Other Aquacultured Species

Transcription

1 Other Aquacultured Species Algae Food Additives Biofuels, Fatty Acids Other Plants Watercress, Rice, Duckweed Other Finfish Yellow Perch, Sports Fish, Ornamental Fish, Bait Fish Reptiles Alligators, Snakes, Lizards, Turtles Sea Cucumbers & Sea Urchins Insects Giant Water Bugs

2 Algae Term Applied to Photosynthetic Autotrophs Both Unicells and Macrophytes Taxonomy Complex- in Flux Because of Revelations Uncovered with DNA Sequencing Macrophytes: Chlorophyta (Green), Rhodophyta (Red) and Phaeophyta (Brown) algae Numerous Unicell Taxa Chlorophytes, Diatoms, Golden Algae, Dinoflagellates etc Blue-Green Algae a Bacterium (Cyanobacteria)

3 Aquacultured Algae as a Biofuel Power Plants with CO 2 Sequestering Technology. Feed with CO 2 to Make Carbohydrate Genetically Engineered Algae Turn CH 2 O into Biofuels Optimal in High Sunlight Regions Such as Desert South West Best Species: Botryococcus Genus of single celled Green Alga.

4 Algae Biofuel Microalgae Much Higher Growth Rate than Terrestrial Crops. Estimate 5,000-20,000 US Gallons / Acre per yr ( 4,700 18,000 m 3 / km 2 / yr) Lipid Content of Dried Algae is ~ 40% Need 2.5 kg Dried Algae to Produce 1 kg Lipid.

5 Algae Fuel If Algal Fuel Totally Replaced US Petroleum Would Require Area 15,000 mi 2 (39,000 km 2 ) About Size of [Massachusetts + Connecticut] Less Than 1/7 Total Area of US Corn 2000 Tubular Photo-bioreactors Keep Algae Sterile Control Growth with Nutrients, CO 2 & Water CO 2 Recovered from Energy Utility Plant Stacks Heat Sterilized - Reduces Carbon Foot Print

6 Photobioreactor Algae Algal Produce ~ 300 times more Oil Than Normal Crops: Rapeseed, Palms, Jatropha Algae Have Short Harvest Cycle ~ Days Leading to Different Strategies than Annuals Algae Grow 20-30x Faster than Food Crops Bioreactor Algae Can Be Grown on Land Usually Unsuitable for Agriculture

7 Tubular Photo-bioreactors

8 Tubular Horizontal Photo-bioreactors

9 Botryococcus (GM Alga)

10 Other Algal Production 2001 Production ~9 Mmt (FAO) much for fodder Used in Manufacture: Agar, Carageenan, Alginates Mannitol, Iodine. Seaweeds Cultivated for Human Foods Rhodophyta Porphyra, Gracilaria Phaeophyta Undaria, Laminaria Chlorophyta Enteromorpha, Monostroma

11 Carageenan Carageenan: Linear Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from Red Seaweeds Food Additive Vegan Alternative to Gelatins Kappa - Eucheuma cottoni Rigid Gel Iota - Eucheuma spinosum Soft Gel Lambda - Gigartna sp. Thicken Dairy

12 Gigartna paxillata

13 Eucheuma (Carageenan) Farm Zanzibar

14 Carageenan Farm Zanzibar Newly Planted Eucheuma cottoni. Two Strings Twisted Pinches Alga. Sold in Europe

15 Seaweed Farm China

16 Algal Culture Japan Nori Made from Red Alga Porphyra species Dried and Used to Wrap Sushi Porphyra Heteromorphic Alternation Generations Thallus harvested haploid stage releases spores and dispersed gametes. Gametes Fuse Fertilized diploid stage carpospores invade shell form filaments Conchocelis Stage release Conchospores that will become haploid Thallus Wakame Seaweed Salad Undaria pinnatifida

17 Nori

18 Nori

19 Nori Culture Japan

20 Wakame - Undaria pinnatifida

21 Volvox (Chlorophyta) Aquaculture Feed

22 Caulerpa lentillifera - Sea Grapes

23 Nostoc Cyanobacterium: Blue-Green Algae

24 Structure Nostoc Gelatinous Spheres

25 Spirulina (Cyanobacteria) Omega 3 FA

26 Other Aquacultured Green Plants Watercress Nasturtium with peppery-tangy flavor Well Suited to Hydroponic Cultivation and Co-Culture with Variety of Fish Rice Co-Culture Introduced to India 1,500 yr ago Use Flooded Fields After Harvest Grow Fish with Rice and Harvest Both Together Grow Together But Move Fish at Rice Harvest and continue to culture for greater size

27 Aquaponics Plant Finfish Co-culture

28 Watercress Farm Malaysia

29 Planting Rice Oryza sativa

30 Germinated Rice

31 Yanmar Rice Harvester

32 Co-Culture Rice & Fish

33 Duckweed Angiosperms - Species in Multiple Genera Lack Stem or Leaves But Have a Floating Thallus forms a Carpet on Water Surface Carpet Reduces Evaporation from Pond Surface Duckweed removes Nitrates and Phosphorus Helping to Remediate Water Quality Duckweed More Protein than Soy Beans Shades out Problematic Algae Inhibits Mosquito Breeding Cultivated in Parts of Asia, But Likely this Trend Will Grow.

34 Duckweed

35 China Frog Farm

36 Killifish Fundulus heteroclitus

37 Medaka Fish Embryos

38 Zebrafish Fish Genetic Model System

39 Eel Aquaculture Anguilla japonica

40 Yellow Perch Perca flavescens

41 Sportsfish Striped Bass - Morone saxatilis

42 Ornamental Blue Harlequin Trigonostigma heteromorpha

43 Reptile Aquaculture Turtles Chinese Soft Shell - Pleodiscus sinensis >1,000 farms China >300 Million Turtles Sold Value US $750 Million Crocodilians Numerous Farms Australia, China US, Africa Some New Farms for Caiman in South America. 1st Farm US St Augustine Developed and Cultured Principally for Skins that Sell for Several Hundred Dollars Each.

44 China Soft Shell Pleodiscus sinensis

45 Turtle Eggs Hatching

46 Collecting Wild Alligator Eggs

47 Alligator Hatching

48 Juvenile Alligators

49 c Alligator Hides

50 Alligator Farming Sell Meat & Hides

51 Madagascar Sea Cucumber Pens

52 Giant Water Bug - Thailand