Vineyard management in interaction with the environment and climate change in light of traditional methods in the old world

Transcription

1 Vineyard management in interaction with the environment and climate change in light of traditional methods in the old world Moselle, Germany Cape, South Africa Napa, California Raggi Belussi, Veneto, Itaty Lanzarote, Spain Champagne, France Southern Tirol, Italy Claire Valley, Australia Douro Valley, Portugal, Marco Hofmann Hochschule Geisenheim University

2 Global change, sustainability and challenges for grape and wine production Château Johannisberg, part of the town of Geisenheim 50th degree latitude North First ice wine 1858, frequency of it s production decreasing due to warming

3 Climate issues / sustainability problems 1. temperature 2. precipitation 3. Climate-plant-fruit effects 4. Sustainability environment(soils)/ production/socio-economic impacts Variability How it is linked Examples from distinct different regions / Germany and Portugal

4 1. The climate/weather variability problem and the velocity of change

5 Example 2013 The average global March to May temperature was 0.6 C above the 20th century average, tying with 2004 as the 8 th warmest on record. Record wetness was observed over parts of the north central United States, part of central Europe, and a section of Far East Russia. Record dryness was scattered across different parts of the globe, including part of northern Chile and Argentina, northern South Africa, eastern Niger, south central Ukraine, and parts of southern Kazakhstan.

6 Douro Wine Region: Growing season (Apr-Oct) Tmax and Tmin temperatures Regua Tmax Pinhao Tmax Vila Real Tmax Regua Tmin Pinhao Tmin Vila Real Tmin Jones et al (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for the Douro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp

7 1. The temperature is increasing and will continue to do so (good/bad?). Viticulture can adapt to a certain degree (e.g. varieties) 2. This will increase water evaporation but will it increase water use by vineyards? (the increasing CO 2 concentration of the atmosphere may make grapvines more efficient with respect to water use)

8 Dryness observed: Mean dryness index ( ) Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51:

9 Length of dry periods (days) (or ) as compared to Jacob et al. (2014) EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research. Reg. Environ. Change 14:

10 All these data are too rough how can we manage this trend? Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51:

11 If we look closer on the many differences in our vineyard areas they are very diverse Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index) Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

12 If we look closer on the many differences in our vineyard areas they are very diverse Large differences in temperature sums (in this case the Huglin index) Large differences in soil types Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

13 If we look closer on the many differences in our vineyard areas they are very diverse Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index) Large differences in soil types Large differences in plant growth (vegetative expression, vigour) Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

14 The biggest challenge are stable yields and stable quality Hans R

15 precipitation and pot. ET (mm) A (May-October) pot. ET precipitation B (November-April) 275 precipitation pot. ET 200 pot. ET meas. pot. ET sim. Star II precip. meas. precip. sim. Star II Temporal variability in the past and in the future, Cyclic variations Data and simulation for Geisenheim, Germany, 50 North Year Schultz and Hofmann unpublished

16 April-October Precipitation (mm) Regua Pinhao Vila Real November-March Precipitation (mm) Year Jones et al (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for the Douro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp

17 Variation in vineyard water relations moderate water stress severe water stress pre-dawn leaf water potential (-MPa) 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0-1,2-1,4 Pic. St. Loup, irrigated Pic. St. Loup, calcareous soil Aude, calcareous soil Syrah Loire, sandy clay Loire, sand on deep clay Napa Valley irrigated Napa Valley not irrigated St. Emilion, sand on clay layer St. Emilion, gravely Loire, sand on sandstone Cabernet franc day of year Rheingau, shallow soil Rheingau, deep loess soil Rheingau, med. loam irrigated Rheingau, steep slope Riesling Data from Winkel and Rambal 1993, Morlat et al.1992, van Leeuwen and Seguin 1994, Schultz and Gruber 2005, Schüttler 2009

18 We need to be more aware of spatial differences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale Flood in England Flood in Poland

19 We need to be more aware of spatial differences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale Flood in England Flood in Poland 2007 Sunburn in Germany, Austria

20 We need to be more aware of spatial differences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale Flood in England Flood in Poland Sunburn in Germany, Austria. Flood in Germany

21 3. Climate-plant-fruit-effects

22 Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruit composition the case of a dry environment (original data from Intriglio and Castel (Spain, Irrigation Science, 2008) Relative evapotranspiration Relative yield Water deficit Ample water Sadras, Schultz, Girona, Marsal (2012): FAO crop responses to water 22

23 Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruit composition the case of a humid environment Changing conditions during ripening (Geisenheim, Germany, 50 North) Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

24 Changing conditions during ripening Since the eightees, strong tendency to higher sugar concentration Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

25 Our challenge! Temperature and precipitation during ripening (for 60 days after veraison, , Geisenheim) dry moist We currently have more frequent moist and warm conditions during the maturity phase. Avg. Daily mean temp. C cool warm Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

26 4. Environmental (soils)/ production/socioeconomic sustainability

27 Our consequences for vineyard management: 1. On deeper soils everything is done to prevent Botrytis (cover crops, pre-bloom defoliation of the fruiting zone, application of Gibberellic acid (end of bloom), bunch halving)

28 Which cover-crop for which situation? Cover crops in Viticulture Biodiversity as an issue!

29 Improving vineyard carbon balance and water use efficiency with new types of cover crops Open soil, no tilled Open soil, tilled Festuca arundinacea Trifolium repens Sorghum sudanensis Digitaria californica -10 b -2-4 ab -6 ab a -8 WUE (g CO2 / l H2O) 19/09/08 - Sunny 12 Martin Uliarte, INTA Mendoza, Argentina,GRC, Germany

30 control defoliated pre-bloom defoliation (bunch zone)

31 Many technical possibilities (some examples of leaf removers) Binger Seilzug Siegwald Stockmayer Tiger 31

32 Use of Gibberellic acid for looser bunches Bioregulator effect

33 Cluster halving Time window up to veraison TH - ES 71 (pea size) TH - ES 77 (bunch closer) Chardonnay control Loose bunches, less Botrytis TH - ES 77

34 Trials to delay ripening to avoid a decoupling between sugar and aroma control short canopy Defoliation above the fruit zone Stoll, Lafontaine, Schultz (2007)

35 Variety dependend Yield sensitivity Diminishing yields in Australia Riesling seems very sensitive Yield (t/ha) State of Hesse Vintage Webb et al nature climate change 26 February

36 On dry soils we use high frequency drip irrigation to stabilise yield Problems: access to water, return on investment

37 Yield stabilisation 7.4 Irrigation events ( ) 29.3 l/m² applied water (per season) Sadras, V., Schultz, H.R. Girona, J., Marsal, J. (2012) Grapevine. In: Crop Yield Response to Water (eds. P. Steduto, T. Hsiao, E. Fereres, D. Raes), FAO irrigation and drainage paper 66:

38 Yield as an economic issue in Portugal! Santos et al. (2011) Statistical modelling of grapevine yield in Port Wine region under present and future climate conditions. Int. J. Biometeorology 55:

39 what we don t see Strong increase in soil temperature (the Potsdam time-series) Since 1898 strongest warming May-August (1m depth C!!) Trend in K 1m 12m Böhme und Böttcher, Klimastatusbericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 2011

40 We should focus more attention again on rootstocks and their site-specific use

41 Rootstock selection based on an Internet plattform (Weinbaustandort Viewer) Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU

42 Variety Planting density Cover crop high Cover crop SORi highly suitable Recommended rootstock SO4 highly suitable C highly suitable Soil description Plant available water (mm) max. 2m Limestone content (topsoil) (%) Limestone content (30-60cm) (%) Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU

43 Sustainability and technology need to go hand in hand New mechanisation systems

44 1. Climate development and it`s consequences on grape growing regions will differ according to the regions and varieties 2. Management needs to be adapted accordingly (too little- too much water) 3. The chemical responses in wine are difficult to quantify and extrapolate into the future 4. Sustainability challenges include the conditions in each specific area also with respect to the desired product

45 My contribution to global warming! Thanks for the opportunity to be here, and thank you for your attention

46 grapes/climate/ripening Average temp. Apr.-Oct. / Oct.-Apr.? RheingauBurgundy Burgundy Côtes du Rhone Côtes du Rhone Developments are faster than expected Van Leeuwen et al. 2013; PNAS response Jones et al. 2005; Climate Change 73: