Comparison of alternative postharvest quarantine treatments for sweet cherries

Transcription

1 Posthrvest Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) Comprison of lterntive posthrvest qurntine tretments for sweet cherries Lis G. Neven, *, Stephen R. Drke Ykim Agriculturl Reserch Lortory, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowc Pss Rod, Wpto, WA 98951, USA Tree Fruit Reserch Lortory, USDA-ARS, 1104 N. Western A e., Wentchee, WA 98801, USA Received 20 August 1999; ccepted 23 April 2000 Astrct The effects of controlled tmosphere het tretments (CATTS) nd irrdition on sweet cherry fruit qulity were compred to fumigtion with methyl romide. Bing nd Rinier sweet cherry vrieties were tested from the Ykim nd Wentchee, WA growing res. Irrdited cherries hd overll qulity etter thn methyl romide-treted cherries. CATTS-treted Rinier cherries, ut not Bing, hd more pitting nd ruising fter 14 dys of storge thn fruit from other tretments. Both cultivrs treted with methyl romide hd poorer stem qulity thn controls. CATTS-treted Bing fruits hd poorer stem qulity fter 7 nd 14 dys of storge thn the controls. This reserch demonstrted tht oth irrdition nd CATTS hve potentil for lterntive qurntine tretments for sweet cherries Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Sweet cherry; Qurntine; Irrdition; Controlled tmosphere/temperture tretment system 1. Introduction Sweet cherries, Prunus ium L., produced in the U.S. must e fumigted with methyl romide (MeBr), to meet qurntine restrictions imposed y some importing countries (FAO, 1983; Moffitt et l., 1992). Sweet cherries re exported to Jpn following fumigtion tretment to kill ny potentil codling moth (Cydi pomonell L.) lrve, n insect Jpn hs identified s qurntine pest. The Pcific Northwest produces 87% of the * Corresponding uthor. Tel.: ; fx: E-mil ddress: neven@yrl.rs.usd.gov (L.G. Neven). sweet cherries in the U.S., nd exports pproximtely 30% of its crop to Jpn. Due to the identifiction of MeBr s n ozone depleter (Anon., 1992), the U.S. Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA), in ccordnce with the Clen Air Act of 1990 (Federl Clen Air Act, 1990), required tht the production nd sle of this fumignt cese fter Jnury 1, In Octoer of 1998, the U.S. Congress mended the Clen Air Act to gree with the Montrel Protocol on oth the phse-out dtes nd on the exemption for MeBr uses for posthrvest nd phytosnitry purposes. However, since the mjor use of MeBr is for soil steriliztion, there is no gurntee tht this chemicl will e ville for posthrvest /00/$ - see front mtter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S (00)

2 108 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) uses. Therefore, two vile lterntives to MeBr fumigtion, irrdition nd comintion controlled tmosphere with hot forced ir, were developed in our lortories. Irrdition is not new technology, hving een used for decdes to sterilize medicl supplies nd phrmceuticls. Spices tht re ingredients in processed foods re irrdited. Irrdition does not cuse the food to ecome rdioctive, nor hs there een ny evidence tht irrdition cuses the formtion of free rdicls ove those levels produced in conventionlly cooked foods (Urin, 1986). The U.S. Food nd Drug Administrtion (FDA), hs limited the mximum sored dose of rdition to 1000 Gy for fresh fruits nd vegetles. At these doses, immedite mortlity of infesting insect pests is not lwys chieved. The USDA- APHIS hs estlished guidelines for confirming tht commodity hs received the proper dose to render the trget pest potentilly infesting the commodity iologiclly neutrlized (APHIS, 1996). These guidelines include extensive documenttion, dosimetry, nd issunce of tretment certifiction. In fct, USDA-APHIS hs lredy pproved irrdition s qurntine tretment for selected fruits from the stte of Hwii destined to the U.S. minlnd (APHIS, 1998). This mkes the U.S. the first country to pprove phytosnitry irrdition of fruits. We would like to emphsize, however, tht lthough this pprovl is in the Federl Register, it is not currently used on commercilly mrketed Hwiin fruit. This initil pprovl y the U.S., long with the vilility of reltively inexpensive ox dosimeters, will likely fcilitte the cceptnce of irrdition s qurntine tretment world-wide. Irrdition hs een shown to e effective on the two mjor insect pests tht pose qurntine concerns in U.S.-produced sweet cherries: codling moth (Cydi pomonell L.) (Burditt nd Hungte, 1989; To nd Burditt, 1992; To nd Moffitt, 1996) nd western cherry fruit fly (Rhgoletis indifferens L.) (Burditt nd Hungte, 1988). It ws found tht 233 Gy ws required to prevent puption of fifth instr codling moth (To nd Moffitt, 1996) nd tht 97 Gy ws sufficient dose to control western cherry fruit fly (Burditt nd Hungte, 1988). Hot forced ir hs een used to disinfest tropicl nd sutropicl fruits (Armstrong, 1994; Hllmn nd Armstrong, 1994; Mngn et l., 1998). However, the ppliction to temperte fruits is not s commonplce. Typiclly, most temperte fruits re stored t cold tempertures s quickly fter hrvest s possile. (High tempertures re elieved to compromise fruit qulity.) For pome fruits, cold storge is often ccompnied y controlled tmosphere (CA) storge (low O 2 nd elevted CO 2 ), to reduce metolism nd preserve qulity (Crpenter nd Potter, 1994; Hllmn, 1994). Effects of controlled tmosphere storge on pests infesting stored fruit re not effective due to the low temperture of the storge regime. Low temperture reduces the insects metolism nd thus demnd for oxygen. In turn, high tempertures kill infesting insect pests more effectively, ut usully t the price of fruit injury due to the durtion of exposure necessry to kill the pest. When het is pplied in controlled tmosphere, the durtion of the tretment cn e gretly reduced, potentilly reducing loss of fruit qulity (Neven nd Mitchm, 1996; Shellie et l., 1997). CA reduces n insects ility to cclimte to elevted tempertures nd results in suffoction ecuse oxygen vilility is lower thn the incresed metolic demnd of the insect. Knowledge of this effect on insect physiology hs led to the development of Controlled Atmosphere/Temperture Tretment System (CATTS) (Neven nd Mitchm, 1996). Using CATTS, we hve shown tht the totl durtion of het tretment cn e gretly reduced in time y 25 50% with the ddition of controlled tmospheres. This is gret dvntge over trditionl hot ir nd hot wter dips, ecuse the reduced tretment times help preserve fruit qulity. In the summer of 1997 we performed comprison study of irrdition nd CATTS tretments ginst MeBr fumigtion to determine whether these tretments were vile lterntives. The results of this study re detiled in this pper.

3 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) Mterils nd methods 2.1. Fruit tretments We ssessed qulity in Bing nd Rinier cherries sujected to the following posthrvest qurntine tretments: MeBr fumigtion (6 C, 1.13 kg m 3 ), CATTS 1 (45 C, 1% O 2, 15% CO 2, 45 min), CATTS 2 (47 C, 1% O 2, 15% CO 2,25 min), nd irrdition (300 Gy). Fruit were stored t 1 C for 0, 7, nd 14 dys following tretment. Freshly hrvested, unprocessed Bing nd Rinier sweet cherries (55 kg ech) were otined from six commercil sources on the dy of hrvest in Cherries were divided into four tretment groups Methyl romide fumigtion Cherries were hydrocooled (2 5 C) in wter contining 100 ppm chlorine for 5 min then ir dried in chmer set t 2 C under fn (2 m s 1 ). Cherries were plced into wire mesh oxes (25.4 cm 25.4 cm 25.4 cm) nd equilirted to 6 C overnight. Fumigtion with 1.13 kg m 3 of MeBr for 2 h ws conducted t 6 C. Cherries were erted for 2 h prior to removl from the chmer. They were pcked into fierord oxes (24 cm 18.8 cm 16 cm) lined with 1-mm polyliners nd held t 2 4 C overnight prior to the 2-h shipment y vn to the ARS Tree Fruit Reserch Lortory (TFRL) in Wentchee, WA in ice coolers. The cherries were stored t 1 C until nlyzed for qulity Irrdition tretments All irrditions were crried out in GmmBem 650 fcility locted in Richlnd, WA t Pcific Northwest Ntionl Lortory (PNNL). Cherries were hydrocooled (2 5 C) in wter contining 100 ppm chlorine for 5 min then ir dried in chmer set t 2 C under fn (2 m s 1 ). They were pcked into lined oxes nd pcked into ice coolers with ice pcks prior to shipment y vn to the irrdition fcility. The fruit were irrdited t rte of Gy min 1 to dose of 300 Gy. Following tretment, they were held t 2 4 C overnight prior to shipment y vn to the Tree Fruit Reserch Lortory (TFRL) in Wentchee, WA in ice coolers. The cherries were held t 1 C until qulity nlysis CATTS Cherries were plced directly into vented ottom fruit lug ( cm, OnoPc, Hilo, HI) with vented ruer liner plced on the ottom. CATTS chmers were pre-equilirted t tretment conditions (CATTS 1: 45 C, 1% O 2, 15% CO 2, 2 m s 1 ir speed, 90% RH nd CATTS 2: 47 C, 1% O 2, 15% CO 2,2ms 1 ir speed, 90% RH). Cherries were plced into the lug chnger, ttched to the CATTS chmer, flushed for 2 min with N 2, nd plced into the CATTS chmer. At the end of the tretment (45 min for the 45 C tretment nd 25 min for the 47 C tretment) cherries were removed from the CATTS chmer nd immersed for 5 min in cold (2 5 C) wter contining 100 ppm chlorine. Cherries were ir dried prior to pcking into fierord oxes (24 cm 18.8 cm 16 cm) lined with 1-mm polyliners. Pcked oxes were stored t 1 C until trnsported y vn to TFRC for nlysis Qulity e lution Qulity evlution consisted of ojective nd sujective color, firmness, solule solids content (SSC), titrtle cidity (TA), nd evlution for defects such s pitting, ruising, nd stem rowning. Ojective color of fruit nd stems ws determined with The Color Mchine (Pcific Science, Silver Spring, MD) using the Hunter L,, system nd hue colors were clculted (Hunter nd Hrold, 1987). Sujective color ws determined using two lortory personnel fmilir with cherry color grdes. Fruit nd stems were rted individully for overll ppernce on scle of 1 to 3 (1=est; 3=worst) nd the men vlue reported. Firmness ws determined using the Universl TA-XT2 texture nlyzer equipped with 3-mm proe set t 10 mm s 1 nd penetrtion distnce fter contct of 7 mm nd

4 110 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) the vlues were expressed in Newtons (N). SSC of the cherries ws determined with n Ae-type refrctometer with sucrose scle clirted t 20 C. Acids were titrted to ph 8.2 with 0.1 N NOH nd expressed s percentge of mlic cid. Defects (pitting nd ruising) present on ech cherry were grded y two lortory personnel s present or sent Sttistics SAS ANOVA nd ProcGLM (SAS Institute, 1985) were used to seprte the mens of ech tretment nd storge period using Generl Lest Squres nd Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. Also, SAS contrsts were used to determine differences etween MeBr- nd CATTS-treted fruit. 3. Results nd discussion 3.1. Bing qulity Fruit nd stem color ws influenced y qurntine tretments t ll storge intervls (Tle 1). At 0 dy externl fruit L* (ExL) vlues were similr etween ll tretments except for fruit from CATTS 2, which hd lower L* vlues. The lower L* indicted drker fruit for the CATTS 2 tretment. There were no significnt differences in externl fruit hue (ExHue) vlues (Tle 1) t dy 0. After 7 dys of storge, externl fruit L* vlues for CATTS 1 nd irrdited fruit were higher thn the control fruit. The externl fruit L* vlues for the other tretments were similr. Externl fruit hue vlues etween tretments t 7 dys were distinctly different with fruit from CATTS 1 nd 2 nd irrdition displying reduced vlues when compred to hue vlues for control nd MeBr-treted fruit. After 14 dys of storge, externl fruit L* nd hue vlues were similr etween the CATTS 2 nd irrdition tretments. Bing visul fruit scores (Tle 1) were higher for CATTS 1 nd 2, indicting lower visul qulity, for 0 nd 14 dys of storge. Only CATTS 1 tretment ws higher thn the other tretments t 21 dys of storge. Irrdition nd MeBr tret- Tle 1 Externl fruit nd stem color nd visul ssessment of Bing cherries* Tretment Store ExL ExHue StL StHue VisF VisS Control AB A A A B C CATTS AB A C A A A CATTS B A BC A AB BC AB A ABC A B C A A AB A B AB Control B AB A A B C CATTS A C A A A A CATTS AB ABC A A A A A BC A A B BC AB A A A B AB Control C AB A B AB B CATTS C A A AB A B CATTS BC B A C A A AB B A B B B A AB A A B B * Externl fruit L* (ExL), externl fruit hue (ExHue), stem L (StL), stem hue (StHue), sujective visul fruit score (VisF), nd visul stem score (VisS) re given for tretments of control, CATTS 1, CATTS 2, irrdition (), nd methyl romide fumigtion () over cold storge periods (Store) of 0, 7, nd 14 dys. Mens followed y the sme cpitl suscript re not significntly different from one nother (Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test). Significntly different from (P 0.05). Significntly differently from (P 0.05).

5 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) Tle 2 Qulity ssessment prmeters of Bing cherries* Tretment Store Pitting Bruise Firm (N) SS (%) TA (%) Control A BC A A C CATTS A AB C A BC CATTS A AB B A AB A BC B A A A A AB B A Control C A A A A CATTS A A C A C CATTS A A B A BC B A B A AB BC A B A A Control B A A A A CATTS A A C A B CATTS A A C A A AB A AB A AB A A BC B A * Numer of fruit pitted (Pitting), numer of fruits ruised (Bruise), percent solule solids (SS), nd percent titrtle cidity (TA) re given for tretments of control, CATTS 1, CATTS 2, irrdition (), nd methyl romide fumigtion () over cold storge periods (Store) of 0, 7, nd 14 dys. Mens followed y the sme cpitl suscript re not significntly different from one nother (Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test). Significntly different from (P 0.05). Significntly differently from (P 0.05). treted fruit in the numer of fruit pitted t the 0- nd 14-dy storge periods. Bruising ws prolem for ll treted fruit t the 0-dy storge period (Tle 2), ut not for the remining storge periods. Bing fruit firmness ws reduced with ll qurntine tretments (Tle 2). At 0 dys storge, fruit firmness ws reduced with ll tretments except for MeBr, which ws intermedite etween the controls nd the other tretments. After 7 dys of storge, CATTS 1 firmness ws less thn ll other tretments nd fter 14 dys of storge the firmness of oth CATTS 1 nd 2 ws much less thn control nd irrdited fruit. MeBrtreted fruit firmness ws etween the controls nd the CATTS-treted fruit. There ws no difference in the percent of solule solids (SSC) (Tle 2) mong the tretments nd the controls for ll the storge periods except for the MeBr tretment t 0 nd 14 dys of cold storge, where the % SSC ws significntly lower (Tle 2). Titrtle cidity (TA) (Tle 2), howments hd visul scores similr to control fruit for ll storge periods. Bing stem L* (StL) vlues (Tle 1) were distinctly different etween qurntine tretments t the 0 dys storge period, ut no difference ws evident t 7 nd 14 dys of storge for either L* or hue (StHue) vlues. At the initil evlution period, stem L* vlues were reduced for the stems from the different tretments compred to the control stems. Visul ssessment of the stems (VisS) (Tle 1) from the CATTS 1 nd 2 tretments were given higher visul ssessment scores when compred to control, irrdited, treted stems indicting lower stem qulity for ll three storge periods. However, visul stem vlues were not significntly different from MeBr-treted fruit for ll three storge periods. Enhnced pitting of Bing cherries ws very evident for CATTS, irrdited, nd MeBr-treted fruit fter 7 dys of storge (Tle 2). However, there were no significnt differences etween

6 112 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) ever, did show some differences. For ll storge periods, CATTS 1 hd lower TA thn ll other tretments nd controls, except for 0-dy controls. There were no differences in TA etween irrdited nd CATTS 2-treted cherries. Interestingly though, TA ws higher in ll tretments compred to controls directly fter tretment (0 Dy) Rinier qulity Rinier fruit nd stem color (L* nd hue vlues) were not significntly influenced y ny of the qurntine tretments used in this study, regrdless of storge (Tle 3), except for MeBrtreted fruit externl L* vlues t 0 dys storge. Visul fruit scores (VisF) (Tle 3) were the highest for MeBr-treted fruit t 0 dys storge, while CATTS 1 nd 2 were higher t 7 nd 14 dys storge. Irrdition tretments were not significntly different from controls on visul fruit scores. Stem L* nd stem hue vlues (Tle 3) were significntly different for MeBr-treted fruit t 0 nd 7 dys storge. The stem L* nd stem hue vlues of irrdition nd CATTS tretments compred fvorly with those of control fruits. Visul ssessment score of Rinier stems (VisS) (Tle 3) ws incresed y ll qurntine tretments t the 14-dy evlution, except the irrdition tretment which ws not significntly different from the control fruit. MeBr-treted fruit hd the highest visul stem scores (lowest qulity) for ll storge periods. The incresed visul ssessment score for the stems from the CATTS tretments ws present t only the 14-dy storge period. Fruit pitting nd ruising (Tle 4) incresed for the CATTS tretments compred to the control fruit or fruit from the other two tretments. This increse in pitting nd ruising for the CATTS-treted fruit ws evident for ll storge periods, except for pitting t 0 dys storge. Due to the color of the Rinier cherries, it is much esier to discern pitting nd ruising prolems. Bruising in oth cultivrs my hve een due to incresed hndling of the fruit tht were exposed to the CATTS tretments. Pitting my hve een Tle 3 Externl fruit nd stem color nd visul ssessment of Rinier cherries* Tretment Store ExL ExHue StL StHue VisF VisS Control A A AB A D B CATTS A A A A B B CATTS A A AB A C B A A A A D B B A B B A A Control A A A A C B CATTS A A A A A AB CATTS A A A A B AB A A A A BC B A A A B BC A Control A A B A D B CATTS A A AB A A A CATTS A A B A B A A A A A D B A A C B C A * Externl fruit L* (ExL), externl fruit hue (ExHue), stem L (StL), stem hue (StHue), sujective visul fruit score (VisF), nd visul stem score (VisS) re given for tretments of control, CATTS 1, CATTS 2, irrdition (), nd methyl romide fumigtion () over cold storge periods (Store) of 0, 7, nd 14 dys. Mens followed y the sme cpitl suscript re not significntly different from one nother (Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test). Significntly different from (P 0.05). Significntly differently from (P 0.05).

7 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) Tle 4 Qulity ssessment prmeters of Rinier cherries* Tretment Store Pitting Bruise Firm (N) SS (%) TA (%) Control A B AB A A CATTS A A BC A A CATTS A A C A A A B BC A A A B A A A Control BC B A A BC CATTS A A A A C CATTS AB A A A BC C B A A B C B A A A Control B B A A AB CATTS A A A A AB CATTS A A A A B B B A A A B B A A A * Numer of fruit pitted (Pitting), numer of fruits ruised (Bruise) fruit firmness in Newtons (Firm), percent solule solids (SS), nd percent titrtle cidity (TA) re given for tretments of control, CATTS 1, CATTS 2, irrdition (), nd methyl romide fumigtion () over cold storge periods (Store) of 0, 7, nd 14 dys. Mens followed y the sme cpitl suscript re not significntly different from one nother (Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test). Significntly different from (P 0.05). Significntly differently from (P 0.05). the result of the formtion of cronic cid during CATTS tretment or prolonged exposure of hot cherries to wter contining 100 ppm chlorine during hydrocooling. Some difference in Rinier fruit firmness (Tle 4) ws present immeditely fter tretment, ut fter 7 nd 14 dys of storge, no differences in firmness were evident etween treted nd control fruit. There were no differences in solule solids in the tretments from those of the control fruit for ll storge periods. Titrtle cidity in the tretments vried only fter 7 nd 14 dys of storge. For oth 7 nd 14 dys of storge, MeBr-treted cherries hd higher TA thn ll other tretments nd controls. There were no differences etween CATTS 1 nd 2, irrdited, nd controls for storge periods of 7 nd 14 dys. These results indicte tht oth irrdition nd CATTS tretments re vile lterntive qurntine tretments ginst oth codling moth nd western cherry fruit fly in sweet cherries. Comprisons of fruit qulity ginst trditionl MeBr fumigtion shows tht irrdition provides etter overll qulity thn MeBr fumigtion. This is in greement with previous reserch (Drke et l., 1994; Drke nd Neven, 1997). CATTS tretments slightly reduced fruit qulity, prticulrly incresing fruit pitting nd ruising. The commercil significnce of this reduced qulity hs not een ssessed. Further reserch is needed to ddress oth extension of shelf life to chieve the stndrd 21 dys nd pitting nd ruising prolems with the CATTS tretments. Acknowledgements The uthors thnk Michel Brown nd Dvid Ekin of New Horizons Technologies of Richlnd, WA for performing the irrdition tretments. We lso thnk Fred Scrlett of Northwest Fruit Exporters for securing the fruit used in this study. This project would not hve een possile without the technicl ssistnce of Trci Wurtz, Amer Bngs, Lind Rehfield, Lind Olsen, Millie Heidt, Julie Schlmn, Mc Morford, Dennis

8 114 L.G. Ne en, S.R. Drke / Posthr est Biology nd Technology 20 (2000) Alno, Misty Weishr, Ruth Brnhrdt, nd Dr Jim Hnsen of the USDA-ARS lortory in Wpto, WA nd Kevin Hnsen nd Shri Snodgrss of the USDA-ARS lortory in Wentchee, WA. This reserch ws supported y the Wshington Tree Fruit Reserch Commission. References Anon., Methyl Bromide: Atmospheric Science, Technology nd Economics. United Ntions Environmentl Progrmme. Ozone Secretrit, UN Hedqurters, Niroi, Keny. Animl nd Plnt Helth Inspection Service (APHIS), The ppliction of irrdition to phytosnitry prolems. Fed. Reg. 16, Animl nd Plnt Helth Inspection Service (APHIS), Use of irrdition s qurntine tretment for fresh fruits of ppy from Hwii. Fed. Reg. 63(229) Armstrong, J.W., Het nd cold tretments. In: Pull, R.E., Armstrong, J.W. (Eds.), Insect Pests nd Fresh Horticulturl Products: Tretments nd Responses. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, UK, pp Burditt, A.K., Hungte, F.P., Gmm irrdition s qurntine tretment for cherries infested y western cherry fruit fly (Dipter: Tephritide). J. Econ. Entomol. 81, Burditt, A.K., Hungte, F.P., Gmm irrdition s qurntine tretment for pples infested y codling moth (Lepidopter: Tortricide). J. Econ. Entomol. 82, Crpenter, A., Potter, M., Controlled tmospheres. In: Shrp, J.L., Hllmn, G.J. (Eds.), Qurntine Tretments for Pests of Food Plnts. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp Drke, S.R., Neven, L.G., Qulity response of Bing nd Rinier sweet cherries to low dose electron em irrdition. J. Food Proc. Pres. 21, Drke, S.R., Moffitt, H.R., Ekin, D.E., Low dose irrdition of Rinier sweet cherries s qurntine tretment. J. Food Proc. Pres. 18, FAO, Interntionl Plnt Qurntine Tretment Mnul. FAO Plnt Production nd Protection Pper 50. Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions, Rome, Itly. Federl Clen Air Act, Pulic Lw , encted Novemer 15, Wshington, DC. Hllmn, G.J., Controlled tmospheres. In: Pull, R.E., Armstrong, J.W. (Eds.), Insect Pests nd Fresh Horticulturl Products: Tretments nd Responses. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, UK, pp Hllmn, G.J., Armstrong, J.W., Heted ir tretments. In: Shrp, J.L., Hllmn, G.J. (Eds.), Qurntine Tretments for Pests of Food Plnts. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp Hunter, R.S., Hrold, R.W., The Mesurement of Appernce, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp Mngn, R.L., Shellie, K.C., Ingle, S.J., Firko, M.J., High temperture forced-ir tretments with fixed time nd temperture for Dncy tngerines, Vlenci ornges, nd Rio Str grpefruit. J. Econ. Entomol. 91, Moffitt, H.R., Drke, S.R., To, H.H., Hrtsell, P.L., Comprtive efficcy of methyl romide ginst codling moth (Lepidopter: Tortricide) lrve in Bing nd Rinier cherries nd confirmtion of efficcy of qurntine tretment for Rinier cherries. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, Neven, L.G., Mitchm, E.J., CATTS: Controlled tmosphere temperture tretment system. A novel tool for the development of qurntine tretments. Am. Entomol. 42, SAS Institute, SAS Users Guide: Sttistics. SAS Institute, Cry, NC. Shellie, K.C., Mngn, R.L., Ingle, S.J., Tolernce of grpefruit nd Mexicn fruit fly lrve to heted controlled tmosphere. Posthrv. Biol. Technol. 10, To, H.H., Burditt, A.K., Gmm irrdition of codling moth (Lepidopter: Tortricide) eggs s qurntine tretment. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, To, H.H., Moffitt, H.R., Posttretment development nd fertility of nondipusing codling moth (Lepidopter: Tortricide) lrve nd their progeny following gmm irrdition. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, Urin, W.M., Rdition chemistry of food components nd of foods. In: Schweigert, B.S. (Ed.), Food Irrdition. Acdemic Press, Orlndo, FL, pp