MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH Lobesia botrana Den.-Schiff. IN TURKEY

Transcription

1 MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH Lobesia botrana Den.-Schiff. IN TURKEY Dr. Ozlem Altindi ndisli Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute bzmae.gov.tr

2 Ecological demand Palearctic species (CAB 2003). generally dry or temperate climates (CAB 2003). Biomes classified as montane scrub; Mediterranean scrub; and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.

3 World Distribution of Lobesia botrana (Varela et al., 2010) an economically important pest of vineyards

4 Host Specifity Primary host: grape (Vitis vinifera) (Roehrich and Boller, 1991). Some of other reported host plants -black and red currant (Ribes nigrum), -blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), -cherry (Prunus avium), -gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa), -kiwi/chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis), -nectarine (Prunus persica), -persimmon (Diospyros kaki, D. virginiana), -plum (Prunus domestica), -pomegranate (Punica granatum) -olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) (USDA 1985, Moleas 1988, Zhang 1994, Stavridis and Savopoulou-Soultani 1998, Savopoulou-Soultani et al. 1999, CAB 2003).

5 Definition of the pest Forewings of adult L. botrana moths have a mosaic shaped pattern with black brown cream, red and blue ornamentation. Lobesia botrana male (by Venette et al., 2003 attributed to Bradely et al., 1979

6 Damage causes damage to flowers and developing grapes directly through larval feeding Every generation of the moth can be found in vineyards Second and third generations are the most damaging. 2nd generation on unripen berries 3rd generation on ripen berries

7 Damage depends strongly on the developmental stage of the grapevine. is greater in grape cultivars with compact clusters and/or sensitive to rot.

8 Decision Tools Economic thresholds can vary widely depending on various aspects such as; -flower cluster size, -production goal (for table or vinification, -level of precipitation, -risk level of Botrytis infection, -quality and price level of crop. One larva per cluster in Pinot Noir, two larvae per flower cluster in Cabernet Sauvignon

9 Life Stages of EGVM (Lobesia botrana Den.-Schiff.) 1-egg 3-prepupa 2-larva 4-pupa 5-adult

10 General notes on biology in Turkey Temperature and photoperiod are the most important factors in the development of the pest. Both humidity and temperature simultaneously influence development particularly at the microclimate level. Optimal conditions for moth activity at temperatures over C and at 40-70% relative humidity

11 Biology in the Aegean Region More generations in southern parts, overwinters as diapausing pupae. Adults firstly emerge early-late March. Flight typically occurs at night from dusk to dawn and at temperatures over 12 C. first generation: days 2 nd and 3 rd :30 days, approx. Fourth generation adults emerge in late August-early September.

12 Biology in the Aegean Region Eggs are deposited on or near the pedicels, and flowers or on the fruit. Averagely, eggs per female. The incubation period 8-10 days in spring, 3-5 days in summer. In laboratory studies, egg incubation lasted 6 days at 25 C (Altindisli, unpublished data)

13 Damage in the Aegean Region First generation larvae begin feeding on buds and flowers in early May and later pupate within rolled leaves or clusters of inflorescences (glomerules) tied with silk. Damage of anthophagous generation

14 Damage in the Aegean Region Second generation larvae feed on and develop within single grapes in early-mid June, while subsequent generations can feed on several berries. Damage of carpophagous generation on immature berries

15 Biology and damage of the pest in Aegean Region 3 rd generation larvae feed on ripening berries in mid July. Larvae can seriously affect the mature grape berry harvest indirectly by predisposing the crop to saprophytic fungi (Anonymous, 2008, Savopoulou-Soultani et al. 1999, Venette et al., 2003) Damage of carpophagous generation on ripening berries and subsequent infection by Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus spp.

16 SITUATION IN TURKEY The key pest of grape, Preference of chemical control, Residual risk due to applications next to harvest Environmental risk (pollution), Resistance (not reported yet), Break out of secondary pests

17 IPM PRINCIPLE If available, forecasting system of the pest forms the basis of the modeling. Protection against other pests is complementary in the model.

18 Sampling Methods for the Management of Lobesia botrana Aim of Forecasting Method: Determination of population density (Economic Injury Level?) Timing of applications when required, Experience since 1984 Criteria: 1-Monitoring by traps, 2-Cumulative degree-days days, 3-temperatures during twilight 4-phenological observations 5-Monitoring egg development,

19 1. Criterion: Monitoring by traps Timing: when accumulation of daily maximum temperatures from 1 January reaches to 1000 C (approx. Early-late late March) 1 July and early-late late September for South hemisphere) Density: 1 trap/ha Installation: At the level of flowers/bunches and in the direction of prevailing wind Check interval: three times a week until first adult, then once or twice a week until harvest Changing capsule: once a month Monitoring traps (Pherocon, Trece, ABD)

20 Manisa Adult Flight adult/trap/w Trap1 Date (mm/dd/yy) A sample curve Evaluation: Weekly numbers are curved. Eggs are looked for on flowers/bunches when flight peak occurs.

21 2. Criterion: Cumulative Degree-Days in Turkey Developmental threshold of EGVM: 12 C Daily Average Temperature = [(min + max):2] DAT C C =daily = degree-day day It varies according to the countries. In colder countries: 10 C Developmental stage For Ovicide Degree-day For Larvicide Degree-day First generation Second generation Third generation

22 Date Min. Max. Av. Degree-day Cumulative d-d 01 March , March 7,5 18, =1 12= March 8,5 21, =3 12= March ,5 13,5-12=1,5 12=1,5 5,5 05 March ,5 0 5,5 06 March -1 29,5 14,25 14,25-12=2,25 12=2,25 7,75 07 March ,75 08 March ,5 16,5-12=4,5 12=4,5 12,25 09 March =7 12=7 19,25.. March Sample.. 13 April 4, ,25 17,25-12=5,25 12=5,25 118,5 14 April 7,5 28, =6 12=6 124,5

23 Electronic meteorological station Data obtained from Weather Station -Daily minimum, maximum and average temperatures ( C) -Daily relative humidity (%), -Twilight temperatures (important for 1 st generation

24 3. Criterion: Twilight temperatures Twilight: 3 h before sunset + 2 h after sunset= 5 h/day Duration: At least 2 successive days For copulation and egg laying in the Aegean Region: must be > C in the Southern Anatolia Region: must be > 14 C

25 4. Criterion: Phenological Stages of Vine In critical periods (close to degree days/generation); Flower cluster before bloom for 1 st generation,

26 Phenological Stages of Vine Fruit cluster with an early stage of berry development after set for 2 nd generation,

27 Phenological Stages of Vine Fruit cluster at veraison /beginning of ripening for 3 rd generation,

28 5. Criterion-Monitoring embryonic development When? Other criteria are ensured. Where? On flower or fruit clusters. How often? 1-22 times/week How many? At least 100 clusters EIL: 1% infestation If found, development of embryo is monitored and hatching is estimated.

29 Monitoring embryonic development Dark head capsule stage of egg

30 Timing of ovicide applications All of the criteria must be coincided. Before egg laying, announcements are made. Timing of larvicide applications All of the criteria must be coincided. First egg is searched, marked, monitored. Egg hatching is estimated. Announcements are made.

31 Announcement Tools for Chemical Control

32 1. Option: Mating disruption or auto-confusion Species-specific Harmless to environment and non-target organisms

33 Mating Disruption (MD) Technique aims at preventing males from finding unmated females by saturating the atmosphere to artificial pheromone of the species through the use of pheromone loaded dispensers. Thus, the method leaves the females unfertilized and incapable of laying viable eggs. permitted in Organic Growing and IPM registered in Turkey in applied in 700 ha, approx.

34 Size of application area? must be > 16 ha, if it is placed in the center of vine-sea must be > 12 ha, if two sides of application area are empty. should be at least 5 ha, if no surrounding vineyard is available closer than m.

35 1. Material Monitoring traps (Pherocon,, TRECE), When? For North hemisphere: When accumulation of daily maximum temperatures from 1 January reaches to 1000 C (approx. Early-late late March) For South hemisphere: When accumulation of daily maximum temperatures from 1 July reaches to 1000 C (approx. early-late late September) How? at the level of flowers/bunches in the direction of prevailing wind

36 2. Material Dispensers including 172 mg (E,Z)-7,9 7,9-dodecadienyl acetate (Isonet-L L by Shin-Etsu) When? As soon as first adult is captured in pheromone traps,

37 650 dispensers/ha (including border appl.) 2 m intervals on the borders, 7-7,5 m intervals on the rows in each row (1 dispenser/21-22,5 m2). Duration: days optimally

38 Application on top p of trees Trees in and around the vineyard must be surrounded with dispensers at 2 m intervals.

39 False Wrong located over twisted and on wire

40 Correct Shielded from direct sunlight

41 When applied in neighbor vineyards

42 If the interval between two vineyards is < 5 m, m Dispensers should be applied at 7 m interval on border. 2 m 7 m 7 m 2 m 5 m Dispenser If the interval between two vineyards is m, Dispensers should be applied at 5 m interval on border. Single and double dispenser should be applied at the beginning and end of the lines, respectively.

43 If the interval between two vineyards is > m 2 m 2 m 2 m 7 m 7 m >15 m Dispenser Single and double dispenser should be applied at the beginning and end of the lines, respectively.

44 Buffer Application 30 m 2 m 7 m <80 m 7 m Pheromone-treated vineyard Dispenser Chemical-treated vineyard If there is a vineyard closer than 80 m!

45 Assessing the efficacy of MD Weekly check of monitoring traps Determination of flower/fruit infestation in critical periods/every every generation: 100 flowers-bunches/ha/border 100 flowers-bunches/ha/center

46 Strategy If the average infestation rate exceeds 5% in the first generation, Complementary treatment with BT is advised. If not, MD is considered as efficient in alone.

47 FOR THE SUCCESS Low population density, Area-wide application, Cooperation with vine growers and being patient before spraying, Preferring biological agents, if necessary.

48 II. Option: Auto-confusion Mechanism Low amount of synthetic female pheromone is formulated in Entostat TM electrostatic powder. Males are attracted into Exosex TM dispensers. Pheromone powder adheres to the males body and antenna. It overwhelms their pheromone receptive sensors. So they cannot detect virgin females. Contaminated males transmit pheromone to other males in the population. Contaminated males also act as a false lure for other males when flying. Exosex system use patented electrostatic technology.

49 Advantages Lower pheromone amount Lower source number, Lower handling cost, Rapid application

50 Exosex system Males visiting dispensers cannot encounter females. If they encounter by chance, females reject contaminated males. Newly emerged males also consider contaminated ones as female.

51 Exosex 2 dispensers

52 As soon as the first adults are captured, 6-6,56,5 m intervals on the row in n every three rows, 2 m intervals on the borders (11 dispenser/ m 2 ), 180 dispensers/ha day-duration duration Two or three applications/season

53 Cultural Precautions Improving conditions in the vineyard by; Using high-training systems, Leaf removal for better ventilation in vine canopy, Cultivation for weed management Enrichment of biodiversity in the surrounding plantation for higher parasitization,

54 IPM PRINCIPLE If there is another problem in the MD applied vineyard such as vine weevil or mealy bug, they should be managed by an environmentally-friendly protection method instead of chemical treatment.

55 CONTRIBUTION TO MD and ENVIRONMENT MD vineyards had high parasitization (70%) in diapausing pupae in the Aegean Region. Ascogaster quadridentatus

56 Parasitoids of EGVM in the Aegean Region Order Hym. Dip. Family Ichneumonidae Braconidae Tachinidae Species Campoplex capitator Aub. Venturia sp. Chirotica sp. Pristomerus vulnerator Panzer Pimpla spuria Gray P. turionella (L.) Dicaelotus erythostoma Wesm. Ascogaster quadridentatus Wesm. Bassus conspicus Wesm. Phytomytera nitidiventris Rond.

57 Adult, eggs and larva of Chrysoperla carnea

58 Insecticides suitable for IPM programs can be applied if other methods mentioned are not enough. It is fundamental that population densities of pests should be suppressed under economic threshold level, not eradicated. Pest Economic threshold for grape pests in Turkey ETL EGVM 1 % infestation Grape thrips Av thrips/bud Grape leafhoppers Grape erineum mite Two spotted spider mites Black vine weevils Av. 5 individuals/leaf First symptoms/ vines Av. 8 individuals/leaf 10 eaten buds/25 vines

59 Insecticides suitable to IPM against EGVM Active ingredient-ratio High priority Form. Dose/100 l EU Russia Codex Bacillus thuringiensis (16000 IU/mg)+Sugar W.P. 150 g g B. thuringiensis % 50+Sugar W.P. 100 g g B. thuringiensis (32000 IU/mg) +Sugar W.G. 75 g g Spinosad 480 g/l Sıvı 10 ml 0,5 0,5 Spinosad 240 g/l Sıvı 20 ml 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5(cod) 0,5 0,5 0,5(cod) (cod) 0,5 Tebufenozide 240 g/l Methoxyfenozide 240 g/l Chlorpyrifos Methyl 227 g/l Second alternatives Fenoxycarb 75 +lufenuron+ 30 g/l Flufenoxuron 50 g/l E.C. S.C. EC E.C. D.C. 40 ml 3 2 (cod) 2 40 ml 1 1 (cod) ml 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2(cod) (cod) 0,2 100 ml 1+1 0,1+0,1 NO 100 ml 1 1 (TR) NO

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