F. Kamiab *1, 2, E. Zamanibahramabadi 3. Received: 16 September 2015 Accepted: 31 December Abstract

Transcription

1 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 ISSN: X The Effet of Folir Applition of Nno-helte Super Plus ZFM on Fruit Set n some Quntittive n Qulittive Trits of Almon Commeril Cultivrs F. Kmi *1, 2, E. Zmnihrmi 3 1 Deprtment of Agriulture, Rfsnjn Brnh, Islmi Az University, Rfsnjn, Irn 2 Young Reserhers n Elite lu, Rfsnjn Brnh, Islmi Az University, Rfsnjn, Irn 3 Deprtment of Biosiene, Khrzmi University, Tehrn, Irn Astrt Reeive: 16 Septemer 215 Aepte: 31 Deemer 215 The nutritionl prolems in lmon orhrs hve inrese euse of lkline soils n insuffiient nutrition. This stuy ws one to evlute the effet of nno-helte super plus ZFM (Zin, Iron n Mngnese) sprying on quntittive n qulittive hrteristis of lmon ommeril ultivrs. This work ws rrie out in ftoril experiment se on rnomize omplete lok esign with three replitions. A ftor involve ifferent lmon ultivrs (Shokufeh, Mongh n Shn) n B ftor involve the time of nno-helte super plus ZFM (2g/l) pplition with four time tretments T1: u swelling phse, T2: two weeks fter loom en n T3: Applition in two stges, u swelling phse (T1) n two weeks fter loom (T2) n T4: ontrol (sprying with wter). Different trits, suh s yiel per shoot, initil n finl fruit set; fruit sission, length, with n fresh n ry weight of nut n onentrtion of miroelements in leves were mesure. The results showe tht the onentrtion of miro elements (Zn, Fe, Cu n Mn) in leves inrese signifintly in ll tretments espeilly when sprying in two stges ompre to ontrol. Also, the intertion of time of sprying n ultivr ws signifint in ll mesure trits exept fruit sission. The highest perentges of initil n finl fruit set n yiel per shoot were oserve in Shokufeh ultivr n fertilizer sprying in two stges (T1 n T2), n the lowest perentge of initil n finl fruit set ws oserve in ontrol in ll teste ultivrs. The simple effet of sprying time on fruit sission ws signifint in 1% level n lso perentge of fruit sission erese out 25% ompre to ontrol in pplition in two times (T1 n T2). Keywors: Bloom en phse, Nno-helte, Nutritionl prolems, Sprying, Swelle u phse. Introution Almon (Prunus ulis) tree elongs to the roseous fmily (Gheri et l., 24) n with hetres of ln uner ultivtion; it is one of the importnt hortiulturl prouts in Irn. Irn is one of the lrgest lmon prouers in the worl (FAO, 21). Geogrphil onitions of some regions of Irn re very suitle for lmon growth ut its low yiel is onsierle prolem in Irn ompre to other ountries. Insuffiient nutrition n lkline soil n e the resons of this prolem. Ini, Europe n Chin re the most importnt importers of worl's lmon, respetively n the USA is the first lmon exporter to these ountries, Irn provies only smll mount of lmon onsumption of Europen ountries n Ini. Our ountry hs mny vntges in terms of lotion n ost of proution n trnsport of this prout to Chin ginst Amerin prout. The extent of the mrket n high prie of this prout in Chin is golen opportunity for Irn's lmon inustry to provie onstnt presene in this mrket n provie the neessities for prosperity of this inustry within our *Corresponing uthor: Emil: f.kmi56@gmil.om 9

2 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 ISSN: X ountry (Zreh, 28). Toy, folir sprying of nutrients in most of the fruit orhrs in the worl hs eome usul n its positive effets on shoot n fruit growth hrteristis re evient (Hossenifr n Alipoor, 29). Byori et l. (25) showe tht folir sprying of Zin n Boron on lmon inrese the fruit set. Gheri et l. (24) lso reporte tht lmon yiel inrese fter folir sprying of Zin n Boron miroelements. Sine most of the soils of Kermn provine re lkline, sorption of mironutrients y plnts is iffiult. Therefore, s result, the lk of these elements in plnts n e n importnt ftor in reuing the fruit set. Iron is one of the essentil elements for the growth of ll plnts n in the se of iron efiieny; hlorophyll is not proue suffiiently in lef ells, resulting in hlorosis n yellow leves (Byori, 25). The mount of zin in soil solutions is very smll n when the ph of soil inreses, the mount of ville zin for plnts is reue. This miroelement hs tutor tlyti or struturl roles in mny of the enzymti systems of plnts n lso it is involve in onstrution n estrution of proteins in plnts. On the other hn, zin hs the min role in elertion of pollen germintion n tue growth t the time of pollintion n pollen germintion n so it llows the fertiliztion n fruit set to inrese (Byori, 25). Mngnese is essentil miroelement in the proution of hlorophyll n lso Nitrogen metolism n queous retions of photosynthesis re ffete y mngnese. It plys essentil roles in reproutive tivities, pollintion, ell ivision in meristemti tissues, repir of vsulr tissues n metolism n trnsfer of rohyrtes (Movhei ehnoy et l., 29). In soils with sny texture, mngnese is wshe y rinfll or irrigtion n eomes unville for plnts. Also t phs ove eight n in lkline soils, oron sorption is gretly reue ue to the intertion etween lium n oron (Swietlike n fust, 1984). Toy, it is lso known tht plnts n use mino is s the nitrogen soure (Molei et l., 213). Kmi et l., (215) reporte tht folir sprying of mino is inrese the quntittive n qulittive hrteristis of pisthio. Usully the numer of fruit inreses with nitrogen supply, if other ftors re not limiting. Insuffiient nitrogen supply limits the flowering n inreses the teneny to lternte ering. Fruit set inreses with inresing nitrogen ontent in flower us. Aeptne perio of ovule for fertiliztion eomes short, when flower us re wek. With repiring the wekness of flowering y inresing the nitrogen supply fter rop hrvest n efore poporn (lloon) stge, the ovule longevity n e inrese (Kelin, 1984). One of the most importnt prolems of lmon ultivrs is reue fruit set fter the loom en tht gretly reues the yiel. Thus, it seems tht the pplition of the nnohelte super plus ZFM whih ontins miro-elements with mino is s nitrogen soure n with sori i s strong ntioxint woul e very effetive n woul signifintly inrese the fruit set n yiel. On the other hn, the nno-helte super plus ZFM is fertilizer tht is proue y nnotehnology n hs exellent properties suh s higher sorption t lower onentrtions. If pplition of this fertilizer is effetive, it woul e eonomilly fforle. Given the importne of lmon export n suffiient nutrition of lmon trees, the effet of this fertilizer on quntity n qulity of lmon in this stuy ws evlute. The ojetive of this stuy ws to investigte the effet of folir pplition of ZFM super plus fertilizer on inresing the fruit set n yiel in lmon. Mterils n Methos This experiment ws performe in the spring of 215 in lmon orhrs lote in Srqshk villge of Ror ity in Kermn provine. Geogrphil n limte hrteristis of orhr n hemil nlysis of its soil re shown in Tles 1, 2 n 3. 1

3 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 Tle 1. Geogrphi n limti hrteristis of Sffron Reserh Frm of Shhe University Longitue Ltitue Altitue(m) Mximum temperture ( C) Minimum temperture( C ) Climte Rinfll(mm/yer) Semi-ri 25 Tle 2. Chemil nlysis of lmon orhr Soil in Srqshk villge Texture soil ph Soium sorption rtio(sar) Asorle potssium (ppm) Asorle phosphor (ppm) Totl nitrogen N% Sturtion perentge (%) Eletril onutivity (s.m) Depth (m) Sny- ly Tle 3. Chemil nlysis of some mro n miro elements of lmon orhr Soil in Srqshk villge Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Cu (ppm) Mn (ppm) B (ppm) S (ppm) Mg (ppm) The experiment ws rrie out in s ftoril se on rnomize omplete lok esign with three replitions. A ftor involve ifferent lmon ultivrs (Shokufeh, Mongh n Shn). It is essentil to stte tht there were severl ultivrs of lmon with ifferent flowering time for pollintion in this orhr. B ftor involve time of pplition of the nno-helte super plus ZFM in four tretments T1: u swelling phse, T2: two weeks fter full loom n T3: Applition in two stges, u swelling phse (T1) n two weeks fter full loom (T2) n lso T4: ontrol (sprying with Distille wter). There were 12 tretments with 3 replitions in this experiment n two trees in eh plot (totlly 72 trees) were ompre. This fertilizer is powerful omintion of miro elements, prtiulrly iron (8%), zin (6%) n mngnese (4%). In ition, it ontins other elements suh s mgnesium, opper, oron, molyenum, lium (2%), mino is (hyroxyproline, sprti i, threonine, serine, proline, Glutmi i, glyine, lnine, rginine, methionine, isoleuine, leuine, tyrosine, phenyllnine, lysine, histiine, vline, Cysteine, sprgine n tryptophne) (1%) n sori i (.3 %).This nno fertilizer ws purhse from Nno-reserh Biozr Compny. Sprye trees were of lmost equl size (uniform) from one row n nno ZFM hlte in onentrtion of 2 g/l (2 ppm) sprye on shoots. In orer to etet the fruit set perentge, four rnhes with lmost equl us in ifferent geogrphil sies of eh tree were selete n mrke. At first, ll flower us on eh of the selete rnhes were ounte. Then, the perentge of initil fruit set, finl fruit set n hrvest fruit set were mesure with ounting fruits in 15, 42, 126 ys fter full loom respetively (Tlhi et l., 21 n Byori n Tthi (29): The fruit sission perentge ws estimte sutrting the initil fruit set from hrvest fruit set perentge. Conentrtion of Cu, Fe, Mn n Zn in lmon leves ws mesure y the Inutively Couple Plsm system (Jons et l., 1991). Then fter hrvest, fresh weight of fruits (with green hull efore rying n ry weight of nuts (without green hull fter rying in sun for three ys), fruit size (length n with n thikness) n yiel were lulte on eh mrke rnhes. Yiel ftor ws mentione in the results s ry weight of nuts per eh rnh. Finlly, ollete t were nlyze using SAS softwre, for omprison of mens Dunn test t 5% level ws use n the igrms were rwn with EX- CEL softwre. Results Anlysis of vrines showe tht the intertion etween ultivr n stge of fertilizer sprying ws signifint t 1% level for initil n finl fruit set, fresh 11

4 T1 & T2 T1 & T2 T1 & T2 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 n ry weight of nut n yiel of rnh, n t 5% level for fruit with n length. However, in the se of fruit sission only simple effets of ultivr or time of folir sprying were signifint (Tle 4). Tle 4. Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) of the effet of folir tretment of nno-helte super plus ZFM on quntity n qulity trits in lmon ultivrs Men of squres (MS) S.OV. f Fruit sission )%) Initil Fruit set )%) Finl fruit set )%) Fruit fresh weight )gr) Fruit ry weight )gr) Fruit with (m) Fruit length (m) Yiel per rnh Zn of leves (ppm) Fe of leves (ppm) Cu of leves (ppm) Mn of leves (ppm) Replition ** 56.4 ** 6.66 ** 5.33 **.11 ns.43 *.23 * 3.9 ns 5.67 ** 1.5 ns.18 ns 2.1 ** Cultivr () ** ** ** 8.32 **.98 **.769 **.543 ** **.795 ** 46 ** 5.57 ** 36 ** Time of pplition () ** ** 11.7 ** 3.25 **.376 **.284 **.123 ** ** ** ** 95.4 ** 5.4 ** ns 6.92 **.981 **.68 **.78 **.52 *.41 * ** ** 191 ** 3.2 * 15 ** Error Coeffiient of vrition *, ** represents effets signifint t proility levels of.5 n.1 respetively; ns mens non-signifint (P<.5). Intertion effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivrs on miroelements ontent in lmon leves The intertion etween ultivrs n the stge of fertilizer sprying on onentrtion of miroelements in lmon leves showe tht in ll of the ultivrs, the ontrol with no fertilizer h the lowest ontent of miro elements ut with ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition espeilly t two stges, miroelements ontent in leves remrkly inrese. Also the highest onentrtion of ll miroelements is oserve in Shokufe ultivr in two stges of pplition (Tle 5). Tle 5. Intertion of stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on onentrtion of miroelements in lmon leves. T1: u swelling phse, T2: two weeks fter loom en Shokufeh Monghh Shn Tretments Miroelements(ppm) Control T1 T2 Control T1 T2 Control T1 T2 Zn Fe 75 e Mn 2.3 e e Cu 4 e e e Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Effet of ultivrs on fruit sission of lmon The omprison of mens showe tht Shn ultivr h the lowest perentge of fruit rop n Shokufeh n Mongh ultivrs h no signifint ifferene in terms of fruit sission. The results showe tht the perentge of fruit sission in Shokufeh, Mongh 12

5 Friut sission (% ) Friut sission (%) Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 n Shn ultivrs ws 2%, 19% n 16% respetively (Fig. 1) Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivrs Fig.1. Effet of ultivr on fruit sission perentge.. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition on fruit sission of lmon The omprison of mens of the effet of fertilizer sprying on fruit sission perentge showe tht the highest perentge of fruit sission with verge of 8.5% ws oserve in ontrol with no fertilizer n the lowest perentge of fruit sission with verge of 21.5% ws oserve in fertilizer sprying t two stges nmely u swelling phse n two weeks fter loom en. The perentge of fruit sission in sprying t u swelling phse or two weeks fter loom en h no signifint ifferene n the fruit sission perentge of these tretments ws 18% n 19.1%, respetively (Fig. 2) ontrol T1 T2 T1 n T2 Time of pplition Fig.2. Effet of the time of ZFM pplition on fruit sission perentge. T1: u swelling phse, T2: two weeks fter loom en. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Intertion effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivrs on initil n finl fruit set perentge of lmon The intertion etween ultivrs n the stge of fertilizer sprying on initil n finl fruit set showe tht in Mongh n Shokufeh ultivrs, the ontrol with no fertilizer h the lowest perentge of initil n finl fruit set, ut in Shn ultivr there ws no signifint ifferene etween ontrol n sprying efore u swelling phse or two weeks fter loom en. Fertilizer pplition t two stges in ll teste ultivrs showe the highest perentge of initil n finl fruit set. The 13

6 Finl friut set (%) Initil friut set (%) Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 highest perentge of initil n finl fruit set ws 49% n 23%, respetively, in Shokufeh ultivr n fertilizer sprying t two stges (Figs. 3 n 4) e e ontrol efore flowering fter flowering 1 efore n fter flowering Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivr Fig. 3. Intertion of stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on initil fruit set perentge Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test e e ontrol efore flowering fter flowering 5 efore n fter flowering Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivr Fig. 4.Intertion of stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on finl fruit set perentge Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Intertion effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivrs on fresh weight of fruits in lmon The intertion etween ultivr n stge of fertilizer sprying on fresh weight of fruit showe tht it ws ifferent in ifferent ultivrs. The highest fresh weight of fruit ws oserve in Shn ultivr n fertilizer sprying t two stges n it ws out 9.2 g. The lowest fresh weight of fruit ws oserve in Shn ultivr n the ontrol with no fertilizer n it ws out 5.8 g (Fig. 5). 14

7 Dry weight (g) Fresh weight (g) Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, Shokufeh Mongh Shn Time of plition ontrol efore flowering fter flowering efore n fter flowering Fig. 5. Intertion of the stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on fresh weight of fruit Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Intertion effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivr on ry weight of fruits in lmon The intertion etween ultivr n the stge of fertilizer sprying on ry weight of fruit showe tht it ws ifferent in ifferent ultivrs. The highest ry weight of fruit ws oserve in Shn ultivr n fertilizer sprying t two stges n it ws out 3.2 g. The lowest ry weight of fruit ws oserve in ontrol with no fertilizer n it ws out 2 g (Fig. 6) ontrol 1.5 efore flowering 1.5 fter flowering efore n fter flowering Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivrs Fig. 6. Intertion of the stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on ry weight of fruit. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Effet of intertion the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivrs on length n with of fruit in lmon The intertion etween ultivr n the stge of fertilizer sprying on length n with of fruit showe tht in ll teste ultivrs the fertilizer pplition t two stges use the highest fruit with n length n ontrol showe the lowest. The highest fruit with n length were oserve in Shn ultivr n fertilizer sprying t two stges n they were out 2.6 m n 3.8 m respetively. The lowest fruit with n length were oserve in ontrol n they were out 1.5 m n 2.5 m respetively (Figs. 7 n 8). 15

8 With of friut (m) Length of friut (m) Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 ISSN: X ontrol efore flowering 2 fter flowering efore n fter flowering.5 Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivr Fig. 7. Intertion of the stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on fruit length. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test ontrol efore flowering fter flowering 1 efore n fter flowering.5 Shokufeh Mongh Shn Almon ultivr Fig. 8. Intertion of the stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on fruit with. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Intertion effet of the time of ZFM super plus fertilizer pplition n ultivrs on Yiel per shoot in ifferent lmon ultivrs The intertion etween ultivr n the stge of fertilizer sprying on the yiel of rnh showe tht the highest yiel of rnh ws oserve in Shokufeh ultivr n fertilizer sprying t two stges n it ws out 35 g. The lowest yiel of rnh ws oserve in ontrol of ll ultivrs n it ws out 12 g (Fig. 9). 16

9 Yiel per shoot (g) Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 ISSN: X ontrol efore flowering fter flowering efore n fter flowering 5 Shokufeh Kghzi Shn Almon ultivr Disussion Fig. 9. Intertion of the stge of fertilizer pplition n ultivr on yiel per shoot. Columns with ommon letters re not signifintly ifferent oring to Dunn s test. Lef re is n importnt ftor in the sorption of trete mteril from the nutrient solution tht is sprye. The nutrients sor from utile or stomt on the lef surfe. When the stomt re lose, nutrient solutions re sore through wter pores n the utile. Hene, the stomt re importnt n they n sor queous solutions (Byori n Mlkuti, 25). If miroelements re use s fertilizer in the soil, they will on with soil prtiles n will not e sore esily y plnt roots. Despite of the suffiient onentrtion of these elements in the soil, sorption y plnt roots ereses n it will use reution of root growth n reution of the prout n its qulity. Thus, folir sprying is n effiient wy for nutrition. In this reserh, fertilizer sprying of Nno-helte Super Plus ZFM on lmon trees plye n importnt role in improving the yiel n inresing the genertive growth n fruit proution. This test showe tht this fertilizer is sore y leves suffiiently n the onentrtion of teste miroelements inrese in leves ompre to ontrol. Applition of this nno fertilizer reues fruit sission n inreses fruit set. Due to low onentrtion of nutrients espeilly Fe, Cu n Mn in soil n the importnt role of them in plnt nutrition, this result ws expete. The reserh on fruit trees hve shown tht the nitrogen, oron n zin hve the gretest effet on fruit set. These elements re neessry for some plnt phenologil stges suh s fruit set stge (Morshei, 21). At the eginning of growing seson, low tempertures of environment, reue nutrient uptke y root. On the other hn, store nutrients from the previous yer for the proess of flowering n fertility re not enough (Swietlike n Fust, 1984). In this stuy, sprying zin, iron n mngnese, s well s mino is ompenste this efiit n flowering n fruit set inrese. It n e ue to n inrese in vegettive growth n lef re use y miroelements sorption espeilly zin, iron n mngnese s well s mino is present in this fertilizer, whih les to n inrese in photosynthesis n more proution of ssimiltes tht reue fruit sission. It orrespons with the results of Bee (1991) who showe tht zin sulfte sprying in lte ormnt stge of pisthio trees improves the zin ontent of leves. Amino is inrese nitrogen mro element in leves of plnts n help them to grow. Nitrogen hs struturl role in hlorophyll, n nitrogen efiieny in plnts suh s lmons uses hlorophyll estrution, reution of growth n hlorosis of leves (Jones et l., 25). In terms of the fruit set inrese y fertilizer sprying, it n e stte tht uring flowering, nitrogen of leves is trnsferre to growing infloresenes n the ompetition etween ifferent onsumer's hnges (leves, flowers n infloresenes) tht les to n inrese in fruit set (Cimto n Fiorino, 1989, Cimto et l., 1994). Despite of suffiient mount of zin in soil, the onentrtion of it in leves ws low, showing tht high ph 17

10 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 of soil inhiite the sorption of zin y root whih is one of the most importnt miro elements n is neessry for formtion of fruits with esire size. Zin is involve in enzymti tivity, synthesis of nulei is n proteins n ll these ftors hve signifint impt on growth of flowers n on fruit set. It is lso involve in roni nhyrse enzyme whih is neee for hlorophyll iosynthesis in ll photosyntheti tissues. It lso plys role in the synthesis of tryptophn whih is preursor of uxin synthesis (Cstro n Sotomyor, 1997). Mngnese is neee for the tivity of some enzymes involve in photosynthesis n protein synthesis (Fernnes et l, 1999). Iron lso influenes on the proution of hlorophyll n rohyrtes in plnt. Thus in iron n mngnese efiieny, yiel n fruit size re severely reue (Jones et l, 25). On the other hn, the use of mino is in omine with three miroelement (zin, iron n mngnese) n use erese stomtl resistne n inrese stomtl onutivity tht supplies suffiient ron ioxie for photosynthesis. The results of this experiment showe tht the use of this type of fertilizer signifintly inrese the weight of lmon fruits, n this inrese is ssoite with positive effet of nutritionl elements sore y leves on growth n yiel. The proess involves the inrese proution of ssimiltes in the leves n inrese trnsport n storge of them in fruits. Zin efiieny in peh trees uses the proution of smll n eforme fruits with low qulity. It hs een shown tht the pplition of zin on mngo trees inreses the fruit weight n see weight (Bhur et l., 1998). Fertilizer sprying of ornge trees with zin in April n My inreses fruit size, solule solis ontent n wter ontent of fruits (Dixi n Gmgin, 1978). Meyer et l (1997) reporte tht folir feeing of lmon trees ultivr utte with ifferent mounts of nitrogen, phosphorus n potssium in the swelling stge of flower us i not use ny signifint inrese in yiel. But there re mny stuies out the effets of folir pplition of nutrients, espeilly miro nutrients in enhning the qulity of flowering n fruit set perentge of fruit trees (Theri et l., 2, Brtt et l., 1992, Cimto n Fiorino, 1989, shrests et l 1987). In nother reserh, Agnes et l (1997) reporte tht folir pplition of oron on lmon trees in erly utumn inrese the fruit set. There is vitmin C in these fertilizers, whih is n ntioxint ftor n it n erese the effets of environmentl stresses, resulting in inrese fruit set n erese fruit sission. There re similr results out the use of vitmin C in ontrolling the environmentl stresses in pisthio (Molmohmi et l., 1393, Bstm et l., 213, Kmi et l., 215). In this stuy, signifint inrese ws oserve in the yiel per rnh, espeilly in fertilizer pplition in two stges. It is reporte tht nitrogen supply n inrese ovule eptne perio (Zkinthions n Rousks, 1995). Amino is present in this fertilizer n e goo soure of nitrogen. Meyer et l. (1997) lso reporte tht folir pplition of nutrients in spring in swelle u stge signifintly inrese the yiel. Conlusions Given tht the mount of miroelements in most of the lmon orhrs in Kermn provine is t level lower thn intermeite level n euse the yiel n qulity of this rop hs fllen shrply in the reent yers, this stuy ws performe. The results of this stuy showe tht there is reltionship etween onsumption of these elements n inrese in fruit set. Thus, Nnohelte super plus ZFM is goo metho to remove nutrient efiienies to inrese quntity n qulity of lmon yiel in the ner future. Also the results showe tht the pplition of this fertilizer t two stges is muh more effetive thn its pplition t one stge. Aknowlegments Speil thnks to Mr. Mohmm Amin Ghsm for nlyzing the t of this reserh. Referenes Agnes MSN, Brown PH, freemn M (1997) Fll folir pplie oron inreses tissue oron onentr- 18

11 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 tion n nut set of lmon. Journl of Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene. 12, Bhur L, Mlhi C, Singh Z (1998) Effet of folir n soil pplitions of zin sulphte on zin uptke, tree size, yiel n fruit qulity of mngo. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 21(3), Brtt B, Croso T, Inlese P (1992) The influene of onentrtion Ure s thinning gent in olive. Journl of Hortiulturl Siene. 67(2), Bstm N, Bnins B, Ghoi C (213) Intertive effets of sori i n slinity stress on the growth n photosyntheti pity of pisthio (Pisti ver L.). Seelings. 88, Byori A, Tthi J (29) Effet of folir sprying of surose n ure on lmon fruit set. Journl of Reserh n Development. 79, [In Persin]. Byori A, Mlekuti Mg (25) Effet of folir sprying of N, B n Zn on lmon fruit set. Journl of Reserh n Development. 68, [In Persin]. Bee RH (1991) Folir oron n zin nutrition stuies in pisthio. Annul Report Pisthio Inustry Cstro J, Sotomyor C (1997) The influene of oron n zin sprys t loom time on lmon fruit set. At Hortiulture. 47, Cimto A, Sni G, Mrzi L, Mrrni M (1994) effet of folir fertiliztion with ure Olive rop effiieny n qulity. Olive. 54, Cimto A, Fiorino P (1989) Climte phenology reltionship on olive v. Frntoio. At Hirtiulture. 289, Dixi CX, Gmgin R (1978) Effet of folir pplition of zin n iron hlorsis n yiel of Kin now. Pro Journl of Hortiulturl Siene. 1(1), Foo n Agriulture Orgniztion of the Unite Ntions (FAO) 28. Proution Yer ook. FAO-UN Rome, Itly. 43, 39. Fernnes L, Steven S, Mrtin GC (1999) Olive proution mnul. University of Cliforni. Dvis. Pp Gheri N, Vezvhi A, Tlhi AR, Blr M (24) Effet of Boron n Zin Folir Sprying s well s Conentrtions of These Elements on Some Lef n Fruit Chrteristis of Almon. Journl of Agriulture Siene. 34(1), Hossenifr SJ, Alipoor H (29) Dignosis n efiieny improvement of nutrients in pisthio. Finl report. Pulition of pisthio reserh institute of Irn. seon eition. 86 pp. [In Persin]. Jones JR, Wolf JB, Mills HA (1991) Plnt Anlysis Hnook: A Prtil Smpling Preprtion Anlysis n Interprettion Guie. Miro Mro Pulishing In. Athens, Georgi, USA. Jones Dvi L, Shnnon Dvi J, Thippy F, John F (25) Plnt pture of free mino is is mximize uner high soil mino i onentrtions. Soil Biology & Biohemistry. 37, Kmi F, Heiri M, Zmni E (215) Evlution the Effets of Folir Tretments of Polymines n Some Orgni Ais on Quntittive n Qulittive Trits in Some Pisthio Cultivrs. Journl of Nuts. 6(2), Kelin I, Weinum SA (1984) Folir pplition of ure to olive. Trnslotion of ure nitrogen s influene y sink emn n nitrogen efiieny. Journl of Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene. 19, Meyer RD, Deng J, Estrom JP, Cutler S (1997) Effet of Folir nutrient (N, P, K n B) pplition on lmon yiel. At Hortiulture. 47, Molie H, Pnhi B, Tjipour A (213) The effet of folir pplition of some mino i ompouns on photosynthesis n yiel of two ommeril ultivrs in pisthio orhrs of Kermn provine in Irn. Interntionl Journl of Agriulture n Crop Sienes. 5(23),

12 Journl of Nuts 7(1):9-2, 216 Molmohmi A, Khezri M, Sfri VR, Tvsolin I (214) Evlution effet of lphtohoferol n sori i on some growth trits n yiel in pisthio. Mster thesis, Shhi Bhonr University, Fulty of Agriulture, Hortiulture Deprtment, Kermn, Irn. Pp. 2. [In Persin]. Morshei A (21) Effets of nitrogen, oron n zin spry on grpevine fruit set. Proeeings of the 7th Irnin Soil Siene Congress, Tehrn, Irn [In Persin]. Movheiehnoy M, Moressnevi AM, Soruszeh A, Jlli M (29) Chnges of proline, solule sugr n hlorophyll in Sfflower uner rout stress n folir sprying of Zn n Mn. Desort Journl. 9, Shrests GK, Thmpson MM, Righetti TL (1987) Folir pplie oron inreses fruit set in Brelon Hzelnut. Journl of Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene. 112(3), Shurki YD, Segley M (1996) Fruit Development of Pisti Ver (Anriee) in Reltion to Emryo Aortion n Anormlities t Mturity. Austrlin Journl of Botny. 44, Swietlike D, Fust M (1984) Folir nutrition of Fruit rops. Hortiulturl Reviews.6, Tlhi AR, Theri M, Mleuti MJ (21) The effet of folir pplition B, Zn n N on quntittive n qulittive hrteristis of olive fruit. Journl of Agriulturl Sienes Irn. 32(4), [In Persin]. Theri M (2) Effet of folir sprying of oron, zin n nitrogen on fruit set n quntity n qulity of olive fruit, mster thesis fulty of griulture, Tehrn university, Krj, Irn. [In Persin] Zkinthions G, Rousks D (1995) Shell ehisene improvement n weight inrese in "Aegin" pisthio nuts with rohyrte pplition. At Hortiulture. 419, Zreh A (28) Evllution worl mrket n export mrket of Irn lmon. Journl of Reserh n Development. 78, 1-1. [In Persin] 2