Figure 2.2 Herbicide spray missions, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam ( ).

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2 00' o 107 Figure 2.2 Herbicide spray missions, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam ( ). Spray Mission (lines) Orange Herbicide Blue Herbicide White Herbicide Location of abandoned US Special Forces Bases 16 o10' LAO DR Aluoi N Ta Bat LAO DR A So (formerly A Shau) Kilometres LAO DR (Source: US Dept. of the Army) VN849: SLINE6.AR

3 Figure 2.3 Herbicide distribution/frequency of spray missions, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, ( ). 00' o 107 VN849: SDIST7.AR Spray Frequency (number of missions) Location of abandoned US Special Forces Bases 16 o10' LAO DR Aluoi N Ta Bat LAO DR A So (formerly A Shau) LAO DR Kilometres (Source: US Dept. of the Army)

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7 100% 50% 0% cida849:cida849 fig2.7&2.8.xls:fig 2,7 ercent composition of particle size fractions (sand, silt and clay) and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], dry weight; log scale) in soils (0-10 cm depth) from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, March Huong Lam Commune Huong Lam Commune Huong hong Commune Huong hong Commune hu Vinh Commune hu Vinh Commune Hong Thuong Commune Bo Dot Market Son Thuy Commune Son Thuy Commune Hong Quang Commune A Luoi Commune A Luoi Market Hong Kim Commune Hong Van Commune Hong Van Commune Sample Site % Composition Total TEQ (pg/g, dry weight; log scale) Figure 2.7 %Clay %Silt %Sand Total TEQ A So Special Forces Base Ta Bat Special Forces Base Aluoi Special Forces Base A Dot Commune A Dot Commune A Dot Commune

8 Total TEQ (pg/g, dry weight; log scale) cida849:cida849 fig2.7&2.8.xls:fig 2.8 Total organic carbon (TOC) content (% carbon) and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], dry weight; log scale) in soils (0-10 cm depth) from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, March Huong Lam Commune Huong Lam Commune Huong hong Commune Huong hong Commune hu Vinh Commune hu Vinh Commune Hong Thuong Commune Bo Dot Market Son Thuy Commune Son Thuy Commune Hong Quang Commune A Luoi Commune A Luoi Market Hong Kim Commune Hong Van Commune Hong Van Commune Figure 2.8 % Carbon 1000 TOC (% carbon) Total TEQ A So Special Forces Base Ta Bat Special Forces Base Aluoi Special Forces Base 0.1 Sample Site A Dot Commune A Dot Commune A Dot Commune

9 Figure 2.9 TCDD and Total TEQ concentrations in vegetation and animal tissues (pg/g [ppt], dry weight [vegetation]; pg/g, wet weight [animal tissues]), Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam (1996, 1997 and 1999). pg/g A So Commune fish fat (46) fish liver (14) duck liver (08) fish fat (039) fish fat (031) fish fat (027) fish fat (019) duck fat (045) fish fat (438/447) fish fat (443) fish fat (451) fish fat (278) fish fat (307/314) fish fat (284) fish liver (276) fish muscle (281) duck fat (329) duck fat (325) chicken egg (434) rice (272/274/433) Huong Lam Commune Sample Media (sample #) fish fat (223) fish fat (186/199/203) duck fat (163) duck fat (169) fish liver (245/250/254) cow fat (690) Hong Thuong Commune fish liver (20) manioc root (06) fish fat (151) fish fat (131/135) fish liver (124) Son Thuy Commune pig liver (629) pig fat (482) Xa Nham Commune fish fat (40) wild fish liver (499) A Ngo Commune fish liver (18) manioc root (03) Aluoi Commune pig fat (694) cooking oil (494/495/496) Hong Ha Commune fish liver (23) Hong Van Commune fish fat (391/395) fish fat (380/386) duck fat (355) rice (332) TCDD Total TEQ arentheses enclose abreviated sample number Sample # refixes: 1996: VN96## 1997: 97VN### 1999: 99VN### Composite Sample: ###/###/### pg/g cida849:cida849 fig2.9.xls; Chart

10 Figure 2.10 TCDD and Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) for whole human blood, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1997 and Total TEQ TCDD males >25 years of age males <25 years of age females >25 years of age females <25 years of age pg/g, lipid basis A So A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong Van Commune cida849;cida849 fig2.10.xls;fig 2.10

11 Figure 2.11 Mean TCDD levels in whole human blood used in a 3-way ANOVA that determined the interaction of sex and commune location within the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, Mean TCDD (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) A So Commune Hong Thuong Commune Huong Lam Commune Hong Van Commune Females Males 1.55 Sex cida849;cida849 fig2.11.xls

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14 Figure 2.14 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs (% TCDD of Total TEQ in parentheses) determined in human blood from unexposed participants (non-viet Nam studies) in industrialized countries, and in individuals in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999 (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.8) USA (residents) (n=16)1 Russia (Baikalsk) (pool)2 Russia (St. etersburg) (pool)2 Germany (n=102)2 USA (pool)2 Guam (n=10)2 USA (Missouri) (pool)3 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (females, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (females, yrs) (2 pools)4 Germany (adults) (n=15)5 Germany (urban industrial) (pool)5 Germany (urban industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural) (pool)5 Germany (rural) (pool)5 China (15-19 yrs) (pool)6 China (>40 yrs) (pool)6 Finland (control) (n=3)7 Russia (control) (pool)8 Finland (control) (n=14)9 Germany (vegetarians) (n<25)10 Germany (non-vegetarians) (n<25)10 Canada (reference) (n=10)11 Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)12 Spain (adults) (n=11)13 Germany (adults) (n=134)14 Russia (general population) (pool)15,16 Germany (control) (n=85)17 USA (referent) (29<n<80)18 Russia (general Ufa population) (pool)16 Non-Viet Nam Studies: (9.3%) (20.6%) (26.5%) (8.6%) (12.7%) (9.3%) (14.5%) (15.0%) (12.0%) (12.7%) (6.8%) (13.1%) (13.0%) (16.4%) (14.6%) (18.0%) (15.6%) (16.1%) (17.8%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (4.7%) (53.8%) (10.4%) (10.4%) (31.0%) (12.1%) (15.4%) (16.0%) (8.2%) (12.4%) (0.0%) (10.6%) (15.2%) (25.9%) (8.6%) (20.4%) (52.9%) (8.4%) Total TEQ TCDD A SO COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=48) Males (<25 yrs) (n=30) Females (>25 yrs) (n=44) Females (<25 yrs) (n=41) Viet Nam (This Study): (87.4%) (84.3%) (88.6%) (89.3%) HUONG LAM COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=31) Males (<25 yrs) (n=33) Females (>25 yrs) (n=29) Females (<25 yrs) (n=27) (0.0%) (66.4%) (45.5%) (24.1%) HONG THUONG COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=43) Males (<25 yrs) (n=27) Females (>25 yrs) (n=37) Females (<25 yrs) (n=25) (57.0%) (66.1%) (48.8%) (65.0%) HONG VAN COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=37) Males (<25 yrs) (n=40) Females (>25 yrs) (n=27) Females (<25 yrs) (n=37) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) TCDD Concentration and Total TEQ (pg/g, lipid basis) 1 Tepper et al Schecter et al. 1992c. 3 Schecter 1994b (Table 15). 4 Gonzalez et al Wuthe et al Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 7 Hesso et al Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 9 Rosenberg et al Welge et al apke et al Cole et al Jiminez et al apke et al Schecter et al. 1993b. 16 Schecter et al. 1994b. 17 Schecter iacitelli et al CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig & xls

15 CIDA 849;18/04/00;cida849 fig & xls Figure 2.15 Ratios of 5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human blood data reported in other investigations involving unexposed participants, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.8) USA (residents) (n=16)1 Russia (Baikalsk) (pool)2 Russia (St. etersburg) (pool)2 Germany (n=102)2 USA (pool)2 Guam (n=10)2 USA (Missouri) (pool)3 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (males, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (females, yrs) (2 pools)4 Spain (females, yrs) (2 pools)4 Germany (adults) (n=15)5 Germany (urban industrial) (pool)5 Germany (urban industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural industrial) (pool)5 Germany (rural) (pool)5 Germany (rural) (pool)5 China (15-19 yrs) (pool)6 China (>40 yrs) (pool)6 Finland (control) (n=3)7 Russia (control) (pool)8 Finland (control) (n=14)9 Germany (vegetarians) (n<25)10 Germany (non-vegetarians) (n<25)10 Canada (reference) (n=10)11 Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)12 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)12 Spain (adults) (n=11)13 Germany (adults) (n=134)14 Russia (general population) (pool)15,16 Germany (control) (n=85)17 USA (referent) (29<n<80)18 Russia (general Ufa population) (pool)16 A SO COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=48) Males (<25 yrs) (n=30) Females (>25 yrs) (n=44) Females (<25 yrs) (n=41) HUONG LAM COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=31) Males (<25 yrs) (n=33) Females (>25 yrs) (n=29) Females (<25 yrs) (n=27) HONG THUONG COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=43) Males (<25 yrs) (n=27) Females (>25 yrs) (n=37) Females (<25 yrs) (n=25) HONG VAN COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=37) Males (<25 yrs) (n=40) Females (>25 yrs) (n=27) Females (<25 yrs) (n=37) Non-Viet Nam Studies: Viet Nam (This Study): CDD/TCDD Ratio 1 Tepper et al Schecter et al. 1992c. 3 Schecter 1994b (Table 15). 4 Gonzalez et al Wuthe et al Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 7 Hesso et al Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 9 Rosenberg et al Welge et al Note: denotes a ratio could not be calculated 11 apke et al given that either 5CDD or TCDD was below 12 Cole et al detection, or the 5CDD level was not reported. 13 Jiminez et al apke et al Schecter et al. 1993b. 16 Schecter et al. 1994b. 17 Schecter iacitelli et al

16 Figure 2.16 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs (% TCDD of Total TEQ in parentheses) determined in human blood from exposed participants (i.e., some form of exposure in industrialized countries), and individuals in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999 (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.9) USA (pulp mill) (n=46)1 Non-Viet Nam Studies: (9.5%) Canada (Quebec, sea-food based diet) (n=9-55)2 (21.2%) Germany (TC accident) (n=17)3 Germany (metal plant) (n=32)3 (57.2%) (5.8%) Germany (pyrolysis plant) (n=12)4 (16.3%) Germany (incinerator plant) (n=19)5 Germany (incinerator plant) (n=20)5 (8.3%) (7.6%) China (Na-C sprayed areas, yrs) (n=50)6 (24.4%) China (Na-C sprayed areas, 40 yrs) (n=50)6 (27.9%) Finland (lab personnel) (n=7)7 (8.7%) Russia (chemical workers' children) (n=6)8 (70.3%) Finland (pulp bleaching plant) (n=14)9 Finland (paper mill) (n=20)9 (9.3%) (5.2%) Germany (hospital fire) (n=53)10 (11.9%) Germany (relay station fire) (n=25)10 (16.2%) Germany (distillation plant fire) (n=7)10 (11.7%) Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)11 (13.0%) Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)11 (19.1%) Total TEQ Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)11 (15.8%) Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)11 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)11 (16.7%) (18.5%) TCDD Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)11 (11.7%) USA & Europe (chemists) (n=3)12 (45.5%) USA (pulp plant) (n=2)13 (27.1%) USA (CB exposure) (n=2)13 (21.7%) Russia (office workers in agrochemical plant) (n=2)14 (57.5%) A SO COMMUNE Viet Nam (This Study): Males (>25 yrs) (n=48) (89.3%) Males (<25 yrs) (n=30) (88.6%) Females (>25 yrs) (n=44) Females (<25 yrs) (n=41) (87.4%) (84.3%) HUONG LAM COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=31) Males (<25 yrs) (n=33) Females (>25 yrs) (n=29) (45.5%) (24.1%) (66.4%) Females (<25 yrs) (n=27) (0.0%) HONG THUONG COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=43) (65.0%) Males (<25 yrs) (n=27) (57.0%) Females (>25 yrs) (n=37) (48.8%) Females (<25 yrs) (n=25) (66.1%) HONG VAN COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=37) Males (<25 yrs) (n=40) Females (>25 yrs) (n=27) Females (<25 yrs) (n=37) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) TCDD Concentration and Total TEQ (pg/g, lipid basis) 1 Tepper et al Ayotte et al apke et al Wuthe et al Demi et al Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 7 Hesso et al Schecter 1994b (Table 8). 9 Rosenberg et al apke et al Cole et al Schecter Schecter et al. 1993a. 14 Schecter et al. 1994b. CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig & xls

17 Figure 2.17 Ratios of 5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human blood data reported in other invesigations involving exposed participants, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.7 and 2.9). USA (pulp mill) (n=46)1 Canada (Quebec, sea-food based diet) (n=9-55)2 Germany (TC accident) (n=17)3 Germany (metal plant) (n=32)3 Germany (pyrolysis plant) (n=12)4 Germany (incinerator plant) (n=19)5 Germany (incinerator plant) (n=20)5 China (Na-C sprayed areas, yrs) (n=50)6 China (Na-C sprayed areas, 40 yrs) (n=50)6 Finland (lab personnel) (n=7)7 Russia (chemical workers' children) (n=6)8 Finland (pulp bleaching plant) (n=14)9 Finland (paper mill) (n=20)9 Germany (hospital fire) (n=53)10 Germany (relay station fire) (n=25)10 Germany (distillation plant fire) (n=7)10 Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)11 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)11 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool) Non-Viet Nam Studies: Canada (fish eater, <38 yrs) (pool)11 Canada (fish eater, yrs) (pool)11 Canada (fish eater, >50 yrs) (pool)11 USA & Europe (chemists) (n=3)12 USA (pulp plant) (n=2)13 USA (CB exposure) (n=2)13 Russia (office workers in agrochemical plant) (n=2)14 A SO COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=48) Males (<25 yrs) (n=30) Females (>25 yrs) (n=44) Females (<25 yrs) (n=41) Viet Nam (This Study): HUONG LAM COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=31) Males (<25 yrs) (n=33) Females (>25 yrs) (n=29) Females (<25 yrs) (n=27) HONG THUONG COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=43) Males (<25 yrs) (n=27) Females (>25 yrs) (n=37) Females (<25 yrs) (n=25) HONG VAN COMMUNE Males (>25 yrs) (n=37) Males (<25 yrs) (n=40) Females (>25 yrs) (n=27) Females (<25 yrs) (n=37) CDD/TCDD Ratio 1 Tepper et al Ayotte et al apke et al Wuthe et al Demi et al Schecter 1994b (Table 9). 7 Hesso et al Schecter 1994b (Table 8). Note: denotes a ratio could not be calculated 9 Rosenberg et al given that either 5CDD or TCDD was below 10 apke et al detection, or the 5CDD level was not reported. 11 Cole et al Schecter Schecter et al. 1993a. 14 Schecter et al. 1994b. CIDA 849;07/04/00;cida849 fig & xls

18 Figure 2.18 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) in human breast milk collected from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, June TCDD (pg/g, lipid basis) Individual primaparous female Mean of primaparous females (n=4) ± 1 SD Individual multiparous female 5 0 A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong Van Commune Figure 2.19 Total TEQ (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) in human breast milk collected from the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, June Total TEQ (pg/g, lipid basis) Individual primaparous female Mean of primaparous females (n=4) ± 1 SD Individual multiparous female 5 0 A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong Van Commune cida849:cida849 fig2.18 & 2.19.xls:chart 1 data

19 Figure 2.20 TCDD concentrations (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) and Total TEQs determined in human breast milk reported in other investigations, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13). Germany (n=526)1 China (Na-C Exposed) (n=50)2 China (General opulation) (n=50)2 Murmansk (n=8)3 Germany (n=112)4 Germany (n=1)5 Germany (n=1)6 Kazakhstan (Rural) (n=8)7 Los Angeles (n=21)8 Binghamton, NY (n=22)8 UK (Birmingham) (n=1)8 Sweden (Sundsvall) (n=10)8 Norway (Tromso) (n=11)8 New Zealand (n=2)8 Netherlands (Rural) (n=1)8 Netherlands (Urban) (n=1)8 Japan (Fukuoka) (n=6)8 Weiden (n=14)8 W. Berlin (n=40)8 Denmark (n=10)8 Canada (Quebec) (n=34)8 Belgium (Industrial) (n=1)8 Vienna (n=54)8 Canada (S. Quebec) (n=96)9 Canada (Arctic) (n=40)9 Germany (n=185)10 United States (n=42)10 Siberia (n=23)10 Thailand (Bangkok) (n=10)10 Cambodia (hnom enh) (n=8)10 Spain (Tarragona) (n=15)11 Lithuania (Anykshchiai) (n=10-12)12 Tan Than [sic] Village (n=2)13 South (n=11)8 Ho Chi Minh City (n=7)13 Ha Noi (n=30)10 Da Nang (n=11)10 Dong Nai (n=11)10 Ho Chi Minh City (n=38)14 Song Be rovince (n=12)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) Average A So Commune (n=4) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Average Huong Lam Commune (n=4) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Average Hong Thuong Commune (n=4) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Average Hong Van Commune (n=4) Non-Viet Nam Studies: M Viet Nam (Other Studies): Viet Nam (This Study): M M M M M M M Sample ID#: 99VN629 99VN648 99VN655 99VN649 99VN609 99VN625 99VN603 99VN608 99VN579 99VN586 99VN592 99VN594 99VN666 99VN667 99VN678 99VN TCDD Concentration and Total TEQ (pg/g, lipid basis) M M Average TCDD Average Total TEQ TCDD Total TEQ M = Mean/Median = ool M 1 Furst et al Schecter et al. 1994a. 3 older et al Beck et al Korner et al Jodicke et al Schuhmacher et al Hooper et al Becher Jensen and Slorach Schecter et al. 1989b. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al Schecter et al. 1989c. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b.

20 Figure 2.21 Ratios of 5CDD to TCDD levels (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) calculated from human breast milk data reported in other investigations, and this study (1999) (cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13) Germany (n=526)1 China (Na-C Exposed) (n=50)2 China (General opulation) (n=50)2 Murmansk (n=8)3 Germany (n=112)4 Germany (n=1)5 Germany (n=1)6 Kazakhstan (Rural) (n=8)7 Los Angeles (n=21)8 Binghamton, NY (n=22)8 UK (Birmingham) (n=1)8 Sweden (Sundsvall) (n=10)8 Norway (Tromso) (n=11)8 New Zealand (n=2)8 Netherlands (Rural) (n=1)8 Netherlands (Urban) (n=1)8 Japan (Fukuoka) (n=6)8 Weiden (n=14)8 W. Berlin (n=40)8 Denmark (n=10)8 Canada (Quebec) (n=34)8 Belgium (Industrial) (n=1)8 Vienna (n=54)8 Canada (S. Quebec) (n=96)9 Canada (Arctic) (n=40)9 Germany (n=185)10 United States (n=42)10 Siberia (n=23)10 Thailand (Bangkok) (n=10)10 Cambodia (hnom enh) (n=8)10 Spain (Tarragona) (n=15)11 Lithuania (Anykshchiai) (n=10-12)12 Tan Than [sic] Village (n=2)13 South (n=11)8 Ho Chi Minh City (n=7)13 Ha Noi (n=30)10 Da Nang (n=11)10 Dong Nai (n=11)10 Ho Chi Minh City (n=38)14 Song Be rovince (n=12)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Non-Viet Nam Studies: Viet Nam (Other Studies): Viet Nam (This Study): Sample ID#: 99VN629 99VN648 99VN655 99VN649 99VN609 99VN625 99VN603 99VN608 99VN579 99VN586 99VN592 99VN594 99VN666 99VN667 99VN678 99VN CDD/TCDD Ratio 1 Furst et al Schecter et al. 1994a. 3 older et al Beck et al Korner et al Jodicke et al Schuhmacher et al Note: denotes a ratio could not be calculated 7 Hooper et al Becher given that 5CDD was below detection. 8 Jensen and Slorach Schecter et al. 1989b. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al Schecter et al. 1989c. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b. CIDA 849;11/05/00;cida849 fig & xls

21 Figure 2.22 olychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxin (CDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (CDF) congener profiles expressed as a percent of Total TEQ, determined in human breast milk during other investigations, and during the present study in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999; Toxicity Equivalent Factors were applied to the congener concentration (pg/g [ppt], lipid basis) to facilitate calculation of a percent contribution to total toxicity (2,3,7,8-T4CDD = TCDD; if data points were ND or NDR, 1/2 the detection level was used in the T-TEQ calculation; cf., Tables 2.11 and 2.13). Germany (n=526)1 China (Na-C Exposed) (n=50)2 China (General opulation) (n=50)2 Murmansk (n=8)3 Germany (n=112)4 Germany (n=1)5 Germany (n=1)6 Kazakhstan (Rural) (n=8)7 Los Angeles (n=21)8 Binghamton, NY (n=22)8 UK (Birmingham) (n=1)8 Sweden (Sundsvall) (n=10)8 Norway (Tromso) (n=11)8 New Zealand (n=2)8 Netherlands (Rural) (n=1)8 Netherlands (Urban) (n=1)8 Japan (Fukuoka) (n=6)8 Weiden (n=14)8 W. Berlin (n=40)8 Denmark (n=10)8 Canada (Quebec) (n=34)8 Belgium (Industrial) (n=1)8 Vienna (n=54)8 Canada (S. Quebec) (n=96)9 Canada (Arctic) (n=40)9 Germany (n=185)10 United States (n=42)10 Siberia (n=23)10 Thailand (Bangkok) (n=10)10 Cambodia (hnom enh) (n=8)10 Spain (Tarragona) (n=15)11 Lithuania (Anykshchiai) (n=10-12)12 Tan Than [sic] Village (n=2)13 South (n=11)8 Ho Chi Minh City (n=7)13 Ha Noi (n=30)10 Da Nang (n=11)10 Dong Nai (n=11)10 Ho Chi Minh City (n=38)14 Song Be rovince (n=12)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 Tan Uyen District (n=2)14 A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) A So Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Huong Lam Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Thuong Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) Hong Van Commune (n=1) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Non-Viet Nam Studies: Viet Nam (Other Studies): Viet Nam (This Study): 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Total TEQ TCDD 5CDD H6CDD H7CDD O8CDD T4CDF 5CDF H6CDF H7CDF O8CDF Sample ID#: 99VN629 99VN648 99VN655 99VN649 99VN609 99VN625 99VN603 99VN608 99VN579 99VN586 99VN592 99VN594 99VN666 99VN667 99VN678 99VN686 1 Furst et al Schecter et al. 1994a. 3 older et al Beck et al Korner et al Jodicke et al Schuhmacher et al Hooper et al Becher Jensen and Slorach Schecter et al. 1989b. 9 Dewailly et al. 1992, Dewailly et al Schecter et al. 1989c. 10 Schecter et al. 1991a, Schecter 1994b. CIDA 849;11/05/00;cida849 fig & xls

22 Figure 2.23 Intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxins (CDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (CDF) by infants through breast milk from primaparous females, Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, 1999; Aluoi Valley data are compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI; based on Total TEQ [T-TEQ]) values used in Canada (10 pg/kg body weight/day), and as recommended by WHO/EURO (1-4 pg/kg body weight/day) Daily T-TEQ Intake (for individual primaparous females) 1 Average Daily T-TEQ Intake (mean [± 1 SD] of the 4 primaparous females) pg/kg body weight/day mean mean mean mean TDI (Canada) 2 TDI Range (WHO/EURO) 3 A So Commune Huong Lam Commune Hong Thuong Commune Hong Van Commune 1 Based on a 5 kg infant consuming 700 ml breast milk/day with 3.5% lipid content in milk (WHO/EURO 1989). 2 Government of Canada (1993). 3 WHO/EURO (1998 a,b). cida849:cida849 fig2.23.xls:fig 2.23

23

24 Figure 3.1 regnancy outcomes ( ) in four communes (A So, Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van), in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam Term death Spontaneous abortion 25 ercent of pregnancies Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.1

25 Figure 3.2 Birth outcomes ( ) in four communes (A So, Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van) in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam Birth defects, alive Birth defects, death ercent of births Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.2

26 Figure 3.3 Total birth defects ( ) in four communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam total birth defects = birth defects in living offspring + birth defects in term deaths A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong Van 20 ercent of births Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.3

27 Figure 3.4 Birth defects in live offspring ( ) in four communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam A So Huong Lam Hong Thuong Hong Van 20 ercent of births Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.4

28 Figure 3.5 Total birth defects ( ) in A So and three other communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam. A So 30 Other communes (Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van) 25 total birth defects = birth defects in living offspring + birth defects in term deaths 20 ercent of births Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.5

29 Figure 3.6 Birth defects in live offspring ( ) in A So and three other communes in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam. 30 A So 25 Other communes (Huong Lam, Hong Thuong and Hong Van) 20 ercent of births Year CIDA849: Sect 3 figures1.xls,sfig3.6

30 Figure 5.1 Historical population and forest cover trends in Viet Nam. dlfig51b.doc: 04/07/00

31 Figure 5.2 Changing forest cover in Viet Nam to dlfig52b.doc: 04/07/00

32 00' o 107 CIDA849: FRST91_NEW4.AR Figure 5.3 Current (1991) land use map of Aluoi District (data from FII 1995). LAOS Land Use Types (in 1991) Rich Forest Medium Forest oor Forest Recovered Forest lantation Bare Land Rocky Mountain Agriculture Land Shifting Cultivation 16 o10' N LAOS Kilometres LAOS