The Effect of Incorporating Different Levels of Locally Produced Canola Seeds (Brassica napus, L.) In the Diet of Laying Hen

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 3 (7): , 2004 Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2004 The Effet of Inorporting Different Levels of Lolly Produed Cnol Seeds (Brssi npus, L.) In the Diet of Lying Hen 2 Huthil Nji * nd Sulimn A. Al-Khtee Deprtment of Animl Sienes, College of Agriulturl Sienes nd Food, King Fisl University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hofuf 3982, Kingdom of Sudi Ari 2 Deprtment of Crop Sienes, College of Agriulturl Sienes nd Food, King Fisl University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hofuf 3982, Kingdom of Sudi Ari E-mil: hnji@kfu.edu.s Astrt: Reserh in King Fisl University proved tht nol seeds n e suessfully plnted in Al- Hss re of Sudi Ari. The ojetives of this study were to determine the hemil nlysis nd metolizle energy of lolly produed full ft nol seeds (LPFFCS). Also to determine the possiility of using lolly produed nol seeds in the lyer diet. The hemil nlysis of the seeds showed tht it ontined 95.4% DM, 25.6% CP, 38.2% EE, 4% sh nd 6.8% CF. ME, lulted from the determined TME showed 428 Kl/kg vlue. Essentil nd non-essentil mino ids were lso determined s well s N, Cl, C, P, Cu. Zn nd Fe. It ws onluded tht with the exeption of protein level nol seeds re very muh similr to SBM in mny spets. Five levels of whole nol seeds; 0, 5, 0, 20 nd 30% were used in the diets of 00 white leghorn pullets t ge of 20 weeks. The results of this experiment showed tht inluding up to 0% whole nol in the lyer diet mde no hrm to the performne of these irds in terms of hen-dy egg prodution, egg mss, feed onversion nd egg weight. Feed intke inresed with inresing level of nol seeds in the diet. However most of these differenes were seson dependent. Hen-dy prodution, egg mss nd egg weight were very muh lower when irds fed 30% nol. The highest prodution rte ws found in the fll seson when irds fed 5 nd 0% nol seeds (90 nd 88%, respetively). No speifi trend ws oserved on the effet of nol on egg speifi grvity nd yolk index. However, hugh unit ws higher, yolk olor ws drker, weight gin ws lower in irds fed 30% nol seeds. It ws onluded tht inorporting up to 5% LPFFCS in the lyer diet might enefit the produer if eonomilly pried. Key words: Cnol seeds, lying hen, egg prodution Introdution Corn nd Soyen re onsidered the most vlule ingredients in Poultry rtions when energy nd protein re onerned. However, these grins re not grown in Sudi Ari due to the unfvorle wether onditions, therefore, they re imported from different ountries nd tht usully is sujeted to the lws of interntionl trde. The most effiient sustitute for these ingredients hs not een estlished yet nd the reson tht ny of the ingredients used s sustitute in tens of reserh studies ws either dly performed or eonomilly not fesile to use. Severl ingredients hve een tested suh s dte s sustitute for orn in the lyer rtion (Nji et l., 994) nd Sliorni s sustitute for SBM in the poultry diet (Glenn, 994; Al-Btshn et l., 200). Cnol is winter rop tht is widely grown round the world. There ws n inrese demnds for the oil of this rop whih neessitted the inrese in prodution espeilly in the industril ountries like US nd Cnd where soyen prodution is not suitle. However, ountries, known for their hrsh environment like Sudi Ari nd Egypt re lso le to plnt the nol. Cnol ws originlly derived from rpeseed vrieties, it s omponent hve een ltered through geneti seletion whih mrkedly redued it s detrimentl omponents, erui id nd the gluosinoltes to negligile level nd to less thn 20 µg/g, (Leeson nd Summers, 200). These levels re low enough to e of little or no hrm to poultry. Other toxins suh s tnnin, sinpine my lso use some prolems if present in high level suh in se of sinpine my use fishy odor in some rown egg irds (Leeson nd Summers, 200). This fishy flvor my e due to the trimethylmine tht resulted from the degrdtion of sinpine in the intestinl trt, the uthors further dded. Some of tody s rown lyers lk the ility to produe trimethylmine oxidse, n enzyme le to degrde the trimethylmine, whih resulted in depositing it into the egg. Full-Ft Cnol Seeds (FFCS) re not normlly used s feedstuff for poultry due minly to the priing of edile oil. However, with 40% ft nd 20% protein (Summers nd Leeson, 985) it ould e n lterntive soure of energy nd protein for poultry when it is eonomilly pried. Reserh in the re of its use s feedstuff hs een 490

2 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen Tle : The nutritionl omposition of the dietry tretments (0, 5, 0, 20 nd 30% Cnol seeds) Ingredients Yellow orn SBM, 44% Whet Brn Fish Mel, 72% Limestone MV Mix DL Methionine Dil Phosphte L-Lysine Choline Cl Slt Corn Oil Anti Oxidnt Cnol seeds Deh. Alflf Totl Clulted Composition Crude protein, % ME, kl/kg Clium, % Av. Phosphorus,% Rioflvin, mg/kg Niin, mg/kg Pntotheni Aid, mg/kg Choline, mg/kg Methionine, % Cystine, % Meth + Cyst, % Lysine, % Tryptophn, % Linolei Aid, % Vitmin nd Minerls mix provided the following per ton of the diet: Vit. A, 6,670,000 IU; Vit. D 3,,340,000 ICU; Vit. E, 5000 IU; Vit. K 3, 2,680mg; Vit. B 2, 3000mg; Vit. B 6, 2000mg; Vit. B 2, 0000mg; Niotinmide, 6,670mg; C d-pntothente, 5,340mg; Foli Aid, 334mg; Choline Chloride 200,000mg; Mngnese, 66,700mg; Zin, 26700mg; Iron, 33,400mg; Copper, 600mg; Colt, 34mg; Iodine, 234mg; Selenium, 54mg; Antioxidnt 2000mg ontroversil. Leslie nd Summers (972) reported derese in feed intke nd egg prodution with n inrese in dietry proportion of rw rpeseeds. Likewise Nwokolo nd Sim (989) reported depressed egg prodution in hens, fed rely-full-ft nol seeds (FFCS). Shen et l. (983) showed tht if the seeds were finely ground or if the seeds were stem pelleted in order to rpture the ot, good results with up to 20% whole nol seeds ould e expeted. This experiment ws onduted to determine the TME of the lolly grown Full-ft Cnol seeds nd their proximte nlysis nd lso to study the effet of inluding different levels of lolly grown Full-ft nol seeds in the diets of lyers. Mterils nd Methods Chemil nlysis: Smples of ground Cnol seeds were sujeted to proximte hemil nlysis ording to the method of Amerin Assoition of Cerel Chemists (AACC, 994). This method ws desried in Nji et l., True metolizle energy (TME) ws determined nd estimted ording to the method developed y Sild, 976. Detils of the proedure ws reported in Nji et l., Plnttion: Cnol seeds (Brssi npus, L.) were plnted suessfully in the lnds of King Fisl University Experimentl Sttion. This plnt ws proven to resist drought nd n e plnted in semi rid regions like Sudi Ari (Leel et l., 2002). Brssi Npus is one of three types of Cnol, however, this type onsidered the est sine it s level of erui id nd Gluosinoltes do not exeed 2% nd 30 miromole/gm of the mel, respetively). This type lled (00) nd hs 3 ultivrs, nmely; Btool, Al-Serw 4, nd Al-Serw 8. Btool ws the one used in this experiment. Plnttion proess lsted for 5 months. Cnol is sesonl plnt. 49

3 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen Tle 2: The Chemil nd Amino Aids nlysis of Cnol seeds Nutrients Cnol in Cnol in Referene Corn SBM this study other studies Moisture, % Nwokolo nd Sim, Crude Protein, % Leeson nd Summers, Ether Extrt, % Leeson nd Summers, Crude Fier, % Leeson nd Summers, Ash, % Nwokolo nd Sim, 989 NA NA ME, kl/kg Lee et l., Asprti Aid, %.78 NA Leeson nd Summers, 99 NA NA Serine, %. NA Leeson nd Summers, Glutmi Aid, % 5.24 NA Leeson nd Summers, 99 NA NA Glyine, %.26 NA Leeson nd Summers, Alnine, %.0 NA Leeson nd Summers, 99 NA NA Vline, %.9 NA Leeson nd Summers, Methionine, % Leeson nd Summers, Isoleuine,% Leeson nd Summers, Leuine, % Leeson nd Summers, Tyrosine, % Leeson nd Summers, Phenyllnine, % Leeson nd Summers, Histidine, % Leeson nd Summers, Lysine, % Leeson nd Summers, Arginine, %.3.30 Leeson nd Summers, Therionine, %..00 Leeson nd Summers, Slt s NCl, % Leeson nd Summers, Clium, % Leeson nd Summers, Av. Phosphorus, % Leeson nd Summers, Potssium, % Leeson nd Summers, Sodium, % Leeson nd Summers, Mgnesium, % Leeson nd Summers, Mngnese, mg/kg Leeson nd Summers, Copper, mg/kg Leeson nd Summers, Zin, mg/kg Leeson nd Summers, Iron, mg/kg * Leeson nd Summers, NRC, Ntionl Reserh Counil,994. ME ws lulted from the determined TME using the orretion ftor (.097) s reported in Sott et l., 982. Itli = non-essentil mino ids, old = essentil mino ids, * = mesured in %. NA, Not Aville Birds nd feeding: Three hundred white leghorn hiks rtion. The lulted omposition of the experimentl were otined from lol hthery. After the hik s diets is presented in Tle. The tretments were fed rrivl, they were weighed y groups nd fed to the irds-in-ges t rte of 5 ges (reps) per ommeril strter diets, ontining 9.8% rude protein tretment, eh ontining 4 irds. Lighting hours were nd 2850 Kl/Kg metolizle energy (ME). The mintined to 4 hours dily in the house. hiks were kept on the ommeril strter diet till Eggs were olleted dily however, lultion of henrehed the reeder s trget weight t week 9 when they dy egg prodution nd egg weight were mde on iwere swithed to the ommeril grower diets. During weekly sis. At the end of eh 28-dy period, three the first ten weeks, the hiks were vinted ginst dys of egg olletion were used for shell qulity the most previling diseses in the re nd deeked. determintion, hugh unit (lumin height) nd yolk Chiks were exposed to ontinuous lighting during the olor. Speifi grvity method ws used to mesure the first week of their life then deresed y one hour weekly shell qulity of the eggs. This method ws desried in till rehed 9 hours, t whih time it ws held onstnt. (North, 984). Eggs in-skets were onseutively On week 8, 00 pullets were moved to ges in immersed in nine slt solutions of different speifi house where ooling devie ws instlled. Strting week grvities rnging from.060 to.0 with n inrement of 2, the feeding tril ws ommened. Four tretment Eggs tht flot were given the designted speifi levels of whole Cnol seeds, 5, 0, 20 nd 30% nd grvity vlue of tht uket. The higher the speifi grvity ontrol (0% nol) repled prt of the grins in the vlues the etter the shell qulity. Feed ws given d- 492

4 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen liitum dily. Feed left ws weighed t the end of eh ws omprle to tht of the SBM (Leeson nd week to determine feed intke. The feeding tril Summers, 99 nd NRC, 994). Clium nd ontinued for 24 weeks Phosphorus levels were higher in the nol ompred to tht of the SBM nd Corn (NRC, 994). Sttistil nlysis: Summrized dt for ll response vriles were sujeted to omined nlysis in Lyer experiment: The results of the lyer experiment Completely Rndomized Design (CRD) where Level of were presented in Tle 3 nd 4. The durtion of this nol (TRT) ws onsidered the min effet on trits study ontinued for two sesons, fll nd summers, while seson of the yer (P) ws the seondry effet. therefore, seson of the yer ws onsidered s Replition within period P(R) ws the first error term ftor, whih might intert with the nol level to ffet rrying 8 degrees of freedom (Steel nd Torrie, 984). performne. The mthemtil model of this rrngement is Effet of dietry tretments on feed onsumption nd presented in the next prgrph. Generl Liner Models onversion ws signifint (P<0.05). This effet ws proedure in the PC-SAS (SAS Institute, 988) ws interted y seson of the yer on this trit (highly used to estimte the vritions mong the mens. signifint intertion in se of feed onversion nd Vrile mens showing signifint differenes in the signifint t 0% in se of feed onsumption. nlysis of vrine tle were ompred using the Sine feed onsumption ws not signifintly (P>0.05) Dunn Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) (Steel nd Torrie, ffeted y the intertion with seson, therefore 984). signifint independent effet of the tretment ws The mthemtil model used to estimte the effet of demonstrted y the higher onsumption of the irds fed tretment levels nd period of the yer on trits ws s higher levels of nol seeds in the diet (Tle 3). follows: However the differenes were not signifint (P>0.05) + + P + P(R) + e Y ijk = J T i j jk +T*P i j ijk etween the ontrol nd, 5 nd 0% nol seeds. Where: Higher levels of the seeds my impose pltility Yijk is the effet of i th tretment nd j th period on kth prolem. Leslie nd Summers (972) nd Summers et pen l. (982) nd Clement nd Renner (977) reported J is the overll men lower feed onsumption when 5-7% nol seeds Ti is the effet of tretment, i =...5 were used in the lyer diet. This lower onsumption P is the effet of period, j =...2 ould e due to the lower mount of fine feed in the j P(R) jk is the rndom effet of period within replition, rtion (Leeson et l., 987) explined. To the ontrry, onsidered to e error I Shen et l. (983) used up to 20% of full-ft nol nd T*P i j is the effet of intertion etween tretments found it to e eptle. In the sme line, Summers et nd periods l. (982) oserved inresed onsumption in irds fed e is the error II inresed nol seeds. ijk Results nd Disussion Chemil nlysis: The hemil nlysis of the nol used in this study ws presented in Tle 2. It is ovious from the tle tht the dry mtter ontent of the nol used in this study ws higher thn the ones reported in other studies nd tht hs ontriuted to the higher protein, fier nd sh ontent of the nol. Ft ontent, on the other hnd, ws lower whih resulted in lower metolizle energy s ompred with the study of Lee et l. (995). Nevertheless, the energy ontent of the nol ws muh higher thn tht of the orn or SBM (NRC, 994). On the other hnd, the protein level of the nol ws muh higher thn tht of the orn nd muh lower thn tht of the SBM (Leeson nd Summers, 99). Most of the mino ids level of this nol ws in lose proximity to those reported y others (Leeson nd Summers, 99). However, lysine, the seond most limiting mino id ws oneivly higher thn other studies. This indeed would ompenste the lower lysine ontent of orn. Methionine, the first limiting mino id, Regrdless of tretments, feed intke in this study ws highly (P<0.0) ffeted y seson of the yer (Tle 3). This phenomenon is known for some time. Sott et l. (982) reported higher onsumption in the winter opposing summer time. Tnor et l. (984) reported lower onsumption of individul irds with het stress. Feed onversion, egg weight, egg prodution nd egg mss were signifintly (P<0.05) ffeted y (seson X diet) intertion (Tle 3). Feed onversion ws higher in irds fed higher levels of nol seeds (20 nd 30%) in oth sesons. The est feed onversion ws found in irds fed 5 nd 0% nol seeds. This of ourse ws due to the etter egg mss of summer nd winter irds reeiving 5% nol seeds. The negtive effet of dding 30% nol seeds in the summer irds ws less pronouned thn in those rised in the winter time (79 vs 68%, prodution). This ould e due to the ft tht nol seeds ontin high level of ft (42%), (Nwokolo nd Sim, 989) nd lso to the ft tht ft produe lower het inrement thn either rohydrtes or protein (Sott et l., 982) whih proly put less urden on irds during the hot seson 493

5 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen Tle 3: Effet of inorporting different levels of nol seeds on some trits of lyers during two sesons of the yer Soure of GBD FC EW HD LIV EM vrition gm kg/kg gm % % gm/hd Period X TRT NS ** * ** NS ** Sum ± ± ± ± ± ±8.75 Sum ± ± ± ± ± ±9.46 Sum ± ± ± ± ± ±8.3 Sum ± ± ± ± ± ±7.29 Sum ± ± ± ± ± ±7.08 Fll 0 5.4±5. 2.7± ± ± ± ±7.24 Fll 5 5.3± ± ± ± ± ±4.76 Fll 0 4.3± ± ± ± ± ±6.86 Fll ± ± ± ± ± ±8.9 Fll ± ± ± ± ± ±0.8 P = Among TRT ** ** ** ** NS ** d P = Among Periods ** NS ** NS NS ** Summer Fll P = Mens Within olumns rrying different supersripts re signifintly different, P<0.05. NS = Not signifint, P>0.05 * = signifint, (P<0.05), ** = signifint, P<0.0). GBD, grm per ird per dy, dily feed intke; FC, Kg feed per Kg eggs, feed onversion; EW, grm egg weight; HD, hen-dy egg prodution; LIV, livility; EM, grm per hen-dy egg mss = (% HD * EW) TRT = 0, 5, 0, 20 nd 30% of Cnol seeds. onsequently produing more eggs. thyroid hypertrophy, redued feed effiieny nd loss of Egg weight ws signifintly ffeted y the intertion egg prodution s they ontin high level of etween diet nd period of the yer (Tle 3). Inresing gluosinoltes nd erui id. Cnol seeds (00), level of nol seeds in oth sesons signifintly used in this study were not tested for suh ompounds (P<0.05) deresed egg weight. Ft ontent of the yolk is ut it ws ssumed to hve very low erui id nd mjor ftor to determine the size of the egg. Study y gluosinoltes (less thn 2%) (Leel et l., 2002). Leeson et l. (987) nd y others suggested tht Nwokolo nd Sim (989) drew similr onlusion on hiken might not mke mximum utiliztion of the ft hens fed rw full-ft nol seeds. provided y the full-ft nol seeds. Birds fed diet Birds fed high levels of lolly grown full-ft nol fortified with 20% full-ft nol retined only out 50% seeds (LPFFCS) in this experiment produed smller of the dietry ft, they further dded. It ws ssumed tht eggs in oth sesons (Tle 3). The differenes were formtion of insolule sops involving ftty ids nd signifint (P<0.05) nd mostly reltive to the tretments minerls ould led to redued retention (Hknsson, nd some to the sesons. 975; Kussiti et l., 983; Atteh nd Leeson, 983, Egg mss is funtion of egg weight nd egg 984). In our se, the smll mount of erui id in the prodution nd ws proly ffeted y ny hnges nol seeds ould e the ftty id tht formed sop ourred on either of them. Lower egg mss ws found with minerls. in irds fed 20 nd 30% LPFFCS. Similr result ws Best prodution rte ws found in irds fed 5% in oth found in hen-dy egg prodution nd egg weight (Tle summer nd winter sesons (84.2 nd 9.6%), (Tle 3). 3). The depression in performne of hens fed 20 nd Mortlity ws not ffeted y tretment/seson 30% full-ft nol seeds ould e due to the presene intertion or y either of them independently (Tle 3). of low levels of gluosinoltes in nol seeds. Bell nd Beuse of the low mortlity, dignosis ws not done on Wever (2002) reported tht when nol mel ws fed the ded irds. Leslie nd Summers (972) oserved in levels higher thn 5% ould use liver degenertion, no differenes in mortlity when feeding diets fortified 494

6 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen Tle 4: Effet of inorporting different levels of Cnol seeds on some trits of lyers during two sesons of the yer Soure of vrition SPG HU YC YI WG Period X TRT NS NS NS NS NS Summer 0.09± ± ± ±0.2 NA Summer 5.090± ± ± ±0.2 NA Summer 0.090± ± ± ±0.22 NA Summer ± ± ± ±0.23 NA Summer ± ± ± ±0.25 NA Fll 0.088± ± ±..25±0.4 NA Fll 5.087± ± ± ±0.4 NA Fll 0.087± ± ± ±0.2 NA Fll ± ± ± ±0.5 NA Fll ± ± ± ±0.24 NA P = Among TRT ** ** ** ** ** e d P = Among Periods ** ** * ** Summer NA Fll NA P = NA Mens Within olumns rrying different supersripts re signifintly different, P<0.05. NS = Not signifint, P>0.05 SPG, speifi grvity of the egg; HU, hugh unit; YC, Yolk olor (grded from to 5 where 5 is the drkest); YI, yolk index (yolk height yolk dimeter); WG, weights of the irds were tken twie, one t the eginning of the experiment nd gin t the end of it. Weight gin ws determined ording to tht. TRT = 0, 5, 0, 20 nd 30% of Cnol seeds; NA, Not ville with nol seeds. Although higher feed intke ws otined with the high levels of nol seeds (20 nd 30%), signifint (P<0.00) depression of weight gin ws oserved in the irds fed 20 nd 30% (Tle 4). This would not e very muh surprising if most of the feed ws used to produe more nd lrger eggs. However, tht ws not the se in this study. Lower egg weight nd prodution rte were found in the irds fed these diets. It is oneivle tht toxiity from the erui id nd gluosinoltes ould hve een the reson for the weight depression in these irds. It ws lso notied tht in fees of irds fed higher levels of FFCS, higher levels of these seeds pssed the intestine undigested whih mens lower nutrients were utilized y the irds, fed those diets nd onsequently lower performne nd irds weight. Summers et l. (982) reported lower ody weight gin when 7.5% full-ft nol seeds were used in roiler diets. Effet of dietry tretments on egg hrteristis ws highly signifint (P<0.0) (Tle 4). Inlusion of 30% LPFFCS in the diets signifintly (P<0.0) improved the speifi grvity of the eggs ompring to 5 nd 0% ut not to the ontrol or 20% (Tle 4). Summer irds produed etter shell qulity eggs. This is ginst the odd sine normlly eggs produed in the summer hve less shell (Bell nd Wever, 2002). The differenes in summer temperture nd winter were not lrge enough to use hnges on shell qulity (30 in the summer vs 25 in the fll). These irds were housed in losed house with some ooling mngement, prtied there. Alumen height (hugh unit) ws signifintly (P<0.05) higher in irds fed 30% LGFFCS thn the ontrol. However, no signifint differenes (P>0.05) were oserved etween 30 nd the rest of the tretments (Tle 4). The effet of LPFFCS levels on yolk olor ws highly signifint (P<0.0) (Tle 4). Drker yellow olor ws found in eggs of hens fed higher levels of nol seeds. As level of LPFFCS inresed from 0 to 30% there ws n inresing levels of olour drkness of the yolk with strong linerity (r = 0.97). This result ws in greement with the study of Nwokolo nd Sims (989) who oserved tht yolk olor index ws signifintly inresed in eggs from hens fed diets ontining inresing mounts of full-ft nol seeds. Fll irds lid eggs tht hve signifintly drker olor yolk thn summer eggs (Tle 4). Fll irds lso onsumed signifintly more feed thn summer irds. Although egg size ws not the smllest in hens fed 20% LPFFCS, yolk index ws the est in eggs of these irds whih indite tht Alumen ply mjor role in mking the ulk of these eggs. Fll eggs hve etter yolk index nd in the sme time lrger egg size. 495

7 Nji nd Al-Khtee: Effet of Cnol Seeds In the Diet of Lying Hen Conlusion: There ws some evidene in this Leel, A., S.A. Al-khtee nd A.A. Al-Neem, experiment to onlude tht dding up to 0% LGFFCS Response of some nol (Brssi npus, L.) in the lyer diet use no hrm effet on performne of vrieties to drought. Finl report, presented to the lyers. However, dding only 5% hs signifintly Denship of Sientifi Reserh of King Fisl improved the performne of the lyers ompring to the University t Al-Hss of Sudi Ari. ontrol. Leslie, A.J. nd J.D. Summers, 972. Feeding vlue of It is suggested tht inorporting up to 5% of LPFFCS in rpeseed for lying hens. Cn. J. Anim. Si., 52: the lyer diet my e enefiil to the produer of this Leeson, S. nd J.D. Summers, 99. Commeril ountry if eonomilly pried. Poultry Nutrition. University Books, Guelph, Ontrio, Cnd. Aknowledgment The finnil support of the Denship of Sientifi Reserh t King Fisl University to this projet is highly ppreited. Thnks re lso extended to Tehniin nd lors of the poultry nd rops units t the experimentl sttion of King Fisl University for their help in onduting this reserh. Referenes Al-Btshn, H.A., A.A. Al-Adeen nd F.M. Atti, 200. Assessing the effet of Sliorni igelovii Torr mel on the performne of lying hen. J. King Sud Univ., 3: Amerin Assoition of Cerel Chemists (AACC), 994. Offiil methods of nlysis. St. Pul Minnesot. USA. Atteh, J. O. nd S. Leeson, 983. Effet of dietry ftty ids nd lium levels on performne nd minerl metolism of roiler hikens. Poult. Si., 62: Atteh, J.O. nd S. Leeson, 984. Influene of ge, dietry holei id nd lium levels on performne, utiliztion of free ftty ids nd one minerliztion in roilers. Poult. Si., 64: Bell, D.D. nd W.D. Wever, Commeril hiken th met nd egg prodution. 5 edition, Kluwer Ademi Pulisher, USA. Clement, H. nd R. Renner, 977. Studies on the utiliztion of high nd low erui id rpeseed oil y the hik. J. Nutr., 0: Glenn, E. P., 994. Use of Sliorni igelovii in Animl diets-summry of results. Report for Hlophyte enterprises In. Hknsson, J., 975. The effet of ft on lium, phosphorus nd mgnesium lnes in hiks. Swed. J. Agri. Res., 5: Kussiti, R., B. Lelerq nd J. Guillume, 983. Effets of lium, mgnesium nd ile slts on pprent metolizle energy nd digestiility of lipids, strh nd protein in growing hiks. Ann. Zooteh., 32: Lee, K.H., Qi. Gung-Hi nd J.S. Sim, 995. Metolizle energy nd mino id vilility of full-ft seeds, mels, nd oils of flx nd nol. Poult. Si., 74: Leeson, S. nd J.D. Summers, 200. Sott s Nutrition of th the hiken, 4 ed. University Books. P. O. Box 326, Guelph, Ontrio. Leeson, S., J.O. Atteh nd J.D. Summers, 987. Effets of inresing dietry levels of full-ft nol on performne, nutrient retention, nd one minerliztion. Poult. Si., 66: Nji, H., Y. Al-Yousef nd M. Hmeidn, 994. Prtil replement of orn with dtes in lyer diet. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 6: Nji, Huthil, M.N. Al-Dosri nd M.S. Al-Wesli, Use of Smh Seeds (Mesemrynth emumforssklei Hohst) in the lying hen diets. Int. J. Poult. Si., 3: Ntionl Reserh Counil (NRC), 994. Nutrient th Requirements of Poultry. 9 rev. ed. Ntionl Ademy Press, Wshington, DC. North, M.O., 984. Commeril Chiken Prodution Mnul. AVI Pulishing Compny, In. Westport, Connetiut. Nwokolo, E. nd J. Sim, 989. Brley nd Full-Ft Cnol Seeds in Lyer Diets. Poult. Si., 68: Sott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim nd R.J. Young, 982. Nutrition of the hiken. M.L. Sott nd Assoites, Pulishers, Ith, New York. SAS Institute, 988. SAS User s Guide: Sttistis. Relse 6.03 ed. SAS Inst. In., Cry, NC. Shen, H., J.D. Summers nd S. Leeson, 983. The influene of stem pelleting nd grinding on the nutritive vlue of nol rpeseed for poultry. Anim. Feed Si. Te., 8: Sild, I.R., 976. A iossy for true metolizle energy in feeding stuff. Poult. Si., 55: Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie, 984. Priniples nd proedures of Sttistis. MGrw-Hill Book Co., Toronto, Ontrio, Cnd. Summers, J.D. nd S. Leeson, 985. Pge 0 in: Poultry Nutrition Hndook. Univ. Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Cn. Summers, J.D., H. Shen nd S. Leeson, 982. The vlue of nol seed in poultry diets. Cn. J. Anim. Si., 62: Tnor, M.A., S. Leeson nd J.D. Summers, 984. Effet of het stress nd diet omposition on performne of white leghorn hens. Poult. Si., 63: