinns, F. nthophilum, irrigted whet in South Afric. South Africn J. F. verticilliois, F. oxysporum nd F. scirpi. Perl millet Bot., 65: expresses the highest resistnce to Fusrium species, this 11. Muthomi, J.W., E.C. Oerke, H.W. Dehne nd is followed by Blck fonio, then Finger millet while Guine E.W. Mutitu, Susceptibility of Kenyn whet millet is the most susceptible vriety to the diseses of vrieties to hed blight, Fungl invsion nd Fusrium species. Thus, this study provis the oxynivlenol ccumultion innoculted with prerequisites knowledge required in the control of the Fusrium grminerum. Journl of Phytopthologypthogenic Fusrium species on millet vrieties in Phytopthologische Zeitschrit, 150: southwestern Nigeri. 12. Prry, D.W., P. Jenkinson nd L. McLeod, Fusrium er blight (sc) in smll grin cerels - REFERENCES review. Pl. Pthol. 44: DOI: /j tb02773.x. 1. McDonough, C.M. nd L.W. Rooney, The 13. Popiel, D., H. Kwsn, J. Chelkowski, L. Stepien nd Millets. Food Science nd Technology: Hndbook of M. Lskowsk, Impct of selected ntgonistic Cerel Science nd Technology (CRC Press), fungi on Fusrium species-toxigenic cerel 99(2nd ed): pthogens. Act Mycologic, 43: FAO, The World Sorghum nd Millet 14. Leslie, J.F., K.A. Zeller, S.C. Lmprecht, J.P. Rheer Economies: Fcts, Trends nd Outlook. Food nd nd W.F.O. Mrss, Toxicity, pthogenicity Agriculture Orgniztion, Rome, Itly, pp: 68. nd genetic differentition of five species of 3. Gri, J.A., Review of the Africn millet Fusrium from sorghum nd millet. Phytopthology, diversity. FAO-Food nd Agriculture Orgnistion 95: of the United Ntions. Interntionl Plnt Genetic 15. Sobowle, A.A., Biologicl control of Resources Institute, Rome, Itly. Fusrium moniliforme Sheldon on mize stems by 4. Oelke, E. A. Oplinger, E. S. Putnm, D. H. Durgn, B. some fungl isoltes from mize phyllosphere nd R. Doll, J. D. Unrsnr, D. J Millets. In: rhizosphere. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibdn, Alterntive Field Crops Mnul, University of Nigeri. Wisconsin-Exension, Coopertive Extension. 16. Seifert, K.A., Fuskey Fusrium interctive 5. FAOSTAT Production, Crops, Millet, 2010 keys. Agriculture nd Agri-Food Cnd, Reserch dt. Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of United Brnch, Estern Cerel nd Oilseed Reserch Ntions: Economic nd Socil Deprtment: The CentreHer, Ottw. Sttisticl Division. 17. Anregg, J. nd J.W. Guthrie, Seedborne 6. Wilson, Jeffrey, P., A Compiltion of Fusrium moniliforme nd seedling disese in Informtion on the Known Pthogens of Perl Millet hybrid sweet corn. Phytopthology, 71: Pennisetum glucum (L.) R. Br. United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture, Agriculturl Reserch 18. Dniels, B.A., Elimintion of Fusrium Service Agriculture Hndbook Number, pp: 716. moniliforme from corn seed. Plnt Dis., 67:

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