Effect of Fruit Size and Orientation on Mechanical Properties of Gmelina Fruit (Gmelina arborea) Under Quasi-Static Loading

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1 Interntionl Journl of Engineering nd Tehnil Reserh (IJETR) Effet of Fruit Size nd Orienttion on Mehnil Properties of Gmelin Fruit (Gmelin rore) Under Qusi-Stti Loding Eng. Oghenerukevwe P.O., Mr. Hilry Uguru Astrt The knowledge of mehnil properties iomterils is essentil for the proper design of hrvesting nd proessing mhineries. In this study, seven mehnil prmeters (filure fore, filure energy, mximum ompressive fore, rupture fore, rupture energy, mximum strin nd reltive deformtion t rupture) of gmelin fruit ws mesured t three different fruit sizes (smll, medium nd lrge) nd in two different fruit orienttions (xil nd Longitudinl), t loding speed of 20 mm/min. The results otined sttistilly showed tht fruit size signifintly (P < 0.05) ffeted the filure fore, mximum ompressive fore, rupture fore, rupture energy, mximum ompressive strin, nd reltive deformtion of the gmelin fruit; while it does not signifintly (P < 0.05) ffeted the filure energy. Filure fore ws 51.01, nd 86.28; mximum ompressive fore ws , , ; fore ws , nd N; Filure energy ws 0.186, nd Nm; Energy ws 0.899, 1.149, nd 1475 Nm; mximum strin ws 45.25, nd 79.43%; nd reltive deformtion t rupture ws 10.16, nd mm respetively for the smll, medium nd lrge gemil fruit. The fruit loding orienttion signifintly (P < 0.05) influened ll the seven mehnil prmeters tested prt from the filure fore. Also, the result show tht gmelin fruit ws more flexile in the Longitudinl loding orienttion, in ll the seven mehnil prmeters studied, s the nd energy required to initite filure nd rupture of the fruit under xil loding diretion ws lower thn under Longitudinl loding. In respite to the fruit size, the ll the seven prmeters studied inresed progressively from the smll size through the medium to the lrge fruit. Index Terms Gmelin fruit; mehnil properties; fruit size; loding orienttion; Qusi-stti loding; filure point; rupture point I. INTRODUCTION Gmelin rore (Gmelin rorel Rox) is fst-growing tree, whih grows on different lolities nd prefers moist fertile vlleys, they ttin moderte to lrge height up to 40 m nd 140 m in dimeter [1]. It is ourring nturlly throughout greter prt of Indi t ltitudes up to 1500 m. It lso ours nturlly in Mynmr, Thilnd, Los, Cmodi, Vietnm, nd in southern provines of Chin, nd hs een plnted extensively in Sierr Leone, Nigeri nd Mlysi [2]. This tree is ommonly plnted s grden nd n venue tree; growing in villges long griulturl lnd nd on villge ommunity lnds nd wstelnds. Flowering tkes ple during Ferury to April wheres fruiting strts from My onwrds up to June. The fruit is up to 2.5 m long, smooth, Eng. Oghenerukevwe P.O., Leturer t Deprtment of Mehnil Engineering, Delt stte polytehni, Ozoro, Nigeri. Mr. Hilry Uguru, Leturer, Deprtment of Agriulturl nd Bio-Environmentl Engineering, Delt stte polytehni, Ozoro, Nigeri drk green, turning yellow when ripe nd hs fruity smell [3]. Gmelin rore seed ontins very little kernel ut the kernel is quite rih in oil (53 wt.%) [3]; therefore, it is neessry to study its mediinl nd industril vlue. Gmelin seed oil hve een found to e sustinle mteril for iodiesel nd lkyd resin synthesis in terms of its vilility nd renewility. Gmelin seed oilsed iodiesel hve een produed keeping two riteri in mind; the iodiesel met ll the tehnil nd industril stndrds of ASTM D6751 nd EN 14214, nd, met ll the eologilly relevnt stndrds [3] [4]. The roots nd rk of Gmelin Arore re mjorly used s hers nd lxtives while the leves serve s feeds for ttle nd gots mong other uses [5] [6]. Reently, severl reserhers hve reserhed on the mehnil nd physil properties of fruits nd seeds, in reltion to their moisture ontents. Aording to [7], the filure stress of orn deresed, wheres the filure strin inresed with n inrese in the moisture ontent nd temperture. The mximum ompressive stress for whet nd nol deresed linerly with n inrese in the moisture ontent [8]. The stress, strin, modulus of deformility, nd energy to the yield point were found to e funtions of the loding rte nd moisture ontent for different vrieties of whet kernels [9]. Some engineering properties of loust en seed were investigted y [10] nd onluded tht the seed orienttion ffeted the rking resistne of the en. tht gve the lest resistne to rking ws long the thikness. In 2008, [11] studied the effets of the moisture ontent, seed size, loding rte, nd seed orienttion on the fore nd energy required for frturing umin seed under qusi-stti loding. Their results showed tht the fore required for inititing the seed rupture deresed from 15.7 to N nd 58.2 to 28.8 N, nd the energy sored t the seed rupture inresed from 1.8 to 8.6 mj nd 7.6 to 14.6 mj, with n inrese in the moisture ontent from 5.7% to 15% dry sis for vertil nd horizontl orienttions, respetively. The frture resistne of umin seed for the loding rtes of 2 nd 5 mm/min nd showed tht oth the rupture fore nd energy deresed s the loding rte inresed [11]. The optiml design nd development of hrvesting nd proessing equipment requires n understnding of the dynmi ehviour of iomteril prtiultes. In griulturl nd food proesses involving prtiultes, interest is not only foused on the mehnil ehviour nd flow of prtiles within the ulk system ut lso on the resulting deformtion of the individul prtiles [12]. Agriulturl nd food mterils tend to ehve s visoelsti mterils when they re sujeted to vrious onditions of stress nd strin [13]. With proper setting of the pressing fore in reltion to the 47

2 Effet of Fruit Size nd Orienttion on Mehnil Properties of Gmelin Fruit (Gmelin rore) Under Qusi-Stti Loding optiml moisture ontent, minimum energy input ut high effiieny n e hieved within tehnology line [14]. There re vrious wys of extrting oil from oilseeds ut solvent extrtion hs een reported to e most effiient tehniques [15]. There is need therefore, for proess industries to optimize urrent methods of extrtion, therey improving the profitility of prodution nd ensuring suffiient supply of oil. In our literture review, there is derth Knowledge out the mehnil properties of gmelin seeds, neessry for the design nd development of gmelin oil extrtion mhine. Therefore, the ojetive of this study ws to investigte the ehviour of different sizes gmelin friut under ompression loding, t different loding orienttion tht will e neessry in the design of hndling nd proessing mhine. Prmeters inluding fore nd energy t filure nd rupture point, mximum deformtion, nd unit size energy were lso onsidered in the study. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Mterils The gmelin fruits were olleted from Delt stte polytehni, Ozoro, Delt stte, Nigeri; nd were mnully inspeted to remove dirt, foreign mterils, pest infested nd roken seeds. The fruits were sorted into smll, medium nd lrge size redy to e used for the experiment. omputing unit of the mhine mesured the seleted prmeters (fore, energy, deformtion nd strin) t filure nd rupture point of the gmelin fruit utomtilly. The following prmeters were interpreted y the testometri softwre of the Universl Testing Mhine. i. Filure fore ii. Mximum ompressive fore (F mx ) iii. fore iv. Filure Energy v. Energy vi. Mximum strin vii. Reltive deformtion t rupture Aording to [17], ioyield point is relted to filure in the mirostruture of the mteril ssoited with n initil disruption of ellulr struture; nd the rupture point of the mteril, orreltes to the mrosopi filure (reking point) in the smple, the filure strength ws tken s the stress t whih the smple filed in its internl ellulr struture. Whole smple (fruit) ws used for this experiment euse whole-grin/seed dt ws more useful in the design of proessing mhinery nd storge ontiners [18]. Eh test ws rried out on t 10 replitions. B determintion To determine the verge size of the fruit, smple of 40 fruits from eh tegory ws rndomly seleted. The three liner dimensions of the seeds, nmely length (L), width (W) nd thikness (T) were refully mesured using mirometer reding to 0.01 mm. The geometri men dimeter (D g ) nd totl surfe were omputed using the following equtions [16]. Geometri men (D g ) The geometri men ws lulted y the equtions (1) (1) Figure 1: Gmelin fruit undergoing ompression testing (Longitudinl loding orienttion) Surfe re (S) The surfe re of the fruit nd nut ws determined ording to the following eqution. (2) C Mehnil properties determintion The mehnil test of the gmelin fruit ws done t the Mteril Testing Lortory of the Ntionl Center for griulturl Mehniztion (NCAM), Ilorin, Kwr stte, Nigeri. Eh speimen ws loded in Universl Testing Mhine (Testometri model, series ) equipped with 50 N ompression lod ell nd integrtor, with mesurement ury of 1 N. equipped with 500 N ompression lod ell s ws shown in Figure 1. Eh fruit smple ws pled in the mhine under the flt ompression tool (Figures 1 nd 2), ensuring tht the entre of the tool ws in lignment with the ut smple, nd ompressed t the speed rte of 20 mm/min. As the ompression progresses, lod-deformtion urve ws plotted utomtilly in reltion to the response of eh fruit to ompression. The eletroni Figure 2: Gmelin fruit undergoing ompression testing (Axil loding orienttion) C Sttistil nlysis The experiments were onduted with ten replitions for eh loding orienttion nd fruit size of the gmelin fruit. The nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) ws rried out on ompletely rndomized design with ftoril experiment 48

3 Interntionl Journl of Engineering nd Tehnil Reserh (IJETR) using SPSS 20.0 softwre. The signifint differenes of mens were ompred y using the Dunn s multiple rnges test t 5% signifint level. Regression equtions were omputed y using Mirosoft Exel softwre (2010). III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) of the mehnil prmeters of the gmelin fruit is presented in Tle 1. The ANOVA result indited tht fruit size signifintly (P < 0.05) ffeted the filure fore, mximum ompressive fore, rupture fore, rupture energy, mximum ompressive strin, nd reltive deformtion of the gmelin fruit; while it does not signifintly (P < 0.05) ffeted the filure energy. The fruit loding orienttion signifintly (P < 0.05) influened ll the seven mehnil prmeters tested prt from the filure fore. Finlly, the intertion effet of fruit fruit testing orienttion does not signifintly (P < 0.05) ffeted the seven mehnil prmeters investigted. Tle 1: Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) of fruit size nd loding orienttion on the mehnil prmeters of gmelin fruit Soure of vrition Dependent Vrile df F Sig F Filure fore * F mx * fore * Filure energy ns Energy E-04* Mximum strin E-11* Deformtion t E-08* L Filure fore ns F mx E-05* fore * Filure energy * Energy E-08* Mximum strin E-08* Deformtion t E-12* F x L Filure fore ns F mx ns fore ns Filure energy ns Energy ns Mximum strin ns Deformtion t ns * =Signifint t (P<0.05), ns= non-signifint, L = loding orienttion, F =. In the following setions, the effets of eh ftor on the six mehnil prmeters re omprehensively disussed. A There ws signifint differene etween smll, medium nd lrge seed size (P < 0.05) s shown in Tle 1. The fore nd energy required to initite the fruit filure nd rupture inresed s the fruit inresed from smll to lrge size. From the reserh the fruit size hs no effet on filure energy of the gmelin fruit t ut fruit loding orienttion. This my e ttriuted to the ft tht inrese in size of the fruit, leds to more resistne of the fruit to rupture, nd lrger seeds possess lrge modulus of elstiity nd ple of eing more deformle under ompressive loding nd susequently fruit filure nd n inrese in rupture point. A similr trend ws reported [11] on umin seed. The fore nd energy required to initite the fruit filure nd rupture inresed s fruit size inresed from smll (16.5mm to 35.2 mm) s shown Tle 2. Tle 2: Men omprison of the seven mehnil prmeters of gmelin fruit in different fruit size tegories. Prmeters Smll (15 19 mm) (mm) Medium Lrge (20-24 (25-29 mm) mm) Filure fore (N) , F mx (N) fore (N) Filure Energy (Nm) energy (Nm) Mximum strin (%) Reltive deformtion t rupture (mm) The mens with ommon letter in the sme row re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test B Fruit loding orienttion From the results, the gmelin fruit ws more flexile in the Longitudinl (horizontl) loding diretion, in ll the seven mehnil prmeters studied. The fore nd energy required to initite filure nd rupture of the fruit under xil (vertil) loding diretion ws lesser thn under horizontl loding. As presented in Figures 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 nd 10, the vlues of the fore nd energy t filure nd rupture in the horizontl orienttion ws sttistilly more thn those of the vertil orienttion. This n e ttriuted to the ft tht the gemiln fruit is sujeted to smller ontt re etween the ompressing pltes of universl testing mhine during vertil loding orienttion. A similr trend ws reported y [19] for umin grin where the mximum energy sored for the umin grin ws found to e 14.8 nd 20.4 mj t the moisture ontent of 7% (d.), in the horizontl nd vertil orienttions, respetively. Similrly, [10] [20] reported similr trend for pddy grins nd loust en respetively. In ontrst to our result, [21] reported tht no importnt differene in rupture fore etween oth seed orienttions ws mesured. 49

4 fore (N) Mximum strin (%) Mximum ompressive fore (N) Energy (Nm) Filure fore (N) Fliure Energy (Nm) Effet of Fruit Size nd Orienttion on Mehnil Properties of Gmelin Fruit (Gmelin rore) Under Qusi-Stti Loding Vertil Horizontl Vertil Horizontl Smll Medium Lrge The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 3: Correltion etween filure fore nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit Smll Medium Lrge The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 6: Correltion etween filure energy nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit ,, Vertil Horizontl Vertil Horizontl Smll Medium Lrge fruit size The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 4: Correltion etween Mximum ompressive fore (F mx ) nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit. Smll Medium Lrge The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 7: Correltion etween rupture energy nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit Vertil Horizontl 5 4 Vertil Horizontl Smll Medium Lrge The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 5: Correltion etween rupture fore nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit Smll Medium Lrge Fruit Size The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 8: Correltion etween mximim strin nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit 50

5 Deformtion t (mm) Interntionl Journl of Engineering nd Tehnil Reserh (IJETR) Smll Medium Lrge Vertil Horizontl The sme ommon letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn s multiple rnges test Figure 9: Correltion etween reltive deformtion t rupture nd loding orienttion of gmelin fruit IV CONCLUSION From the results of the reserh, it n e onluded tht the gmelin fruit ws more flexile in the Longitudinl (horizontl) loding diretion, in ll the seven mehnil prmeters studied. The fore nd energy required to initite filure nd rupture of the fruit under xil (vertil) loding diretion ws lesser thn under horizontl loding. Also, the mehnil prmeters of the gmelin fruit is highly dependent the fruit size. As the size of the fruit inreses from Smll (15 19mm), to Medium (20-24mm), nd Lrge (25-29mm), the fruit filure fore ws 51.01, nd 86.28; mximum ompressive fore ws , , ; fore ws , nd N; Filure energy ws 0.186, nd Nm; Energy ws 0.899, 1.149, nd 1475 Nm; mximum strin ws 45.25, nd 79.43%; nd reltive deformtion t rupture ws 10.16, nd mm respetively. The results gotten from this reserh will provide useful dt for mehnil engineers in the design nd development of suitle gemiln fruits hndling, storge nd proessing equipment. [8] P. C. Brgle, J. Irudyrj, M. Bruno, Studies on rheologil ehvior of nol nd whet. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 61: [9] Y.S. Kng, C.K. Spillmn, J.L. Steele, D.S. Chung, Mehnil properties of whet. Trnstions of the ASAE, 38: [10] L.O Ogunjimi, N.A. Avir, O.A. Aregesol, Some engineering properties of loust en seed. Journl of Food Engineering, 55: [11] M.H. Siedird, A. Tteefr, A. Borghei, M. Mirslehi, F. Bdii, M. Ghsemi Vrnmkhsti, Effets of moisture ontent, seed size, loding rte nd seed orienttion on fore nd energy required for frturing umin seed (Cuminum yminum Linn.) under qusi-stti loding. Journl of Food Engineering, 86: [12] A.O. Rji, J.F. Fvier, Disrete element modelling of the impt prmeters of seleted fruit: pplition. Journl of Applied Siene nd Tehnology, 21: [13] G. Rong, S.C. Negi, J.C. Jofriet, Simultion of the flow ehviour of ulk solids in ins. Prt 2: Sher nds, flow, orretive inserts nd veloity profile. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 62: [14] A. Kutey, D. Herák, A. Sedláček, Behviour of different moisture ontents of Jtroph urs L. seeds under ompression loding. Reserh in Agriulturl Engineering. Vol. 57, No. 2: [15] H. Topllr, U. Gegel, Kinetis nd thermodynmis of oil extrtion from sunflower seeds in the presene of queous idi. Turkish Journl of Chemistry 24 (3), 247e [16] N.N. Mohsenin. Physil Properties of Plnt nd Animl Mterils. Gordon nd Breh Siene Pulishers, New York pp 8-11, Books Ltd London [17] J.F. Steffe, Rheologil Methods in Food Proess Engineering.(Seond Edition). Freemn Press, USA. Pp 72-90, [18] R. Khodkhshin, Poisson s rtio of pumpkin seeds nd their kernels s funtion of vriety, size, moisture ontent nd loding rte. Agri Eng Int: CIGR Journl, 14(3): [19] K.K. Singh, T.K. Goswmi, Mehnil properties of umin seed under ompressive loding. Journl of Food Engineering, 36 (3), [20] H. Zreiforoush, M.H. Komrizdeh, M.R. Alizdeh, H. Tvkoli, M. Msoumi, Effets of Moisture Content, Loding Rte, nd Grin Orienttion on Frture Resistne of Pddy (Oryz Stiv L.) Grin, Interntionl Journl of Food Properties, 15:1, 89-98, [21] E. Bumler, A. Cunierti, S.M. Nolso, I.C. Rioene, Moisture dependent physil nd ompression properties of sfflower seed. Journl of Food Engineering, 72 (2), REFERENCES [1] D.N. Tewri, A Monogrph on Gmri (Gmelin rorel Rox). Interntionl Book Distriutors [2] J. Adegehin, L. Nwigo, Gmelin rorel in Nigeri. Common. For. Rev. 159e [3] S. Bsumtry, C. Dinesh, C. Dikr, Composition of iodiesel from Gmelin rorel seed oil. Adv. Appl. Si. Res. 3 (5), 2745e [4] B. Sngy, B. Priynk, O.D. Dikr, Gmelin rore nd Trernemontn. divrite seed oils s non-edile feedstok for iodiesel prodution. J. Chem Teh Res. 6 (2), 1440e [5] B. Munir, G.M. Gururj, M. Deepk, T.S. Roopshree, S. Shshidhr,, An overview on Phytohemistry nd Phrmologil properties of Gmelin rore. J. Nt. Prod. Plnt Resoures 2013, 3 (4):62-71 [6] F. G.Gund, A.P Ous, E.A. Espinos, A.G. Gozo, On frm evlution of Tree-lef supplementtion using Leuen leuoephl nd Gmelin rore to Gots under trditionl feeding mngement. Frm nd Resoure Mngement Institute, Leyte Stte University, By By, Leyte Philippines [7] K.M. Wnnen, M.R. Okos, Filure properties of yellow dent orn kernels. Trnstions of the ASAE, 31: ,