Original Research Effects of Biological and Fungicidal Environmental Protection on Chemical Composition of Tomato and Red Pepper Fruits

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1 Pol. J. Environ. Stu. Vol., No. (), 8-86 Originl Reserh Effets of Biologil n Fungiil Environmentl Protetion on Chemil Composition of Tomto n Re Pepper Fruits Bożen Cwlin-Amrozik *, Ryszr Amrowiz Deprtment of Phytopthology n Entomology, University of Wrmi n Mzury, Prwoheńskiego 7, -7 Olsztyn, Poln Deprtment of Chemil n Physil Properties of Foo, Institute of Animl Reproution n Foo Reserh of the Polish Aemy of Sienes, Tuwim, -77 Olsztyn, Poln Reeive: 6 August Aepte: Jnury Astrt The experimentl mterils omprise the fruits of tomto v. Roin F n re pepper v. Mir hrveste from plnts sprye three times with the growth regultor Ashi SL, the iostimultor Biohikol, the ioontrol gent, n the fungiie Brvo SC. Control plnts were sprye with sterile wter. Totl fruit yiel, verge fruit weight, n the onentrtions of totl extrt, petin, reuing sugrs, rotenois, n phenoli ompouns were etermine. Biologil n fungiil ontrol ontriute to n inrese in the yiel n verge weight of tomto n pepper fruit. The protetive tretments h no effet on the ontent of extrt n reuing sugrs in tomto n re pepper fruit. The pplie iologil n fungiil ontrol gents were negtively orrelte with the onentrtions of rotenois n phenoli ompouns in tomto fruit, n positively with the petin ontent of tomto n re pepper fruit. Keywors: tomto n re pepper fruits, iologil n fungiil ontrol, hemil omposition Introution Plnts re vlule soure of nutrients n iotive ompouns tht eliver numerous helth enefits [, ]. Tomto n re pepper fruits ontin lrge mounts of minerls (K, C, Mg, N), sugrs, petin, vitmins, n ntioxints (phenoli ompouns n rotenois, inluing lyopene n vitmin C). Consumers py ttention to the qulity, morphologil hrteristis, n nutritionl vlues of vegetles n fruits. The yiel n qulity of tomto n re pepper fruits re etermine y the ultivr, hrvest te, wether onitions [, ], sustrte type, minerl *e-mil: mr@uwm.eu.pl ontent [], tehnologil proesses [6, 7], n the helth sttus of plnts. Fungiies re routinely n frequently pplie to ontrol fungl pthogens (Colletotrihum ooes Wllr. /Hughes/, Botrytis inere Pers., Rhizotoni solni Kühn, the gener Phytophthor, Alternri, Fusrium, Vertiillium, n Slerotini) in tomtoes n re peppers [8, 9]. In reent yers, humn helth n environmentl sfety onerns hve spurre onsierle interest in non-hemil pprohes to isese ontrol in hortiulture [, ]. See ressing, rop rottion, equte soil type, optimum fertiliztion rtes, n the mintenne of equte soil orgni mtter levels re importnt onsiertions in the orgni proution system [, ]. Fungiies hve een

2 8 Cwlin-Amrozik B., Amrowiz R. inresingly reple with ioontrol gents inluing teri n yest-like fungi with ntgonisti potentil ginst fungl pthogens [], ompost extrts [], myorrhize [6], plnt growth regultors [7], hitosn [8], n Pythium olignrum oospores [9]. All of them re involve in the inution of efense mehnisms in plnts, suh s inue systemi resistne (ISR), struturl efense responses (inluing H O genertion in the leves, lignin umultion in the stems, hnges in ell memrne permeility), n hemil efense (inluing the proution of phenoli ompouns) [, -]. Reserh results show tht orgni fertilizers ontriute to the proution of ron-ontining ompouns in plnts, inluing sugrs, phenoli ompouns, n rotenois, s well s vitmin C [, ]. However, there is srity of pulishe t regring the impt of iologil n hemil ontrol gents on the qulity of fruit n vegetles. In view of the ove, the ojetive of this stuy ws to etermine the effets of iologil n fungiil ontrol on the onentrtions of selet iotive ompouns in tomto n re pepper fruits. Mterils n Methos Tomto (Lyopersium esulentum L.) plnts v. Roin F n re pepper (Cpsium nnuum L.) plnts v. Mir were grown in the greenhouse of the University of Wrmi n Mzury. Four-week-ol seelings were plnte in pots fille with pet sustrte n gren soil t rtio of :. The plnts were sprye three times, in six replitions (pots), with.% solution of the growth regultor Ashi SL ( ml/plnt),.% solution of the iostimultor Biohikol ( ml/plnt),.% solution of the ioontrol gent ( ml/plnt), n the fungiie Brvo SC (% hlorothlonil, oring to the reommentions of the Institute of Plnt Protetion in Poznń). Unprotete plnts serve s ontrol. During the growing seson, fertiliztion n irrigtion levels were ientil in ll tretments. Totl fruit yiel per plnt (8 n hrvest tes for tomtoes n re peppers, respetively) n verge fruit weight were etermine. Smples of re tomto fruit n re pepper fruit hrveste t the sme time were ollete for iohemil nlyses. The ontent of totl extrt ws etermine using refrtometri metho [], reuing sugrs y metho of Luff-Shoorl [6], petins using metho of Crre-Hynes [7], rotenois using olourimetri metho [8], n totl phenolis using Folin-Ciolteu s phenol regent [9]. Results were nlyze using one-wy ANOVA n Dunn s test (Sttisti 7/8). Results n Disussion Biologil n fungiil ontrol ontriute to n inrese in the yiel n verge weight of tomto n re pepper fruits (Tle ). In oth plnt speies, Biohikol Tle. Effet of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on fruit yiel of tomtoes n re peppers. Plnt Tomto Re pepper Tretment Fruit weight per plnt (g) Fruit weight (g) Control 98±7 7.6±. Ashi 9±6 9.±. Biohikol 8± 96.±.9 Brvo SC ± 87.9±. ±6 8.±. Control ± 77.6±. Ashi 7±7 9.±. Biohikol 96± 96.±.9 Brvo SC 76± 87.9 ±. 7± 8.±. provie the est ontrol. Signifint ifferenes in the verge weight of tomtoes were note etween plnts trete with Ashi SL (8.8 g) n ontrol plnts (6.8 g). In stuy y Pięt et l. [], hitosn prevente wter loss in plnts, thus inresing the yiel. Hermánez- Luzro et l. [] reporte tht hitosn effetively inhiite the myelil growth n sporultion of Rhizopus stolonifer in tomtoes, whih prevente yiel loss. As emonstrte y Jns et l. [],, Biosept SL n the fungiie Amistr EC inrese the yiel n verge fruit weight of eggplnts. The growth regultor Ashi SL positively ffete the yiel of three rsperry vrieties [7], while the iostimultor Bio-lgeen S-9 h enefiil influene on the totl yiel, mrketle yiel n onentrtions of n N, P, K, C, Zn, Fe, n nitrtes in herry tomto fruit []. In nother experiment [], orgni fertilizers (Brssi green mnure, omposte househol wstes, ttle mnure ompost) signifintly reue the severity of tomto infetions use y Vertiillium lo-trum n Pyrenohet lyopersii, whih supporte fruit yiel inrements. The pplie ontrol gents signifintly inrese the verge weight of re peppers in omprison with the ontrol tretment. There were no signifint ifferenes in the totl yiel n verge fruit weight etween fungiil n iologil ontrol tretments (exept for hitosn tretment). Szfirowsk n Elkner [] note higher pepper fruit yiel in the orgni frming system, ompre with the onventionl system. Ky et l. [] oserve yielinresing effet of myorrhize. The highest ontent of extrt ws foun in untrete tomto fruits (Fig. ). The protetive tretments of Ashi SL, Brvo SC, n erese the ontent of extrt in tomto fruit in reltion to the ontrol. The ifferene etween the ontrol tretment n the Biohikol tretment ws not sttistilly signifint. The highest quntity of re pepper extrt ws otine from plnts

3 Effets of Biologil n Fungiil Environmentl... 8 sprye with Ashi SL, n the ifferenes etween this vlue n those note in the other tretments (exept for the Brvo SC tretment) were sttistilly signifint. Aoring to Hllmnn n Remiłkowsk [], the fruits hrveste from orgnilly-fertilize tomto plnts h higher ontent of ry mtter n reuing sugrs thn those hrveste from minerl-fertilize plnts. In the present stuy, the lowest ontents of reuing sugrs were foun in the fruits hrveste from tomto plnts sprye with Biohikol n the fungiie Brvo SC (.9 to. mg/g, respetively) (Fig. ). The highest mount of reuing sugrs ws note for fruits trete y. The reuing sugr ontent of re pepper fruit ws similr in ll tretments, n the highest onentrtions of reuing sugrs were note in the fruit from Biohikol -trete plnts. Mikos-Bielk [7] oserve 6.-9.% rop in the levels of reuing sugrs in rsperry fruit from shrus sprye with Ashi SL, ompre with the ontrol tretment (plnts sprye with wter), ompnie y signifint rise in the onentrtions of solule sugrs (exept for gluose n frutose). In stuy y Hllmnn n Remiłkowsk [6], re onions grown in the orgni system h higher ontent of totl sugrs, inluing reuing sugrs, ompre with NPK-fertilize plnts. Di Cesre et l. [7] reporte tht nitrogen Extrt (g/ g) Extrt (g/ g) , Tomto 6,8 7,7 Control Ashi SL Biohikol,,7 Re pepper,8 Control Ashi SL Biohikol 6,8 6,67 Brvo,7 Brvo, Fig.. Effets of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on the ontent of extrt in tomto n re pepper fruits. Dt re expresse s mens±stnr evitions on fresh weight sis; vlues hving the sme letters re not signifintly ifferent (P>.). Reuing sugrs (g/ g) Reuing sugrs (g/ g),6,,,,,,,,,,,, Tomto Control Ashi SL Biohikol,,9 Control Ashi SL Biohikol,9, Brvo, n phosphorus fertiliztion inrese the onentrtions of gluose, frutose, ry mtter, n lyopen in herry tomtoes. Plnts trete with ioontrol gents n fungiies (exept for tomto fruits sprye with Ashi SL) proue signifintly higher mounts of petin, in omprison with ontrol plnts (Fig. ). Petin ontent ws higher in L. esulentum (from.7 g/ g in the ontrol tretment to. g/ g in the Biohikol tretment) thn in Cpsium nnuum (from. g/ g in the ontrol tretment to.6 g/ g in the tretment). In n experiment rrie out y Elkner et l. [8], N n K fertigtion use n inrese in the onentrtions of petin, lyopene, n sori i in tomto fruit. The ontent of the ove ompouns vrie epening on ultivr. Literture provies no informtion on the orreltion etween petin ontent n the pplition of non-hemil ontrol gents in vegetles of the Solnee fmily. In our experiment, the fruit of unprotete tomto plnts h the highest ontent of rotenois, inluing lyopene (Fig. ). Among protetive tretments, signifintly higher rotenoi onentrtions were note in the fruits hrvest- Re pepper,,,9 Brvo Fig.. Effets of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on the ontent of reuing sugrs in tomto n re pepper fruits. Dt re expresse s mens±stnr evitions on fresh weight sis; vlues hving the sme letters re not signifintly ifferent (P>.).

4 8 Cwlin-Amrozik B., Amrowiz R. Petins (g/ g) Petins (g/ g),,,,,,,,,,,,7,9 Tomto Control Ashi SL Biohikol,,8,,, Brvo e from fungiie-trete plnts. The fruit from plnts sprye with Ashi SL ontine the lowest mounts of totl rotenois, inluing lyopene. Different results were reporte y Cris-Veyn et l. [], Hllmnn n Remiłkowsk [] tomto fruits protete with ioontrol gents were more unnt in lyopene. Orookhni et l. [9] emonstrte tht rhizosphere teri pplie to stimulte the growth of L. esulentum, s well s rusulr myorrhizl fungi (AMF), inrese the levels of lyopene n potssium in tomto fruit. Meji- Torres et l. [] reporte positive effet of wx oting n low-temperture storge (ºC) on lyopene synthesis in tomto fruit. In the present stuy, signifint rop in the onentrtions of phenoli ompouns ws oserve in the fruits hrveste from protete tomto plnts, in omprison with ontrol plnts (Fig. ). Tomto plnts sprye with the fungiie Brvo SC n the ioontrol gent h the lowest totl phenoli ontent, n the ifferenes etween those tretments n the remining experimentl vrints were sttistilly signifint. The fruits hrveste from re pepper plnts trete with the ioontrol gent h the lowest totl phenoli ontent. Re pepper, Control Ashi SL Biohikol,8 Brvo,6 Fig.. Effets of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on the ontent of petins in tomto n re pepper fruits. Dt re expresse s mens±stnr evitions on fresh weight sis; vlues hving the sme letters re not signifintly ifferent (P>.). The onentrtions of phenoli ompouns in the remining experimentl vrints, inluing ontrol, were similr. Aoring to Hllmnn n Remiłkowsk [], tomtoes grown in the orgni frming system ontin lrger mounts of iotive ompouns. Jiu et l. [8] emonstrte tht hitosn pplie to ontrol B. inere n P. expnsum on tomto fruit use n inrese in totl phenoli ontent. Our finings isgree with those reporte y Benhmou et l. [9] who note enhne proution of phenoli ompouns in tomto plnts trete with P. olignrum, whih provie protetion ginst Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. riis-lyopersii. As emonstrte y Mikos-Bielk [7], Ashi SL inrese the polyphenol ontent of fruit in three rsperry vrieties (from 9.% to 6.%), ompre with ontrol plnts. Ann et l. [] foun lrger mounts of phenoli ompouns in pepper fruit inoulte with C. psii n A. lternt, in omprison with non-inoulte fruit. In the ite stuy, green fruit h higher onentrtions of phenolis thn ripe fruit. Pnin et l. [] trete tomto plnts with non-pthogeni F. oxysporum strin CS-, while Al-Askr n Rsh [6] pplie rusulr myorrhizl fungi in the Crotenois (mg/ g) Lyopene (mg/ g) 7 6,,,, 6,6,69 Crotenois, Control Ashi SL Biohikol,9,87 Lyopene,87 Control Ashi SL Biohikol,7 Brvo, Brvo e,9 e,9 Fig.. Effets of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on the ontent of rotenois n lyopene in tomto fruits. Dt re expresse s mens±stnr evitions on fresh weight sis; vlues hving the sme letters re not signifintly ifferent (P>.).

5 Effets of Biologil n Fungiil Environmentl... 8 Totl phenolis (mg/ g) Totl phenolis (mg/ g),8,9 Tomto, Control Ashi SL Biohikol Pepper protetion of ommon en plnts. The ove uthors oserve enhne proution of phenoli ompouns, whih supporte the protetion of the stuie speies ginst pthogeni fungi of the genus Fusrium. Aoring to Mtersk n Peruk [], phenoli ompouns ontine in pepper fruit re hrterize y high ntioxint tivity. Conlusions,, Brvo,9,9,, Control Ashi SL Biohikol Biologil n hemil ontrol ontriute to n inrese in the yiel n verge weight of tomto n pepper fruit. The protetive tretments h no effet on the ontent of extrt n reuing sugrs in tomto n pepper fruit. The fruits hrveste from ontrol tomto plnts were hrterize y higher onentrtions of rotenois, inluing lyopene, n phenoli ompouns, ompre with protete plnts. The pplie iologil n fungiil ontrol gents enhne petin proution in tomto n pepper fruits. Brvo,8 Fig.. Effets of iologil n fungiil environmentl protetion on the ontent of phenoli ompouns in tomto n re pepper fruits. Dt re expresse s mens±stnr evitions on fresh weight sis; vlues hving the sme letters re not signifintly ifferent (P>.). Referenes. DUTHIE G.G., DUTHIE S.J., KYLE J.A.M. Plnt polyphenols in ner n hert iseses: Implitions s nutritionl ntioxints. Nutrition Res. Rev., 79,.. AMAROWICZ R., PEGG R.B. Legumes s soure of nturl ntioxints. Eur. J. Lipi Si. Tehnol., 89, 8.. ANAND T., BHASKARAN R., RAGUCHANDER T., SAMIVAPPAN R., PRAKASAM V., GOPALAKRISH- NAN C. Defense responses of hilli fruits to Colletotrihum psii n Alternri lternt. Biol. Plntrum,, 9.. NAZZARO F., CALIENDO G., ARNESI G., VERONESI A., SARZI P., FRATIANNI F. Comprtive ontent of some iotive ompouns in two vrieties of Cpsium nnuum L. sweet pepper n evlution of their ntimiroil n mutgeni tivities. J. Foo Biohem., 8, 9.. DZIDA K., JAROSZ Z. Effet of ifferent levels of nitrogen fertiliztion n itionl folige feeing on the yiel n some elements in leves n fruits of tomto. Annles UMCS, Se. EEE Hortiultur,,. 6. PERUCKA I., MATERSKA M. Antioxint vitmin ontents of Cpsium nnuum fruit extrts s ffete y proessing n vrietl ftors. At Si. Pol. Tehnol. Aliment. 6, 67, GEORGE S., TOURNIAIRE F. GAUTIER H., GOUPY P., ROCK E. CARIS-VEYRAT C. Chnges in the ontens of rotenois, phenoli ompouns n vitmin C uring tehnil proessing n lyophilistion of re n yellow tomtoes. Foo Chem., 6,. 8. GUTIERREZ C.L., YING W., LUTTON E., MC SPAD- DEN K., GARDENER B.B. Distriution n fungiie sensitivity of fungl pthogens using nthrnose-like lesions on tomtoes grown in Ohio. Plnt Dis. 9, 97, FERNANDEZ-HERRERA E., ACOSTA-RAMOS M., PINTO V. M. Effet of fungiie pplition on the (Lyopersion esulentum Mill.) light (Phytophthor psii Leo.) in the greenhouse. Rev. Mex. Fitoptol., 86, 7.. CARIS-VEYNARD C., AMIOT M. J., TYSSANDIER V., GRASSELLY D., BURET M., MIKOŁAJCZAK M., GUIL- LAND J.C., BOUTELOUP-DEMANGE C., BOREL P. Influene of orgni versus onventionl griulturl prtie on the ntioxint miroonstituent ontent of tomto n erive purees, onsequene on ntioxint plsm sttus in humns. J. Agri. Foo Chem., 6,.. CHASSY A.W., BUI L., RENAUD E.N., HORN M.V., MITCHELL A.E. Three-yer omprison of the ontent of ntioxint miroonstituents n severl qulity hrteristis in orgni n onventionlly mnge tomtoes n ell peppers. J. Agri. Foo Chem., 8, 6.. KOKALIS-BURELLE N. Biologil ontrol of tomto iseses. Biol. Contr. Crop Dis.,,.. PASCUAL I., AZCONA I., AGUIRREOLEA J., MORALES F., CORPAS F.J., PALMA J.M., RELLAN- ALVAREZ R., SANCHEZ-DIAZ M. Growth, yiel, n fruit qulity of pepper plnts mene with two snitize sluges. J. Agri. Foo Chem. 8, 69,.. ABO-ELYOUSR K. A.M., MOHAMED H.M. Biologil ontrol of Fusrium wilt in tomto y plnt growth promoting yests n rhizoteri. Plnt Pthol. J., 99, 9.. SANG M.K., KIM J.G., KIM K.D. Bioontrol tivity n inution of systemi resistne in pepper y ompost wter extrts ginst Phytophthor psii. Phytopthol., 77,.

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