Participatory Evaluation and Selection of Lowland Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Varieties: The Case of Kamashi Zone, Western Ethiopia

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1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 ISSN IDOSI Pulitio, 207 DOI: /idosi.ejes Prtiiptory Evlution nd Seletion of Lowlnd Sorum (Sorum iolor L. Moen) Vrieties: Te Cse of Kmsi Zone, Western Etiopi 2 3 Ylemtesf Firew Gude, Firew Meki nd Asfw Adugn Ageru Deprtment of Hortiulture, Dere Mrkos University, P.O. Box: 520; Dere Mrkos, Etiopi 2 Fulty of Agriulture, Sool of Plnt Siene, Hrmy University, P.O. Box: 38; Dire Dw, Etiopi 3 Mize Breeder for Afri Advnt Seed Interntionl Etiopi, P.O. Box: , Niroi, Keny Astrt: Frmers prtiiption in vrietl seletion proess is ruil to get te rit feedks of vrieties performne in te field nd to promote nd populrize te pproprite tenology for etter doption nd dissemintion rte. So fourteen lowlnd sorum vrieties olleted from Melkss nd Sirink griulturl reser enters long wit lol vrieties olleted from te study re were evluted in rndomized omplete lok design (RCBD) wit tree replitio using frmers prtiiptory evlution metod in rin fed ondition during 203 min ropping seson t Kmsi distrit in western prt of Etiopi. Te ojetives of tis study were; to evlute nd selet te est performing lowlnd sorum vriety(s); to identify frmers preferene nd seletion riteri of lowlnd sorum in te study res. Dt were olleted on penologil, growt, yield nd yield omponents of sorum rop. Frmers set; grin yield, erliness, ird-dmge resistne nd tillering pity s seletion riteri t mturity stge of te rop. Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) indited te existene of ily signifint differenes (p<0.0) mong te tested vrieties for ll te mesured gronomi trits exept numer of effetive tillers wi ws signifint t 0.05 proility level. Bsed on oserved results in te field, vrieties Tesle, ESH-2 nd Asire were te erliest weres Adukr nd lol ek were te ltest for mturity. Likewise, te iest men grin yield ws otined from Adukr (4650 kg/), Melkm (466 kg/) nd Girn (3950 kg/) vrieties. Frmers evlution using verge performne of ot diret mtrix nd pir wise rnking metods sowed tt Melkm, Adukr, Girn nd Seredo were te most preferred vrieties. Tus, te vrieties Adukr, Melkm nd Girn wi were osen from performne evlution on te sis of mesured trits were lso eptle nd oinide wit results of frmers evlution t mturity stge of te rop. Terefore, sed on te results of tis study nd previous reser finding from study re Adukr, Melkm nd Girn re reommended for furter demotrted on frmers fields. Key words: Diret mtrix Lowlnd Pir-wise rnking Prtiiptory Seletion riteri Sorum INTRODUCTION ntionl verge grin yield of 2. to per etre [2]. It is te mjor rop in drout stressed lowlnd res tt Sorum is te fift leding erel grin worldwide over 66% of te totl rle lnd in te ountry. Sorum fter wet, rie, mize nd rley (FAO, 2008). It is is n importnt food rop in Etiopi were it is widely stple food for millio of te poorest nd most food grown in te ilnds, lowlnds nd semi-rid regio of ieure people in te Semi-Arid Tropis (SAT) of Afri in Etiopi [3]; espeilly in moisture stressed prts were nd Asi. Etiopi is te tird lrgest sorum produer oter rops n lest survive. in Afri next to Nigeri nd te Sudn []. Te rop rnks Benisngul-Gumuz Region (BGR) wi is found in tird in re of ultivtion nd in totl prodution mong western prt of Etiopi is one of te dominnt sorum erels next to teff nd mize. Te urrent sorum produing res in Etiopi were te rop is used s prodution in Etiopi is estimted to e 3.60 million to stple food for mjority of te people. Among grin rops, on n re of.7 million etres of lnd giving te erels over over 77% of te lnd ultivted y rops Corresponding Autor: Ylemtesf Firew Gude, Deprtment of Hortiulture, Dere Mrkos University, P.O. Box: 520; Dere Mrkos, Etiopi. 220

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 (erels, pulses nd oil rops) te mjor erels eing speifi study re nd to identify frmers preferene nd sorum, millet nd mize. Out of te re ultivted to seletion riteri of lowlnd sorum vrieties in te gri, sorum, mize nd finger millet ve sre of study re. 27, 20 nd 2% of te re nd 30, 33 nd 8% of te regionl grin prodution, respetively. Te re overed, MATERIALS AND METHODS te totl prodution nd te verge grin yield of sorum ws estimted to e 65, 933, 30, 995 to nd Desription of Experimentl Are: Te experiment ws.99 to, respetively [2]. Terefore, sorum is te onduted during te min ropping seson of yer 203 most dominnt rop grown in te region s stple food. t Kmsi distrit wi is found t 560 km to te west of Despite its eonomi importne, te produtivity of te Addis A nd 246 km to te Sout est of Assos rop is very low wi is elow te ntionl verge town. It is one of te mjor sorum growing res of produtivity. Over te yers, numer of lte, medium Kmsi Zone in Benisngul-Gumuz Regionl Stte nd erly-mturing sorum vrieties ve een (BGRS) of Etiopi.Kmsi distrit s n ltitude of evluted nd relesed y federl nd regionl 350 m..s.l nd reeives men nnul rinfll of 486 reser enters for different gro-eologies of te mm, wit men minimum nd mximum temperture of ountry. However, tose vrieties re not eing dopted 7.5 C nd 29.2 C, respetively (Appendix Tle 2). y te frmers in stisftory rte, proly due to Te dominnt rops grown witin te distrit re poor frmers prtiiption during seletion proess sorum, mize, finger millet, sesme nd root rops. (on-sttion), indequte knowledge of te frmers out Nitosol is te mjor soil type followed y some type of te vrieties, lk of improved vriety(s) tt dpt te Orti Arisols [5]. speifi environments nd indequte supply of seed of te vrieties to stisfy frmers needs. In line wit tis ft Desription of Vrieties Tested: A totl of 4 sorum [4], indited improved sorum vrieties d not een genotypes, inluding lowlnd (relesed etween te well ssimilted in Etiopi due to te loose reser yer 976 nd 2009 from MARC nd SRARC), Adukr, exteion-frmer linkge nd frmers in mny ples do vriety in pipe line to e relesed from AsARC, lol not know te improved vrieties t ll. On te oter nd, ek olleted from Kmsi distrit nd, Rufe, lol sorum prodution in Etiopi is predominntly sed vriety from Melkss re were evluted for teir on vrieties developed y frmers tus; te sre of performne. improved vrieties is very low [5]. Tus it is importnt to prtiipte frmers during vriety development or/ nd Experimentl Design, Proedure nd Field Mngement: ultivr (s) seletion sed on its (teir) positive trits Te experiment ws lid out in rndomized omplete-lok ssoited to frmers enefit in teir soio-ulturl nd design (RCBD) wit tree replitio e. Te plot size miro-limte [6]. 2 ws 5 x 3m (5 m ). During plnting, te seeds were Frmers prtiiption in vrietl development nd mnully 8 kg into five meters long four seletion n promote doption of relesed ultivrs. row plot sped 0.75 m prt. At pproximtely 2 dys Te ppro of prtiiptory vrietl seletion in fter plnting te seedlings were tinned to 0.20 m Etiopi s een tested on mny rops inluding distne etween plnts. Nitrogen nd posporus ommon e [7], sorum [8], mize [9], teff [0], rley fertilizer were pplied in te form of ure (46% N) nd DAP [] nd wet [2]. However, prtiiptory vrietl (8% N nd 46% P2O 50 kg ure nd 00 kg seletion s not een done on ntionlly relesed of DAP respetively. DAP fertilizer ws pplied t te time lowlnd sorum vrieties in te Benisngul Gumuz of plnting (s sl pplition), weres ure ws region in generl nd in Kmsi distrit in prtiulr. pplied in te form of split pplition, lf of it togeter Hene, it ws mndtory to evlute te performne of wit DAP nd te rest s top dressing efore eding t lowlnd sorum vrieties under prtiiptory ppro knee stge of te rop. Hnd weeding ws prtied s of diret mtrix nd pirwise rnking metods to enne frequently s needed. sorum prodution nd produtivity terey ontriutes to ttin food seurity nd redue poverty. Terefore, te Dt Colletion: Dt were olleted in ot plnt nd ojetives of tis experiment were to evlute nd identify plot sis. For dt olletion on plnt sis ten plnts te est lowlnd sorum vriety(s) tt dpt te were tken rndomly from te two middle rows of e 22

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 plot nd ten pre- tgged. Dys to flowering ws reorded good, 4 = good, 3 = verge, 2 = poor nd = very poor). s te numer of dys from te dte of emergeny to te During diret mtrix rnking frmers ve given rting of time wen 50% of te plnts in plot produed teir first importne ( reltive weit) of seletion riterion flower. Dys to pysiologil mturity ws lso reorded rnked from to 3 (3 = very importnt, 2 = importnt nd s te numer of dys from te dte of emergeny to te = less importnt) nd rting of performne of vriety time wen 95% of te plnts in plot reed mturity for e trits of interest (seletion riteri) ws given (formtion of lk lyer on kernels), plnt eit (m) sed on teir level of importne on te sis of ommon wi ws reorded y mesuring te eit of 0 greement of evlutors. Te sore of e vriety ws pre-tgged plnts from te se of te plnt (soil surfe) multiplied y te reltive weit of given rter to to te tip of te ed nd ove ground iomss (kg ) get te finl result nd ten dded wit te results of wi ws reorded using spring lne from e oter rters to determine te totl sore of given rvestle plot fter it s een well dried y sun. Te vriety. Soring nd rnking were done on oeus nd ove ground iomss dtum needs mesuring frequently differenes were resolved y disussion s indited y until te urrent weit mesured eome equl wit te [3]. previously mesured weit nd finlly onverted in to kilogrm per etre. Sttistil Dt Anlysis: Te dt were nlyzed using Dt were olleted on ed numer of effetive PROC ANOVA in SAS softwre version 9.00 (SAS, 2002) tillers per plot (no.), grin yield (kg ) nd tousnd wit tretment nd replitio s te lss vriles nd kernel weit (g) nd rvest index (%). Grin yield ws te respoe vriles were te trits on wi dt were determined y rvesting ll plnts from te entrl two olleted. Men seprtion ws rried out using rows of e plot. Gri were weied wit seitive Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) t 0.05 proility lne nd djusted to 2% moisture ontent using level. grin-moisture tester. Tousnd kernels were ounted from ulk of tresed grin of e plot; teir moisture RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ws djusted nd weied to get tousnd kernels weit. Performne Evlution of Lowlnd Sorum Vrieties: Te nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) presented in Tle Proedures of Frmers Evlution of Lowlnd Sorum indited tt tere ws ily signifint (P<0.0) Vrieties: Te lowlnd sorum vrieties were evluted differenes mong te tested sorum vrieties for ll using frmers seletion riteri. A totl of twenty frmers rters mesured exept numer of effetive tillers, of ot sexes (mle = 3, femle = 7) prtiipted in te wi ws signifint t (P<0.05). Tis study onfirmed study. First, single fous group disussion (FGD) ws te results of previous studies [5, 6, 7], tey found tt eld to identify llenges/otrints of sorum te growt nd penologil prmeters s well s yield prodution nd produtivity in te study distrit ten te nd yield relted trits re signifintly ffeted y listed prolems were prioritized nd frmers set te ultivr (genotypi) differenes in grin sorum, wi solutio for pre-mentioned prolems. Finlly, evlution ould e due to te geneti potentil of te genotypes ws rried out t mturity stge of te rop. Frmers were used. llowed to set teir own seletion riteri t tis stge nd Te men vlues of grin yield nd oter studied ten ot mle nd femle prtiipnts prioritized nd prmeters of 4 sorum genotypes re presented in jointly greed on four rters (grin yield, ird dmge Tle 2. Genotypes d signifint differene on resistne, erliness nd tillering ility). All of tem were ponologil rters like numer of dys to 50% tulted in mtrix soring tle nd e seletion flowering nd dys to pysiologil mturity, wi riterion ws ompred wit noter in pir-wise determine mturity rnge of sorum vrieties. In se of fsion. Te rnk ssignments were determined from te dys to flowering, te erliest vrieties were Tesle numer of times e seletion riterion ws preferred (67.67 dys), Asire nd EH-2 (68.67 dys) wile te y te group. A diret mtrix tle ws prepred y ltest vrieties were Adukr (3.33 dys) nd lol putting te vrieties listed in te row nd rteristis ek (3.00 dys). For dys to pysiologil mturity, preferred y frmers in te olumn. Sores were given to te erliest vrieties were ESH-2 (09.5dys), Guiye e vriety sed on te seletion riteri (5 = very (0.0) nd Asir (.0). Te ltest mturing vrieties 222

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 Tle : Men squres nlysis of Vrine of gronomi mesured gronomi trits of sorum vrieties grown t Kmsi distrit in 203 Vrieties DTF DPM PLH NET (No.) TKW (g) GY (kg ) AGBM ( kg ) HI (%) BIRD Dmge (%) Rufe fg.06 j o g 3.69 j 0.00 Gmell d g ef e i.67 Seredo e d e ef 2.9 i e ij 5.00 Asir e ij efg g 8.33 Guiye e ijk efg g 3.45 e 2.67 Tesle i i Aure g g efg Hormt efg ij e e 5.00 Misker g g.55ef e Girn efg Melkm ef ef ef i 8.33 ESH-2 e jk e Adukr g ij 5.00 Lol fg e i 7.64 ef Me CV (%) **Hily signifint t % proility level, = non-signifint t 5% proility level, were; DTF= Dys to 50% flowering, DPM= Dys to Pysiologil Mturity, PLH= Plnt eit, NET = Numer of effetive tillers, TKW = Tousnd kernel weit, GY = Grin yield, AGBM = ove ground iomss, HI=Hrvest index, BIRD (%) = Bird dmge estimtion in % nd BORER= Stlk orer iet pest severity (-9 sles). Tle 2: Men vlues of mesured gronomi trits of evluted sorum vrieties grown t Kmsi distrit in 203 Soures of vrine Degree freedom DTF (dys) DPM (dys) PLH (m) NET (no.) TKW (g) GY (kg ) AGBM (kg ) HI (%) BIRD Dmge (%) Replition Tretment 3 628** 097** 0683**.5* 45** ** ** 82** 32** Error Men C.V. (%) Me in te sme olumn followed y te sme letters re not signifintly different t 5% level of signifine ording to Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT). rnged from 66.3 dys for te lol ultivr to 77.6 dys improved vrieties Melkm (2866 kg ) nd Girn for te genotype Adukr (Tle 2). Generlly, te (0933). Tis result is inoistent wit te findings of improved vrieties took sorter numer of dys to ttin [8] wo reported tt te improved vrieties Melkm, flowering nd pysiologil mturity stges tn te Misiker nd Girn gve te iest ove ground genotype Adukr, lol ultivr s well s Rufe (wi is iomss yield tn te rest of te improved vrieties Melkss re lol ultivr). evluted ot t Melkss nd Meiso distrits. Te men vlues of growt prmeters like plnt As indited in Tle 2, te performne of tested eit indited te vriety Guiye reorded te sortest vrieties differed signifintly for yield nd yield plnt eit of 35.97m nd te lol ek gve te omponents of sorum. Tousnd kernel weit vlues tllest plnt eit of m. Aove ground iomss rnged etween 8.33 nd g wit men of g. is n importnt growt prmeter for smll-sle sorum Te iest tousnd kernel weit ws exiited y te prodution in te semi-rid tropis to meet te multiple lol ek; weres te lowest weit ws reorded y interests of frmers. Frmers oider oter trits of Rufe. Hrvest index, wi reflets te prtitioning of sorum s n importnt ftor euse it is used s potosynttes etween grin nd vegettive plnt prts, feed for nimls, fire-wood nd lso to mke fenes. is very importnt prmeter to e oidered in vrietl Tere were signifint differenes mong sorum evlution. Te men rvest index rnged from 7.64% vrieties tested for ove ground iomss (P<0.0) s for lol ek to 39.33% for te vriety Asir. Men sown in Tle 2. Te lowest ove ground iomss grin yield mong tested vrieties rnged from kg prodution ws reorded for Tesle ( kg ) for te genotype Adukr to kg for te wile te iest ove ground iomss weited vriety Tesle wit n overll men of kg kg from te lol ek followed y te Te grin yields otined from Melkm ( kg ), 223

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 Girn ( kg ) nd Seredo ( kg ) mturing types. Moreover, erly mturity llows te rop were signifintly (P 0.0) ier tn ll te oter to espe drout nd to quikly provide food nd s vrieties tested exept te est genotype Adukr. At to te ouseold. Te oter importnt riteri set y Kmsi distrit, inrese in grin yield of improved frmers were ird dmge resistne nd tillering ility. vrieties of sorum over te frmers lol ek were 42, In te study re ird dmge resistne ws y no me 34.63, 4.78 nd 0.97% for te vrieties Melkm, Girn oidered s te lest, s ontinuous irds ttk use nd Seredo, respetively. Similr results were lso totl loss of te grin yield in te re espeilly t grin reported tt te improved vrieties Melkm (50 kg filling stge. In ddition, tillering ility of te vrieties ), Girn (507 kg ) nd Misiker (4739 kg ) ws oidered s n importnt riterion y te frmers. gve ier grin yield t Melkss re wile Melkm Tis is in greement [] wo similrly found tillering (4907 kg ), Hormt (4866 kg ) nd Misiker ility s seletion riterion on PVS of rley. (4842 kg ) exiited ier grin yield t Miesso Aording to te diret mtrix rnking, frmers distrit [7]. Te lowest grin yields were reorded for te identified Melkm, Girn, Misiker nd Adukr s te vrieties, Tesle ( kg/) nd ESH-2 ( est vrieties wile ESH-2 s te lest preferred (Tle 3). Kg/) i dmge used y ird injury t grin filling Bsed on pir-wise rnking, evlutors identified Melkm, period. In line wit tis result, te relesed lowlnd Girn, Misiker nd Adukr s te most importnt ones sorum vrieties re erly-mturing nd re lile to ird were s ESH-2 s te lest (Tle 4). Frmers overll ttk [4]. Wit regrd to men perentge of ird evlution of te lowlnd sorum vrieties sed on dmge, Rufe (0%), Seredo (5%) nd Adukr (5%) were ot diret mtrix nd pir-wise rnking identified Melkm, found to e signifintly tolernt to ird dmge. Rufe, Girn, Adukr nd Misker s most nd ESH-2 s te wi is Melkss lol, d no ird dmge reorded in lest preferred vrieties (Piture ). te study site; tis mit e due to its lxy pnile nd Frmers indited tt te new vrieties evluted in rown grin olor (i tnnin ontent) tt uses itter te experiment nd seleted from frmers perspetives tste to irds. Te relesed vriety Melkm d lso euse of its erly mturity nd ier grin yield reltively lower men ird injury wit reord of 8.33% produed s ompred to te lol lndres. wile, vrietiesesh-2 nd Tesle were te most However, Adukr, wi seems te est looking suseptile ones wit men vlues of ird injury reorded vriety for every gronomi prmeter in mesured s 33.34% nd 26.67%, respetively. trits rnked tird nd seond in diret mtrix nd pirwise rnking metods of evlution, respetively Frmers Evlution of Lowlnd Sorum Vrieties: euse of its lte mturity. Tis result reveled tt Mle nd femle evlutors were lumped togeter during erliness ws te most preferred seletion riterion s evlution s presented in Piture. Te seletion riteri importnt s grin yield for te evlutors. Even tou suggested y frmers were grin yield, ird dmge some of te relesed vrieties like Asir nd Guiye were resistne, tillering ility nd erliness t mturity stge i yielders, erly mturing nd produe more numer of of te rop. Pir-wise mtrix rnking ws used to identify tillers, evlutors did not like some of teir trits su s te prioritiztion order of te frmers seletion riteri. sorter plnt eit nd redued iomss yield. On te Grin yield nd erliness were proposed s very importnt ontrry, te tested vrieties Seredo nd Rufe d riteri sed on frmers pir-wise rnking of seletion importnt merits like i yielding, disese nd pest riteri. Tis is in line wit te findings of [2], wo found resistne, ut tey were not preferred y evlutors te sme seletion riteri s te most importnt frmers euse of te negtive trits-relted to size nd olor of riteri for wet vrieties. In ddition, [8] reported tt te grin. If frmers prtiipte during te vriety frmers seleted finger millet vriety, Tdesse over te development proess, tey will often rejet new oter vrieties due to its i grin yield nd erliness. vrieties tt do not fulfill teir multipurpose vlues [5]. Moreover, frmers' identified grin yield, o size, grin Te results of te PVS greed wit te ANOVA result in size nd erliness s te most importnt riteri for identifying te vrieties wi suit est for te frmers s doption of mize vrieties [9]. Altou most of te well s te environment. Frmers preferene in some relesed erly mturing vrieties d prolems relted to ses oinided wit te reeders seletion [20]. Te ird dmge, erliness remi s n importnt seletion vrieties tt sowed etter gronomi performne t ll riterion for frmers of te study re in prtiulr nd in lotio were lso epted from frmers evlution te region in generl s te lol vrieties re lte perspetives. 224

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (3): , 207 Piture : Frmers evlution of sorum vrieties t Kmsi distrit during 203 Tle 3: Diret mtrix rnking evlution of lowlnd sorum vrieties y group of frmers Grin yield Bird dmge resistne Erly mturity Tillering ility Totl sore Rnk Reltive weit Rufe 2(4) 0(5) 9(3) 2(2) 33 2 Gmell 2(4) 8(4) 2(4) 3(3) 35 9 Seredo 5(5) 0(5) 9(3) 2(2) 36 7 Asir 9(3) 6(3) 5(5) 5(5) 35 0 Guiye 2(4) 6(3) 5(5) 5(5) 38 5 Tesle 9(3) 6(3) 5(5) 4(4) 34 Aure 2(4) 8(4) 2(4) 4(4) 36 7 Hormt 2(4) 8(4) 2(4) 5(5) 37 6 Misker 5(5) 8(4) 2(4) 5(5) 40 3 Girn- 5(5) 8(4) 2(4) 4(4) 39 4 Melkm 2(4) 0(5) 5(5) 4(4) 4 ESH-2 9(3) 4(2) 5(5) 3(3) 3 3 Adukr 5(5) 0(5) 2(4) 4(4) 4 Lol 5(5) 6(3) 9(3) () 3 3 N.B. Numer of prtiipnts = 20 (M = 3 nd F = 7), numers in prentesis indited te performne rting vlue of e vriety given from -5 (5= exellent, 4=very good, 3= good, 2= poor nd =very poor), numers written in te old indite totl sore of vriety s per e seletion riteri, wi ws otined y multiplying te reltive weit of e seletion riteri wit tt of te performne rting numer in te prentesis Tle 4: Frmers pirwise rnking of lowlnd sorum vrieties t Kmsi distrit during 203 min ropping seson Vrieties Rufe Gmell Seredo Asir Guiye Tesle Aure Hormte Misker Girn Melkm ESH-2 Adukr Lol Totl sore Rnk Rufe x 2 2 Gmell Gmell x 5 9 Seredo Seredo Seredo x 6 8 Asir Asir Asir Seredo x 4 0 Guiye Guiye Guiye Guiye Guiye x 7 6 Tesle Rufe Gmell Seredo Asir Guiye x 3 Aure Aure Gmell Aure Aure Aure Aure X 7 6 Hormte Hormte Hormte Hormte Hormte Hormte Hormte Hormte X 9 5 Misker Misker Misker Misker Misker Misker Misker Misker Misker X 3 Girn Girn Girn Girn Girn Girn Girn Girn Girn Misker X 0 4 Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm Melkm X 3 ESH-2 Rufe Gmell Seredo Asir Guiye Tesle Aure Hormt Misker Girn Melkm X 0 4 Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Adukr Melkm Adukr X 2 2 Lol Lol Gmell Seredo Lol Guiye Lol Aure Hormt Misker Girn Melkm Lol Adukr X 4 0 Disloser of Conflit of Interest: We utors of tis originl rtile delred tt we ve no ny kind of onflit of interest in ny finnil, personl or oter reltioips wit oter people or orgniztio. 225

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