Milad Farrokhi, Gholamhossein Gharekhani, Shahzad Iranipour and Mehdi Hassanpour

Transcription

1 Journl of Entomology n Zoology Stuies 2017; 5(2): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JEZS 2017; 5(2): JEZS Reeive: Aepte: Mil Frrokhi Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Mrgheh, Mrgheh, Irn Gholmhossein Ghrekhni Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Mrgheh, Mrgheh, Irn Shhz Irnipour Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Triz, Triz, Irn Mehi Hssnpour Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Mohghegh Arili, Aril, Irn Corresponene Mil Frrokhi Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Mrgheh, Mrgheh, Irn Effet of ifferent rtifiil iets on some iologil trits of ult green lewing Chrysoperl rne (Neuropter: Chrysopie) uner lortory onitions Mil Frrokhi, Gholmhossein Ghrekhni, Shhz Irnipour n Mehi Hssnpour Astrt The present stuy ws ime to fin out the effet of ifferent iets on some iologil prmeters of the ult pretor, Chrysoperl rne n to introue n eonomi rtifiil iet for its mss-rering. The C. rne ws rere for four suessive genertions in lortory onitions on ker's yest, honey, n surose (YHS) (2: 1: 1). The effet of seven ifferent iets inluing VAYH, AK + HY, WMHY, WMH, YS + SC, YVYH, n YMH ws stuie on some iologil prmeters of the fifth genertion. All experiments were one uner 25 ± 1 0 C, 65±5% RH n 16:8 h (L:D) onitions. Dt were nlyze using ompletely rnomize esign (CRD) with 15 replites. Results revele tht the YVYH iet influene the iologil trits of the pretor more positively. The men of femle longevity, mle longevity, oviposition perio, post oviposition perio n feunity lulte 43.53, 34.86, 26.26, ys n (eggs), respetively. Keywors: Chrysoperl rne, iologil prmeters, rtifiil iets, ult green lewing 1. Introution The resistne of pests to pestiies n prtiulrly toxi effets of pestiies on the environment n non-trget orgnisms hs prove the nee for the use of other strtegies to ontrol pests inluing ioontrol gents [1]. Comptiility etween ioontrol gent n other strtegies to ontrol pests n the vntges of ommon ontrolling methos suh s hemil ontrol hs highlighte the importne n onsierle role of iologil methos in the integrte pest mngement (IPM) [2]. The ommon green lewing (Chrysoperl rne) is generlist pretor in most griulturl systems. This speies is onsiere s suitle ioontrol gent ue to its wie geogrphil istriution, omptiility with vrious griulturl eosystems, high ility to forging prey, resistne ginst pestiies, high pretion rte n esy mss rering uner lortory onitions [3]. Fining effetive nturl enemies to use in ioontrol progrms nees to reognize their esirle hrteristis n these hrteristis re speifie through lortory, greenhouse n fiel exmintions [4]. One of the importnt hrteristis of nturl enemies in iologil progrms is their reproutive ttriutes [5]. One of the importnt ftors for the improvement of nturl enemies is ults' iet. Therefore, mny rtifiil iets hve een evlute for the rering of ult lewings not only ue to their ost effetiveness n esy preprtion ut lso their positive effets on the iologil prmeters of lewings ginst their nturl iets [6]. The effets of ifferent iet on iologil prmeters of this pretor hve een stuie y ifferent reserhers. Femle ults of green lewings require to free mino is to hieve the mximum feunity [7]. Pretors usully otin their foo requirements y the environment from the pollen n extrts of flowers [8, 9]. Finney [10] reporte tht when ommon green lewing fe only on honey, eggs li per femle n oviposition perio ws reue. Therefore, pretors were fe with Citrus melyug honeyew. Other reserhers use semi-rtifiil n rtifiil iet to fee ommon green lewing to inrese the feunity of femle ults n reue the osts of mss rering of this pretor [11, 12]. Rousset [13] reporte improve feunity y ing enzyme hyrolyze protein of yest to the iet of femle ults. MEwen n Ki [11] stuie the effet of vrious omponents of the onventionl rtifiil iet (sugr, yest, n istille wter) on feunity ~ 1479 ~

2 Journl of Entomology n Zoology Stuies n longevity of ults. Aoring to their results, the longevity of the ults fe only sugr solution ws more signifint to other foo tretments. The presene of yest in ults' iet is neessry for egg proution, ut when only the yest ws use in their foo tretment, ults proue few eggs. The use of iet with yest n sugr is reommene to proue more eggs. Milevoj [14] rere C. rne ults y n rtifiil iet ontining milk, egg, fruit extrt n ker's yest n reporte tht the mentione regime h fvorle effets on the feunity of femle ults. Rieiro n Freits [5] hieve suess in the mss rering of Chrysoperl extern (Hgen) y foo regime ontining honey, yest, n pollen. Ane n Gutm [15] exmine the effet of ifferent mixture of honey, pollen, n yest on the feunity of ommon green lewing n showe tht the iet improve the oviposition perio in femles. Ulhq et l. [16] exmine the effet of severl iets on the iologil hrteristis of green lewing C. rne n showe tht regime ontining egg yolks, milk n honey h the highest effet on inresing longevity n reproutive ttriutes n eresing lrvl n pupl perio ompre with other regimes. Usmn et l. [17] exmine six iets ontining the ifferent mixture of honey, milk, sugr, egg yolk, egg whites n sein on feunity n longevity of C. rne. Finlly, the iet ontining egg yolk, milk, n 25% honey solution showe signifintly etter results thn the others. Fez et l. [18] exmine the effet of ifferent iets on longevity n feunity of C. rne ults n onlue tht foo ontining yest n surose h greter effet on feunity n longevity ompre with flower netr n wter. Nwz et l. [19] use vitmin E s supplement in the iet of ult green lewing C. rne n inrese their longevity n feunity. They reporte tht foo supplements inrese oviposition perio. Suitle foo regimes t lower ost n e useful for utiliztion of this ioontrol gent to ontrol ifferent pests n fining of the present stuy will improve mss rering of C. rne in IPM progrms. Therefore the present stuy ws onute to evlute the effet of ifferent rtifiil iets on some iologil trits of ult green lewing Chrysoperl rne (Neuropter: Chrysopie) uner lortory onitions. 2. Mteril n Methos 2.1 Sitotrog erelell ulture Brley grins were isinfete y Phostoxin gssing tlets (ontin luminum phosphie, whih rets with norml tmospheri moisture to lierte phosphine (hyrogen phosphie) gs) n then ws poure into the ontiners (size = m) n ws sterilize with oiling wter for 3 minutes n then ir rying until their wste re ompletely eliminte. In orer to eliminte the store grin mites n other potentil store pests, the grins of rley were kept 24 hours in the oven t the temperture of C. Freshly li eggs of S. erelell (1-1.5 gr) were e to the per kilogrm of rley. After mixing n ing the eggs of grin moth to the rering ontiners, rely ontiners were kept in growth hmer of Plnt Protetion Deprtment of Mrgheh University (25 ± 1 C, 65± 5% RH n 16:8 h (L: D)). The emerging young lrve of S. erelell were fe on grins n ults were ollete fter 30 ys y spirtor in ontiners with fine polyester mesh (mesh size = 50). The freshly ollete eggs were use for the experiments n the eggs were frozen for 24 hours t -4 C in freezer n hve een use s prey for ommon green lewing lrve. 2.2 Rering of ommon green lewing Hunre ommon green lewing eggs hve een ollete from the frms of Mrgheh University n trnsferre to the insetrium of Plnt Protetion Deprtment of Mrgheh University. In orer to homogenize the popultion of this pretor physiologilly, ollete pretors were rere uner lortory onition for four onseutive genertions. To enhne the geneti se of the stok ulture, the min ulture of lortory popultion ws mixe with the ferl popultion. To voi nnilism, rering of pretor lrve ws one seprtely insie the Mkkrti ottles (size = volume 35 ) n ults insets were kept in Polyvinyl hlorie (PVC) plsti yliner type rering ontiners (20*16 m) whih its inner surfe ws overe with lue ror n it s oth ens were overe with fine polyester mesh (mesh size=50). Aults in the pre-oviposition, oviposition n post-oviposition perios were fe using n rtifiil iet onsisting yest + honey + istille wter (2:1:1). The mentione iet ws put on the lue riogrphy tpes (5 12 m) to feeing ult insets. Distille wter ws provie using pies of sturte sponges in the upper surfe of rering ontiners. Rering ontiners of green lewing were ple insie of growth hmer (25 ± 1 0 C, 65± 5% RH n 16:8 (L:D)) n were monitore ily [18, 11]. 2.3 Tretments Regimes use in this stuy were s follows: Stnr iet (ontrol): Mixture of 2: 1: 1 yest, honey, surose (YHS) 1) Mixture of 1: 1: 1: 1 solution of vitmins, mino is, yest, honey (VAYH) 2) Mixture of 1: 1: 1 extrts of A. kuehniell (Zeller) eggs, honey, yest (AK + HY) 3) Mixture of 1: 1: 1: 1 egg whites (lumen), milk, honey, yest (WMHY) 4) Mixture of 1: 1: 1 egg whites, milk, honey (WMH) 5) Mixture of 1: 1: 1 egg yolk, surose, extrt of S. erelell (YS + SC) 6) Mixture of 1: 1: 1: 1 egg yolk, solule vitmins, yest, honey (YVYH) 7) Mixture of 1: 1: 1 egg yolk, milk, honey (YMH) For extrtion of eggs (grin moth n Meiterrnen flour moth), 0.01 gm of the mentione eggs hve een use per 1 ml of istille wter. The eggs were homogenize y utilizing homogenizer (11,000 rpm) for 3 minutes. The resulting mixtures were kept in fixe position for one hour. Otine superntnt solutions were isolte using smpler n were use s egg extrt in experiments. 2.4 Dt Anlysis After rering four suessive genertions in lortory onitions, ults of the fifth genertion were rere oring to Ghrekhni et l. [20] in plsti ups (5 10 m) overe with 50 mesh on mentione tretments (seven iets). Feeing effet of this tretment on some iologil prmeters of ult insets suh s femle longevity, mle longevity, pre-oviposition perio, oviposition perio, postoviposition perio, feunity, fertility, sex rtio n perentge of egg hthility were evlute. All experiments were onute in 15 replites in growth hmer (25 ± 1 0 C, 65± 5% RH n photoperio 16:8 h (L: D)). Mens were ompre using LSD test (P <0.01) using the men proeure in SAS softwre [21]. ~ 1480 ~

3 Journl of Entomology n Zoology Stuies 3. Results n Disussion 3.1 Green lewing longevity The mens of ult longevity (Men±SE) re presente in Tle 1. The results of the t nlysis showe tht effet of foo regimes on the longevity of mles n femles showe the signifint ifferene for vrious prmeters reore (P <0.01). The verge of femle longevity in YHS, VAYH, AK + HY, WMHY, WMH, YS + SC, YVYH, n YMH were 40.86, 36.80, 36.20, 40.13, 38.60, 39.40, n (ys) (F=11/81, f=7, P<0/0001), n the mens of mle longevity were 30.46, 27.13, 29.26, 29.53, 28.86, 28.46, 34.86, n (ys) respetively (F=18/76, f=7, P<0/0001). The men omprison showe tht mles n femles fe y the YVYH iet h signifintly more longevity (Fig 1 n 2). The results of the present reserh on the effet of egg yolk on the longevity of the ult green lewing hve prtil greements with those of Ulhq et l. [16]. Fig 3: Comprison of verge feunity of C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. 3.3 Fertility The verge numer of fertility per femle ws otine in YHS, YAYH, AK+HY, WMHY, WMH, YS+SC, YVYH, n YMH were , 65.33, , , , , , n (eggs) respetively (F=57/15, f=7, P<0/0001). The verge rte of fertility per femle in mentione tretments h the signifint ifferene from eh other (Fig. 4). The highest rte of fertility ws oserve in the femle ults fe y YVYH iet. The results of this stuy on the effet of yest on fertility of femle ults were similr to the results of Nwz et l. [19] n MEven n Ki [11]. Fig 1: Comprison of verge longevity of C. rne femle ue to feeing on ifferent iets. Fig 4: Comprison of verge fertility of C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. Fig 2: Comprison of verge longevity of C. rne mle ue to feeing on ifferent iets. 3.2 Feunity The verge rte of eggs li per femle ws oserve in YHS, VAYH, AK + HY, WMHY, WMH, YS + SC, YVYH, n YMH were , , , , , , , n (eggs) respetively (F=39/86, f=7, P<0/0001). The verge numers of eggs li per femle (men feunity) in the tretments were signifintly ifferent from eh other (Fig. 3). The mximum verge of feunity rte ws oserve in the ult femles fe on YVYH iet. The results of present stuy on the effet of yest n honey on feunity of mle n femle ults were onsistent with results of Ulhq et l. [16], Tesfye n Gutm [22] n Nwz et l. [19]. 3.4 Perentge of egg hthility The effet of foo iets on egg hthility of femle ults showe signifint ifferenes on foo tretments (Fig. 5) (F=136/09, f=7, P<0/0001). The highest perentge of egg hthility ws oserve in YVYH foo tretment (86.33%) tht ws signifint to other tretments (omprison of 99% CI). Fig 5: Comprison of verge perent hthility of eggs li y C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. ~ 1481 ~

4 Journl of Entomology n Zoology Stuies 3.5 Pre-oviposition perio, oviposition perio n postoviposition perio The results inite tht the effet of iets on preoviposition, oviposition n post-oviposition perios were signifintly ifferent t the proility level of 1% (P <0.01) (Fig. 6). The verge of pre-oviposition perio in YHS, YAYH, AK+HY, WMHY, WHM, YS+SC, YVYH, n YMH were 8.53, 13.20, 10.73, 10.33, 13.26, 9.93, 6.80, n (ys) respetively (F=23/00, f=7, P<0/0001). The minimum pre-oviposition perio (6.80 ys) ws reore for femles fe on YVYH iet tht ws signifint to other tretments (p<0.01). The highest verge of oviposition perio in the femle ults fe on YVYH iet ws (26.26 ys) tht ws signifintly ifferent to other tretments t the proility level of 1% (Fig. 7). The verge of oviposition perio in tretment suh s YHS, VAYH, AK+HY, WMHY, WHM, YC+SC, YVYH, n YMH were 24.46, 19.66, 19.80, 21.93, 21.53, 21.06, 26.26, n (ys) respetively (F=31/14, f=7, P<0/0001) (Tle 1). The verge of postoviposition perio in tretments suh s YHS, YAYH, AK+HY, WMHY, WMH, YS+SC, YVYH, n YMH were 7.86, 3.93, 5.66, 7.86, 3.80, 8.40, 10.46, n 8.66 (ys) respetively (F=23/49, f=7, P<0/0001). The femle ults fe on YVYH iet showe highest post-oviposition perio (10.46 ys) tht ws signifintly ifferent from other tretments t the proility level of 1% (omprison of 99% CI) (Fig. 8). The results of this stuy on the effet of vitmin solution, egg yolk, n yest on pre-oviposition perio, oviposition perio n post-oviposition perio were similr to the results of Nwz et l. [19], Usmn et l. [17] n Ulhq et l. [16]. Fig 6: Comprison of verge pre-oviposition perio of C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. Fig 7: Comprison of verge oviposition perio of C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. 3.6 Sex rtio When ults emerge, mle n femle pretors were segregte in the fifth genertion n the sex rtio hs een speifie in the mentione foo tretments (Tle 1). Femle n mle ults n e speifie through the size of oy n shpe of the omen. Femles hve oy with igger size thn mles n their omen is lrge n fusiform, ut mles hve smll n ylinril omen. Fig 8: Comprison of verge post-oviposition perio of C. rne ue to feeing on ifferent iets. ~ 1482 ~

5 Journl of Entomology n Zoology Stuies Tle 1: Effet of ifferent rtifiil iets on some iologil prmeters (Men±SE) of C. rne uner lortory onitions. Biologil prmeters Stnr iet YHS VAYH AK+HY WMHY WMH YS+ SC YVYH Feunity e e (eggs) 6.09± ± ± ± ± ± ± Fertility 4.70± ± ± (eggs) 4.39± ± ± ± Egg Hthility f e f 0.50±58.19 (%) 0.30± ± ± ± ± ±86.33 Pre-oviposition 1.32±13.20 (y) 0.19± ± ± ± ± ±6.80 Oviposition perio 1.36±19.66 (y) 0.23± ± ± ± ± ±26.26 Post-oviposition (y) 0.21± ± ± ± ± ± ±10.46 Femle longevity e e (y) 0.49± ± ± ± ±38, ±39, ±43,53 Mle longevity 0.44±27.13 (y) 0.29± ± ± ±28, ±28, ±34,86 Sex rtio (Femle: Mle) 1.1 : : : : : : : 1 Bse on LSD Test, mens followe y the sme letter in eh row re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t 1% (omprison of 99% CI). YMH 16.66± ± ± ±10, ± ± ±40, ±30, : 1 Rering onitions suh s temperture, reltive humiity, photoperio n qulity of iets re importnt ftors tht ffet the evelopmentl time, longevity n oviposition perio of ults [7, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19]. Artifiil iets high in protein (mino i), lipis, rohyrtes, minerl, n vitmins ffet oviposition perio of ult ommon green lewing n inrese their longevity n feunity. Rousset [13], Prinipi n Cnr [8] n Ulhq et l. [16] who reporte tht egg yolk in the foo tretment inrese the qulity of iet. They expline tht the egg yolk ontin holesterol, protein, n rohyrtes n h esirle effets on the iologil prmeters of C. rne. MEwen n Ki [11] stuie the effet of ifferent rtifiil iets on feunity n longevity of ult ommon green lewing; they revele tht ults only fe y sugr hve the highest longevity ompre to the insets fe y yest n sugr. However, yest is importnt for egg proution, ut results showe tht the eggs li per femle erese if only use yest lone in the rtifiil iets. Tesfye n Gutm [22] exmine the effet of ifferent iets suh s honey, stor pollen, n yest on longevity n feunity of ults C. rne. These reserhers showe tht foo iet ffets the oviposition perio n post-oviposition perio n feunity of this pretor, the pre-oviposition perio n longevity of ults were not ffete. Ault ommon green lewing in the nturl environment requires netr n pollen; therefore, y proviing their requirements in the griulturl eosystem, the popultion of this pretor n e estlishe n inrese in the environment [23]. For exmple, Croso n Lzzri [24] reporte tht for inresing the popultion of C. rne in the griulturl eosystems, rtifiil iets n e use in their hitts. They showe tht y sprying rtifiil iets in griulturl eosystems, ults of C. rne n mte n ly eggs n ontrol the pests etter. 4. Conlusion Aoring to present results, using mixture 1:1:1:1 of n rtifiil iet ontining egg yolk, vitmin solution, yest, n honey n inrese longevity n reproutive ttriutes of C. rne n this is proly ue to the higher mounts of protein (mino is), lipis, rohyrtes, minerls, vitmins n holesterol in this iet. It is expete tht mentione iet hs esirle effets on iologil prmeters n effiieny of this pretor for pest ontrol. 5. Referenes 1. Formn J, Silverstein J. Orgni foos: helth n environmentl vntges n isvntges. Peitris. 2012; 130(5): Sholler M, Prozell SA, AL-Kirish G, Reihmuth V. Towrs iologil ontrol s mjor omponent of integrte pest mngement in store protetion. Journl of Store Prouts Reserh. 1997, Nrnjo SE. Conservtion n evlution of nturl enemies in IPM systems for Bemisi ti. Crop Protetion. 2001; 20: Tulislo U. Biologil n integrte ontrol y Chrysopis: Mss reringtehniques, In: Cnr M, Semeri Y, New TR, eitors. Biology of Chrysopie. Dr. Junk, The Hgue, 1984; Rieiro LJ, Freits SD. Influene of foo on Chrysoperl extern (Hgen) reproutive potentil. Journl of Revist e Agriultur Piri. 2000; 75(2): MEwen PK, Ki NA, Biley E, Eleston L. Smll sle proution of the ommon green lewing, Chrysoperl rne Stephens: Minimizing osts n mximizing output. Journl of Applie Entomology, 1999; 5(123): Sminthn VR, Bskrn RK, Mhev NR. Biology n Pretory potentil of Green Lewing (Chrysoperl rne) (Neuropter: Chrysopie) on ifferent inset host. Inin Journl of Agriulture Siene. 1999; 69(7): Prinipi MM, Cnr M. Life histories n ehviour: Feeing hits. In: M. Cnr et l. (e.) Biology of Chrysopie. Chpter 4.2. Dr Junk, The Hgue, 1984; Zheng Y, Dne KM, Hgen KS, Mittler TE. Influene of lrvl foo onsumption on the feunity of the lewing Chrysoperl rne. Entomologi Experimentlis et Applit. 1993; 67: Finney GL. Mss ulturing of Chrysop liforni n ~ 1483 ~

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