Effect of radiation and chemical mutagens on seeds germination of black cumin (Nigella sativa L)

Transcription

1 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014 Vol. 10(5): Journl of Agriulturl Aville Tehnology online , Vol. 10(5): ISSN Effet of rdition nd hemil mutgens on seeds germintion of lk umin (Nigell stiv L) M.K.M. Mmoun 2, M.E. El-Mhrouk 1*, Y.H. Dewir 1 nd S.A. Omrn 2 1 Hortiulturl Deprtment, Fulty of Agriulture, Kfrelsheikh University, Kfr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt, 2 Deprtment of Breeding nd Genetis of Vegetles, Aromti & Mediinl Plnts, Agriulture Reserh Center, Hortiulturl Reserh Institute, Giz, Egypt M.K.M. Mmoun, M.E. El-Mhrouk, Y.H. Dewir nd S.A. Omrn (2014) Effet of rdition nd hemil mutgens on seeds germintion of lk umin (Nigell stiv L). Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 10(5): Nigell stiv L., Rnnulee, is n importnt mediinl plnt. Seed germintion responses to gmm nd lser rdition, olhiine nd 2, 4 Dinitroniline hemil mutgens t vrious doses nd onentrtions were investigted. Low dose of gmm rdition t 5 Kr stimulted seed germintion in dry seeds in whih FGP t 83.9% ws otined ompre to non-rdited dry seeds t 70.8%. Higher doses of gmm rdition ( 5 Kr) hd negtive effets of seed germintion in terms of FGP, GRI nd CGRI. Gmm rdition exhiited more severe effets on soked seeds thn dry seeds. Seeds irrdited with 10 nd 45 min He-Ne lser gve the highest FGP t 90.07% nd 91.67%, respetively. However, 10 min He-Ne lser signifintly deresed GRI nd CGRI when ompred with ontrol seeds nd/or other lser doses. In ddition, He-Ne lser irrdition deresed the numer of dys to GT 50 when ompred to the ontrol seeds. For hemil mutgens, 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline improved FGP when ompred with other tretments. Also, olhiine nd 2,4Dinitroniline onentrtions signifintly inrese CGRI when ompred with ontrol. It is interesting to note tht GT 50 ws deresed with He-Ne lser rdition nd inresed with gmm rdition while no signifint differenes were oserved with hemil mutgens. Keywords: Blk umin, gmm rdition, He-Ne lser, olhiine, 2,4Dinitroniline, seed germintion. Introdution For thousnds of yers, mediinl plnts hve een the most importnt soure of life sving drugs for the mjority of world s popultion. Nigell stiv L. (Rnnulee), n nnul hereous plnt, is ommonly known s lk seed or lk umin. It hs een trditionlly used for enturies in the Middle Est, Northern Afri nd Asi s spie nd food preservtive, s well s protetive nd urtive for numerous disorders nd sthm (Ndkrni, * Corresponding uthor: M.E. El-Mhrouk; e-mil: threemelmhrouk@yhoo.om 1183

2 1976). Blk umin seeds ontin fixed oil (30%) s well s voltile oil %). The voltile oil hs een shown to ontin % thymoquinone nd 46% mny monoterpenes suh s p-ymene, nd α-pinene (El Thir et l., 1993). Also, mny studies reported Nigell stiv s immunomodultor (El- Kdi nd Kndil, 1987), nti-inflmmtory (Houghton et l., 1995) nd ntitumour gents (El Dly, 1998; Mrek et l., 2007). Gmm rys re ionizing rdition hving low wvelength with high penetrle power, intert with toms or moleules to produe free rdils in the ells. The free rdils n dmge or modify omponents of plnt ells. It hs een reported to ffet seed germintion, morphology, ntomy, nd physiohemil hrteristis of plnts, depending on irrdition level. These effets inlude hnges in the plnt ellulr struture nd metolism, e.g., diltion of thylkoid memrnes, ltertion in photosynthesis, modultion of the ntioxidtive system nd umultion of phenoli ompounds (Kim et l., 2004; Wi et l., 2005). Gmm rdition n e useful for the ltertion of physiologil hrters (Kiong et l., 2008). The irrdition of seeds with high doses of gmm rys disturs the synthesis of protein, hormone lne, gsexhnge, wter exhnge nd enzyme tivity (Hmeed et l., 2008). The lser rys (light mplifition y stimulted emission of rdition) were disovered y T.H. Mimn using flsh lmp pumped ruy rystl s the medium (Mimn, 1960). Lser hs mny types suh s Argon lser (Blue) nd Colt lser (Green). One of those types is Helium Neon lser (He-Ne). It emits frtion of mille wtt (mw) of red light t nm. Among vrious pplitions of lser, it is used s iostimultor devie in griulture. The lser light t low intensity produes iostimultion when used on seeds, seedlings nd plnts (Muszyñski nd Gdyszewsk, 2008; Perveen et l., 2010; Hernndez et l., 2010). Previous studies showed tht seed treted with ontinuous wve He-Ne lser improved germintion nd elerted plnt growth (Chen, 2005). Vrious hemil mutgens re used for improving griulture rops. Mny of these hemils use hromosoml errtion effets on plnts vi retive free rdils (Yun nd Zhng, 1993). Chemil mutgens re simple pproh to rete muttion in plnts for their improvement of germintion ehviour nd other relted potentil gronomi trits (Royhowdhury nd Th, 2011). Colhiines re polyploidizing nd mutgeni gent (Brgl, 1955). Previous studies reported tht there were redution in the germintion nd survivl perentge with inresing olhiines onentrtions nd tretment durtion (Pnde nd Khetmls, 2012). The effets of dinitroniline ompounds re similr to the effets of Colhiines (Hess, 1982), lthough there is evidene tht olhiine nd dinitroniline heriides do not ind t the sme moleules (Bnjeree et l., 1184

3 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): ). Dinitroniline heriides effet on plnts y interfering with the norml funtion of mirotuules during ell division (Appley nd Vlverde, 1989). It hs een reported tht dinitroniline heriides t on plnt tissue y preventing tuulin from polymerizing in to mirotuules (Jkson nd Stetler, 1973). Therefore, norml seprtion of hromosomes during mitosis is prevented without mirotuules formtion. The present study investigted the effets of lser nd gmm rdition nd olhiine nd dinitroniline hemil mutgens on seed germintion of Nigell stiv with the im to hieve rpid, uniform nd high seed germintion. Mterils nd methods Seed mterils Pure nd inred seeds of Negell stiv, lol vriety were used in this study. Seeds were divided into two prts, one prt ws soked for 24 hours in wter nd the other prt ws kept dry. Both dry (7.7% humidity) nd soked (50.2% humidity) seeds were pked in pper pkets for different tretments. Tretments Seeds of Negell stiv were treted on Otoer 25 th, 2011 with rdition nd hemil mutgens t three seprte experiments s follow: First experiment: oth dry nd soked seeds were irrdited seprtely with 6 doses of gmm rdition (0, 5, 10, 20 nd 30 KR) to form 10 tretments of dry nd soked seeds. The seeds were irrdited t Anshs Nuler Retor for Reserh, Ciro, Egypt. The soure of gmm rys ws olt-60 wih dose rte of 3.58 min /100 gry. Seond experiment: oth dry nd soked seeds were irrdited seprtely with 7 doses of He-Ne lser rdition (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 nd 60 min) to form 14 tretments of dry nd soked seeds. The seeds were irrdited t Ntionl Institute of Lser Enhned Sienes, Ciro University, Egypt with power intensity 15 mwm -2 He-Ne lser. Third experiment: dry seeds were soked in 0.05 nd 0.1% olhiine, 10 nd 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline (O 2 N) 2 C 6 H 5 N 3 O 4 Seeds soked in tp wter for 24 h were served s ontrol. Pre sowing seed tretments nd ulture onditions Treted seeds with rdition nd hemil mutgens were sown in snd soil texture t the experimentl frm of El-Knn Compny, Al-Buhir 1185

4 government, Egypt on Otoer 26 th, Every tretment onsisted of three replitions nd eh replition ws represented y 50 seeds. Seeds were sown in stright lines nd irrigted with drip irrigtion system (the re etween two emitters ws 50 m nd every emitter hd 2 seeds). Dt olletion Germinted seeds were ounted every 48 h. A seed ws onsidered germinted when the tip of the rdil hd grown free of the seed ot (Auld et l., 1988; Dewir et l., 2011). The following germintion prmeters were reorded: () Germintion perentge (GP) = (numer of germinted seeds/numer of tested seeds) 100. () Germintion rte index (GRI) = [(G1/1) + (G2/2) + (Gx/X)] where, G = germintion on eh lternte dy fter plement 1, 2, x = orresponding dy of germintion (Esehie, 1994). () Correted germintion rte index (CGRI) = (GRI/FGP) 100 where, FGP = finl germintion perentge. (d) GT 50 = numer of dys lpsed to reh 50% of FGP (Hsu et l., 1985) Experimentl design nd sttistil nlysis Experiments of gmm nd He-Ne lser rdition were set up in ompletely rndomized design in split plot with two ftors (5 doses of gmm rdition nd 6 doses of He-Ne lser rdition two tretments of dry nd soked seeds) nd two-wy ANOVA. While, hemil mutgens experiment (olhiines nd 2,4Dinitroniline) ws set up in ompletely rndomized design with one- wy ANOVA. Eh tretment onsisted of three replites nd eh replite ws represented y 50 seeds. The men nd ANOVA were lulted using SPSS (version 20) sttistil progrm. The men seprtions were rried out using Dunn's multiple rnge tests (Dunn, 1955) nd signifine ws determined t p Results nd disussions Effet of rdition on time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Negill stiv seeds Effet of different doses of gmm rdition on the time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell stiv seeds re presented in Fig. 1. The results showed tht low dose of gmm rdition t 5 Kr stimulted seed germintion in dry seeds in whih FGP t 83.9% ws otined ompre to non- 1186

5 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): rdited dry seeds t 70.8% (Fig. 1 A). Higher doses of gmm rdition ( 5 Kr) hd negtive effets on seed germintion. Germintion perentge deresed with inresing gmm rdition doses. Gmm rdition exhiited more severe effets on soked seeds thn dry seeds (Fig 1 B). The lowest germintion perentge (6.71 nd 0.03%) ws otined on 30 KR of oth dry nd soked seeds, respetively. The stimulting effets of gmm ry t low doses on germintion were ttriuted to the tivtion of RNA synthesis (Kuzin t l., 1975) or protein synthesis (Kuzin et l., 1976) whih ourred during the erly stge of germintion fter seeds irrdited with 4 KR. On the other hnd, high doses of rdition uses hromosome errtion in the ells led to stop ells division into mitosis nd this is the most importnt ellulr event fter irrittion (Evenri, 1965; Dtt et l., 1986). It ws lso oserved tht inresing the humidity in seeds inresed the negtive effet of rdition on seed germintion. Redued germintion perentge with inresing doses of gmm irrdition hs een reported in Nigell stiv (Dtt et l., 1986; Kumr nd Gupt, 2007). This ordne with Bhrthi et l. (2013) on Withni somnifer, they reported tht lower dosge (5 KR) treted seeds gve the highest germintion perentge when ompred with higher doses. Effet of different doses of leser rdition on the time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell stiv seeds re presented in Fig. 2 A, B. For dry seeds, there ws signifint inrese in germintion perentge (90.48 nd 91.67%) t 10 nd 45 min leser rdition when ompred with ontrol s well s other tretments. The lowest doses (ontrol nd 5 min) leser rdition gve the lowest germintion perentge 70.8 nd 69.64%, respetively. While in soked seeds ll tretments (exept 60 min) hd no signifint differenes in germintion perentge when ompred with ontrol. Also, in dry seeds, higher dose (60 min) gve the lowest germintion perentge (73.21%) when ompred with other doses. These results indited tht seed moisture ontent is determine ftor with rdition on seed germintion. Previous study y Adel-Fth (2005) mentioned tht moisture improved the effet of lser tretments on seed germintion. The pre-sowing seed tretment with lser rdition stimultes the physiologil nd iohemil hnges in the seed (Anisimov et l., 1997). The treted seeds with leser light n e pplied to improve seed germintion (Koper, 1994). Mny reserhers reported tht the stimultion effets of lser light re visile in sprouting seeds (Toth et l., 1993; Podleoeny nd Podleoen, 2004). The lser light hs positive influene on enzyme tivity nd the onentrtion of free rdils in seeds (Glov, 1996; Podleoeny, 2000). Also, Senek et l. (1989) oserved inresing in the tivity of some phytohormones, espeilly indole-3-eti id (IAA) in the irrdited seeds. 1187

6 Effet of hemil mutgens on time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Negill stiv seeds The effets of vrious pre-sowing seed mutgens tretments on the timeourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell stiv re presented in Fig. 3. The highest germintion t 94.44% nd 90.0% ws oserved on ontrol nd 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline tretments, respetively. While the lowest germintion t 68.67% nd 59.33% ws otined from 0.1% olhiine nd 10 mg/l 2,4dinitroniline, respetively. The results showed tht olhiine nd 2,4dinitrolnine onentrtions hve opposite trend on seed germintion. Higher doses of mutgens n led to deth of ells (Kleinhof's et l., 1978). Previous study y Pnde nd Khetmls, 2012 reported tht germintion perentge deresed with inresing onentrtions of olhiine. 2,4Dinitroniline ffet the mitosis ell division nd ordingly seed germintion. The mode of tion of 2,4Dinitroniline is due to its ility to inhiit the polymeriztion of tuulin into mirotuules (Gunning nd Hrdhm, 1982). Effet of gmm rdition on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 of Nigell stiv seeds The effets of gmm rdition on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 perentges of soked Nigell stiv seeds re presented in Tle 1. FGP grdully deresed with inresing gmm rdition doses. Control (0 KR) exhiited 82.62% FGP while 3.5% ws reorded t the highest dose of gmm rys t 30 KR. Seeds sensitivity to gmm rys my e due to redued mount of endogenous hormones, espeilly ytokinins, s result of rek down, or lk of synthesis used y rdition (Kiong et l., 2008) Also, low dose of gmm irrdition stimultes ell division ut high dose inhiits ell division due to free rdils nd DNA dmge (Zk et l., 2004). In ddition, soked seeds hd negtive effet on germintion perentge. The intertion etween gmm rdition nd soked seeds showed tht the highest FGP 94.44% ws oserved on 0 KR of soked seeds. Also, the sme doses of gmm rdition on dry seeds gve higher FGP when ompred with soked seeds. From tht, 5KR improved the FGP of dry seeds when ompred with ontrol nd other doses. The low doses of gmm rys re stimulting enzymti tivtion nd induing emryo to inrese the rte of ell division, whih ffets germintion (Sjodin, 1962). Also, the stimultion of germintion my e due to the tivtion of RNA nd protein synthesis whih ours during the erly stges of germintion (Aly, 2010). Severl workers hve studied the effet of gmm rys on seed germintion of Nigell stiv nd noted tht the higher exposures 1188

7 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): were usully inhiitory, wheres lower exposures were sometimes stimultory (Dtt et l., 1986; Kumr nd Gupt, 2007). In ddition, soking of seeds inreses the negtive effet of gmm rdition on germintion. Similrly founded tht, exposure to gmm- rdition retrds seed germintion ut, its effet differs nd it more pronouned t higher seed moisture ontents (Kumri nd Singh, 1996). The redution in FGP my e ttriuted to the dely or inhiition of physiologil nd iologil proesses neessry for seed germintion, whih inlude enzyme tivity (Chrispeeds nd Vrner, 1976), hormonl imlne (Khn nd Al-Quiny, 2009), nd the inhiition of mitoti proess (Annthswmy et l., 1971). Chromosoml vritions hve een indued y gmm rdition (Rier-Lizrzu et l., 2000) ffet io funtions in ell. The germintion speed (GRI nd CGRI) nd GT 50 of Negill stiv seeds were signifint in gmm tretments. The dt showed tht GRI nd CGRI hd the sme trend nd deresed with inresing gmm doses. The mximum GRI nd CGRI were reorded in ontrol t nd 98.79%, respetively, ut further inrese in rdition doses deresed them. While the effet of soking seeds on GRI nd CGRI ws not signifint. The intertion etween gmm rys nd soked seeds showed tht ontrol of soked seeds (0 KR) gve the highest GRI nd CGRI t nd %, respetively. In ontrst, high doses 20 nd 30 KR hd the lowest GRI nd CGRI in oth dry nd soked seeds. The results showed tht ontrol seeds rehed 50% of its finl germintion (GT 50 ) in minimum time (6.07 dys). There ws liner inrese in dys to GT 50 with inrese gmm rys doses. Also, soked seeds deresed the dys to GT 50 (10.12 dys) when ompred with dry seeds. The intertion etween gmm rys nd soked seeds showed tht ontrol of soked seeds hd the lowest numer of dys to GT 50 (3.81 dys) when ompred with ontrol of dry seeds nd other tretments of dry nd soked seeds. On the other hnd, 30 KR of dry seeds inresed the numer of dys to GT 50 (19.27 dys). The effet of irrdition on the germintion speed of seeds hs een widely studied nd vrious effets were reported ording to speies, wter ontent in the seed nd rdition dose (Apm et l., 2013). The rte, the speed nd the perent of germintion were found to e mrkedly redued in response to high doses rdition (Vn nd Cherry, 1967). These results tke the sme trend with Melki nd Dhmni (2009) nd Akshth nd Chndrshekr (2013) on Tritium estivum nd Pterorpus sntlinus, respetively. They oserved tht low doses of gmm rys gve the highest germintion speed nd perentge. 1189

8 Effet of lser rdition on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 of Nigell stiv seeds The effet of lser light on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 perentges of Nigell stiv soked seeds re presented in Tle 2. The highest FGP ( nd 91.67%) ws oserved in seeds treted with 10 nd 45 min of lser light, while the lowest one (73.21%) ws oserved on 60 min tretment. Soked seeds gve signifint inrese of FGP (89.0%) when ompred with dry seeds. The intertion etween lser light nd soked seeds showed tht lser doses from 0 to 30 min inresed FGP of soked seeds when ompred with dry seeds. While the higher lser doses (45 nd 60 min) gve the sme FGP of soked nd dry seeds, ut the lowest FGP (73.21%) ws reorded in seeds treted with 60 min lser light of oth dry nd soked seeds. Pre-sowing irrdition of seeds with lser light results in fster uptke of wter nd hieving the lrger mss during seed imiing (Podleoeny, 2002). Also, myloliti enzymes were inresed in seeds fter irrdition of the seeds with lser light improved germintion (Podleoeny et l., 2001). Optiml doses of He-Ne lser irrdition my enhne FGP of Negill stiv. Similr results ws oserved on mrnth plnt y Dziwulsk-Hunek et l. (2013), they mentioned tht pre-sowing of seeds with lser light resulted in signifint inrese of germintion. Also, Muszynski nd Gldyszewsk (2008) reported tht the germintion of He-Ne lser irrdited seeds signifintly inresed s ompred with ontrol. Cler differenes in germintion speed (GRI nd CGRI) nd GT 50 of Negill stiv seeds were oserved in lser light tretments. The results showed tht lser doses from 5 to 45 min improved GRI nd CGRI when ompred with ontrol nd 60 min lser light tretments. But, 10 min lser light hd the highest GRI nd CGRI t nd %, respetively. In ddition, soked seeds inresed GRI nd CGRI with nd %, respetively when ompred with dry seeds. The intertion etween lser light nd soked seeds showed tht 10 min lser of dry seeds gve the highest GRI nd CGRI with nd %, respetively, when ompred with other tretments. On the other hnd, ontrol of dry seeds hd the lowest GRI nd CGRI with nd 82.19%, respetively. Lser doses from 5 to 30 min deresed GT 50 when ompred with ontrol nd other tretments. There ws no signifint differene etween soked nd dry seeds on GT 50. The intertion etween lser light nd soked seeds showed tht 10 min lser light of dry seeds elerted sprouting of seeds nd hd the lowest GT 50 (3.44). In ontrst, ontrol of dry seeds inresed GT 50 with 8.34 dys. Mny reserhers mentioned tht lser-sed pre-tretments of seeds hve signifint positive effets on dormny reking, germintion stimulting, elertion seed 1190

9 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): sprouting nd improving the qulity of sowing mteril, this foused on vegetle seeds, like mustrd seeds (Anghel et l., 2000) nd Muszynski nd Gldyszewsk (2008) on rdish seeds. Podleoeny nd Podleoen (2004) reported tht lser light elerted seed sprouting. Also, Muszynski nd Gldyszewsk (2008) showed tht differenes etween lser light nd ontrol seeds during the whole germintion proess, expressed in the terms of GT 50 were not signifint, where irrdition improved the germintion index. Similr findings y Solimn nd Hrith (2010) showed tht irrdition of Ai frnesin with He-Ne lser t 1.70 W/m 2 for 9 min gve the highest vlue of germintion perentge nd germintion speed, s well s, the lowest vlue of time to germintion nd germintion period. Effet of olhiine nd 2, 4Dinitroline on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 of Nigell stiv seeds Effet of olhiine nd 2,4Dinitroline mutgens on FGP, GRI, CGRI nd GT 50 perentges of Nigell stiv re presented in Tle 3. There were signifint differenes mong vrious tretments on FGP. The highest FGP frequeny reorded in ontrol nd 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline t nd 90%, respetively, wheres 10 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline reorded the lowest FGP t 59.33%. GRI showed similr trend to tht of FGP. The highest GRI (138.3) ws otined t 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline while the lowest GRI (88.48) ws otined t 10 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline. Although there were no signifint differenes etween olhiine nd 2,4Dinitroline tretments on CGRI, ut ll mutgens tretments signifint inresed CGRI when ompred with ontrol. There ws no signifint differene etween mutgens tretments nd ontrol on GT 50. From tht, the ove results ould e ttriuted to the effet of mutgens on the meristemti tissues of the seeds. It is known tht higher dose of mutgens n led to deth of ells (Kleinhof's et l., 1978), physiologil nd ute hromosoml dmge (Singh et l., 1997), onset of mitosis (Ydv, 1987), hromosoml errtions indued enzyme tivity suh s tlse nd lipse nd hormonl tivity resulted in redued germintion. Disturne in the formtion of enzymes involved in the germintion proess my e one of the physiologil effets used y olhiine (Royhowdhury nd Th, 2011). The results of the present study were similr to tht of Pnde nd Khetmls (2012) in whih germintion perentge of Stevi reudin seeds ws deresed with inresing onentrtions of the olhiines. 1191

10 Fig. 1. Time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell Stiv seeds s ffeted y gmm rdition pre-sowing tretments over 30 dys of ulture A) Gmm rdition on dry seeds; B) Gmm rdition on soked seeds. 1192

11 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): Fig. 2. Time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell Stiv seeds s ffeted y different lser rdition pre-sowing tretments over 30 dys of ulture A) Lser rdition on dry seeds; B) Lser rdition on soked seeds 1193

12 Fig. 3. Time-ourse hnges in germintion perentge of Nigell Stiv seeds s ffeted y olhiine (C) nd 2,4Dinitrolnine (DN) pre-sowing tretments over 30 dys of ulture. Tle 1. Effet of pre-sowing gmm rdition seed tretments on finl germintion perentge (FGP), germintion rte index (GRI), orreted germintion rte index (CGRI) nd numer of dys lpsed to reh 50% of finl germintion perentge (GT 50 ) in Nigell Stiv fter 30 dys in ulture Gmm FGP GRI CGRI GT 50 doses (KR) Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men z d f 3.81 h 6.07 e f 7.06 g 7.57 d d d d e 8.74 e e f d e 5.53 e d d d g 0.03 h 3.50 e 1.93 e 0.13 e 1.02 d d d d Men Signifine ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Z Vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t the 95% level ording to Dunn s test, (n = 3). 1194

13 Journl of Agriulturl Tehnology 2014, Vol. 10(5): Tle 2. Effet of pre-sowing lser rdition seed tretments on finl germintion perentge (FGP), germintion rte index (GRI), orreted germintion rte index (CGRI) nd numer of dys lpsed to reh 50% of finl germintion perentge (GT 50 ) in Nigell Stiv fter 30 dys in ulture Lser doses min) Contr ol FGP GRI CGRI GT 50 Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men Dry Sok Men d d z d 8 d 1 de d d d d de e d d de de de de d d d d d d 5.13 d d d d d 99.85d Men Signif int ** * * * * * * ** Z Vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t the 95% level ording to Dunn s test,.n=3 Tle 3. Effet of pre-sowing olhiine nd 2,4Dinitroniline seed tretments on finl germintion perentge (FGP), germintion rte index (GRI), orreted germintion rte index (CGRI) nd numer of dys lpsed to reh 50% of finl germintion perentge (GT 50 ) in Nigell Stiv fter 30 dys in ulture Tretments FGP GRI CGRI GT 50 Control z % olhiine % olhiine mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline Signifint ** ** ** NS Z Vlues followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different t the 95% level ording to Dunn s test, (n=3). Conlusion Low dose of gmm rdition t 5 Kr stimulted seed germintion in dry seeds in whih FGP t 83.9% ws otined ompre to non-rdited dry seeds t 70.8%. Higher doses of gmm rdition ( 5 Kr) hd negtive effets of seed germintion in terms of FGP, GRI nd CGRI. Gmm rdition exhiited more severe effets on soked seeds thn dry seeds. He-Ne lser rdition 1195

14 improved FGP of k umin seeds t 10 nd 45 min tretments. However, the highest GRI nd CGRI vlues were reorded t 10 min tretment. Gmm rys hd negtive effets of seed germintion in terms of FGP, GRI nd CGRI. For hemil mutgens, 20 mg/l 2,4Dinitroniline improved FGP when ompred with other tretments. Also, olhiine nd 2,4Dinitroniline onentrtions signifintly inrese CGRI when ompred with ontrol. It is interesting to note tht GT 50 ws deresed with He-Ne lser rdition nd inresed with gmm rdition while no signifint differenes were oserved with hemil mutgens. Aknowledgments The uthors wish to thnk Ntionl Institute of Lser Enhned Sienes, Ciro University, Egypt, Ntionl Institute of Lser Enhned Sienes, Ciro University, Egypt for providing help with rdition. The uthors lso wish to thnk El-Knn Compny, Al-Buhir government, Egypt for providing the experimentl frm. Referenes Adel-Fth, W.M.S. (2005). Effet of lser on the growth nd on the tive onstituents of sge plnts. M.S. Thesis, Ntionl Institute of Lser Enhned Sienes, Ciro Univ. Akshth, A. nd K.R. Chndrshekr (2013). Effet of gmm irrdition on germintion growth nd iohemil prmeters of Pterorpus sntlinus, n endngered speies of Estern Ghts. Europen Journl of Experimentl Biology 3: Aly, A.A. (2010). Biosynthesis of phenoli ompounds nd wter solule vitmins in ulntro (Eryngium foetidum L.) plntlets s ffeted y low doses of γ irrdition, Anlele Universittii din Orde Fsiul Biologie 17: Annthswmy, H.M., V.K. Vkil nd A. Shrinivs (1971). Biologil nd physiologil hnges in gmm irrdited whet during germintion. Rdition Botny 11:1-12. Anghel, S., C.S. Stnesu, D. Giosnu, M. Flenu nd I. Iorg- Simn (2000). Lser effets on the growth nd photosynthesis proess in mustrd plnts (Sinpis Al). Pro. 6 th Conf. Optis - ROMOPTO, SPIE 4430: Anisimov, A., V. Voroev nd A. Zuikov (1997). The influene of lser rdition on the veloity of rottionl motion of protoplsm in Elode ells. Lser Physis, 7: Appley, A. P.nd B.E. Vlverde. (1989). Behvior of dinitroniline heriides in plnts. Weed Tehnol., 3: Auld, D.L., B.L. Bettis, J.E. Crok nd D. Kephrt (1988). Plnting dte nd temperture effets on germintion, nd seed yield of Chikpe. Agron. J. 80: Bnjeree, S.J., K. Kelleher nd L. Mrgulis (1975). The heriide triflurlin is tive ginst mirotuule sed orl morphogenesis in Stentor oulus. Cytoios 12: Bhrthi, T., S. Gnnmurthy, D. Dhnvel, S. Murugn nd M. Arirmn (2013). Indued Physil mutgenesis on seed germintion, lethl dosge nd morphologil mutnts of Ashwgndh (Withni somnifer (L.) Dunl). Interntionl Journl of Advned Reserh 1: Brgl, M. (1955). Prodution of polyploids y Colhiine. Euphyti., 4:

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