Application of alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of postharvest decay of strawberries

Transcription

1 EUBERRY INTERNATIONAL BERRY SCHOOL (IBS) Applition of lterntives to syntheti fungiides for the ontrol of posthrvest dey of strwerries Ginfrno Romnzzi, Eri Felizini, Lui Lndi Deprtment of Agriulturl, Food nd Environmentl Sienes, Mrhe Polytehni University, Anon, Itly E-mil: INRA Bordeux, Villenve d Ornon, Frne - Mrh 25 th -28 th, 2014

2 List of some of the most ommon fungiides to ontrol gry mold Ative ingredient Chemil FRAC Trde nme Compny (%) Group ode Boslid (70) Cntus Bsf Pyridine-roxmides 7 Cyprodinil (37.5) + Anilinopyrimidines + Swith Syngent fluodioxonil (25) phenylpyrroles Cyprodinil (75) Vngrd Syngent Anilinopyrimidines 9 Fenhexmid (50) Elevte/Teldor Aryst LifeSiene/Byer CropSiene Hydroxynilides 17 Fenpyrzmine Sumitomo Chemil Proletus (50) Compny Amino-pyrzolinone 17 Fluzinm (40) Omeg Syngent 2,6-dinitro-nilines 29 Fluodioxonil (20.4) Sholr Syngent Phenylpyrroles 12 Fluodioxonil (50) Geoxe Syngent Phenylpyrroles 12 Fluopyrm (50) Lun Privilege Byer CropSiene Pyridinyl-ethylenzmides 7 Iprodione (50) Rovrl Bsf Diroximides 2 Pyrlostroin QoI fungiides + (12.8) + oslid Pristine Bsf pyridine-roxmides (25.2) 7+11 Pyrlostroin (6.7) QoI fungiides + Signum Bsf + oslid (26.7) Pyridine-roxmides 7+11 Pyrimethnil (54.6) Sl Byer CropSiene Anilinopyrimidines 9 Nmes highlighted in red re registered in Itly From: Romnzzi nd Felizini, Botrytis inere. In: Posthrvest Dey (Silvi Butist-Bños Ed.)

3 Alterntives to syntheti fungiides for the ontrol of posthrvest dey of strwerries Nturl fungiides Bioontrol gents Physil mens Lower risk of fungl resistne Minor impt on humn helth nd environment Possiility of pplition lose to the hrvest

4 Nturl fungiides ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ESSENTIAL OILS AND PLANT EXTRACTS (Tripthi nd Duey, 2004; Antunes nd Cvo, 2010) SALTS Birontes, rontes, hlorides (Nigro et l., 2006; Khmis nd Roerto, 2014) DECONTAMINANS AGENTS Ethnol, eti id, hydrogen peroxide, ozone (Romnzzi et l., 2007; Venditti et l., 2008; Cerioni et l., 2012; Felizini et l., 2014) RESISTANCE INDUCERS CHITOSAN (Butist Bños et l., 2006; Romnzzi et l., 2014) BTH (Aienzolr-S-methyl) (Terry nd Joye, 2004; Bi et l., 2007; Felizini et l., 2013; Romnzzi et l., 2013) BABA (β-aminoutyri id) (Jk et l., 2001; Cohen et l., 2002)

5 Biologil gents ANTAGONIST MICROORGANISMS (Jnisiewiz nd Korsten 2002; Shrm et l., 2009; Jmlizdeh et l., 2011; Nunes, 2012 COMPETITION FOR SPACE AND NUTRIENTS ANTIBIOSIS/PARASITISM INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE Aspire (Cndid oleophil) nd Bio-Sve 110 (Pseudomons syringe) re registered for posthrvest pplition in the US Fruit Pthogen Antgonist Apple Botrytis inere Cndid oleophil Citrus Peniillium itlium Pseudomons syringe Apple Peniillium expnsum Cryptoous lurentii Apple nd itrus Peniillium digittum; Botrytis inere Cndid stoin Strwerry Botrytis inere Trihoderm spp. Apple nd peh Colletotrihum spp.; Peniillium digittum Musodor lus Citrus Peniillium itlium; Peniillium digittum Billus sutilis

6 Physil mens TEMPERATURE refrigertion, tretments with wrm wter (Fn et l., 2008; Smilnik et l., 2008) RADIATIONS UV-C, 254 nm (Nigro et l., 1996; Romnzzi et l., 2006; Wje et l., 2008) MODIFIED/CONTROLLED AMTOSPHERE low O 2, high CO 2, N 3, O 3 (Jys nd Jeymkondn, 2002) PRESSURE hypori or hyperri (Romnzzi et l., 2001, 2003; Jio et l., 2012; Hshmi et l., 2013)

7 Fungus Infeted speies Referene Botrytis inere Rhizopus stolonifer Peniillium spp. Tomto, potto, ell pepper, uumer, peh, strwerries, tle grpes, per, pple, itrus fruit Peh, strwerries, ppy, tomto Strwerry, pple, per, tomto, itrus fruit, jujue, lithi fruit Re nd Bdwy, 2012; Bdwy nd Re, 2009; Liu et l., 2007; Xu et l., 2007; Chien nd Chou, 2006; Lir-Sldivr et l., 2006; Elmer nd Reglinski, 2006; Ait Brk et l., 2004; Bdwy et l., 2004; Ben-Shlom et l., 2003; Romnzzi et l., 2002; El Ghouth et l., 2000; 1997; 1992; Du et l., 1997 Rmos Grí et l., 2012; Grí Rinón et l., 2010; Hernández-Luzrdo et l., 2010; Guerr-Sánhez et l., 2009; Prk et l., 2005; Butist Bños et l., 2004; El Ghouth et l., 1992 Cè et l., 2012; El-Mougy et l., 2012; Xing et l., 2011; Liu et l., 2007; Yu et l., 2007; Chien nd Chou, 2006; Sivkumr et l., 2005; Butist Bños et l., 2004; El Ghouth et l., 2000 Aspergillus spp. Per Cè et l., 2012; Plseni-Jtome et l., 2003 Alternri spp. Tomto, per Sánhez-Domínguez et l., 2011; Meng, et l., 2010 Cldosporium spp. Lithi fruit, strwerry Prk et l., 2005; Sivkumr et l., 2005 Colletotrihum spp. CHITOSAN Antifungl tivities Mngo, ppy, nn, tle grpes, tomto Zhid et l., 2012; Ad-All nd Hggr, 2010; Ali et l., 2010; Mqool et l., 2010, 2010; Hewjulige et l., 2009; Muñoz et l., 2009; Ali nd Mhmud, 2008; Jitreert et l., 2007; Win et l., 2007; Sivkumr et l., 2005; Butist Bños et l., 2003 Monilini spp. Apple, peh, sweet herry Felizini et l., 2013; Yng et l., 2012; 2010 Romnzzi et l., Critil Reviews in Food Siene nd Nutrition, 55: in press.

8 CHITOSAN Applitions on fruit nd vegetles Produe Dey Prehrvest pplitions Posthrvest pplitions Referenes Strwerry Tle grpe Gry mold, Rhizopus rot, lue mold, Cldosporium rot Gry mold, lue mold Romnzzi et l., 2013; 2000; Perdones x x et l., 2012; Vu et l., 2011; Mzro et l., 2008; Hernández-Muñoz et l., 2006; 2008; Vrgs et l., 2006; Prk et l., 2005; Hn et l., 2004; Reddy et l., 2000; Zhng nd Quntik, 1998; El Ghouth et l., 1991, 1992 Felizini et l., 2013; Romnzzi et l., x x 2009; 2007; 2006; 2002; Meng nd Tin, 2010; 2009; Xu et l., 2007 Sweet herry Brown rot x x Felizini et l., 2013; Romnzzi et l., 2003; 1999 Rsperry, lueerry Apple Gry mold, Rhizopus rot Blue mold, gry mold x Dun et l., 2011; Hn et l., 2004; Zhng nd Quntik, 1998 Per Blue mold x Yu et l., 2012 x Sho et l., 2012; Yu et l., 2007; De Cpdeville et l., 2002; El Ghouth et l., 2000 Peh Brown rot x Csls et l., 2012; Li nd Yu, 2000 Citrus fruit Blue mold, lk spot disese x x Cháfer et l., 2012; Cnle Rppussi et l., 2009; 2011; Chien nd Chou, 2006; Fornes et l., 2005 Romnzzi et l., Critil Reviews in Food Siene nd Nutrition, 55: in press.

9 CHITOSAN Physiologil hnges indued in the plnt tissues: Higher quntity of phenoli Myrietin Queretin Resvertrol Higher tivity of enzymes relted to mehnism of plnt defenses: Phenyllnine mmoni-lyse Peroxidse Polyphenol oxidse Superoxide dismutse Chitinse β-1,3-glunse Indution of plnt defense Lower respirtion rte Redues weight loss Dely senesene Prolonged storge nd shelf life Romnzzi et l., Critil Reviews in Food Siene nd Nutrition, 55: in press.

10 BTH Applitions on fruit nd vegetles Produe Dey Referenes Strwerry Gry mold Romnzzi et l., 2013; Co et l., 2011; Terry nd Joye, 2000 Tle grpe Gry mold Muñoz nd Moret, 2010 Sweet herry Brown rot Felizini et l., 2013 Peh Blue mold Co et l., 2011; Liu et l., 2005 Apple Blue mold, gry mold Spdro et l., 2004 Per Blue mold, lternri rot Co nd Jing, 2006; Co et l., 2005 Tomto Gry mold Młolepsz, 2006 Melon Rhizopus rot Zhng et l., 2011; Bi et l., 2006; Hung et l., 2000

11 Experimentl trils: STRAWBERRY POSTHARVEST PREHARVEST

12 MKinney's Index (%) Dey (%) POSTHARVEST TRIALS ON STRAWBERRY Severity (1-5) de d d de e d d d Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot Dey, disese severity nd MKinney index of gry mold, Rhizopus rot nd lue mold reorded on Cmros strwerries treted with ommeril nd experimentl resistne induers. The fruit were kept for 4 dys t 20 ±1 C, 95% to 98% RH. Vlues with the sme letter re not sttistilly different ording to Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test t p <0.05. Romnzzi et l., 2013 PBT

13 Dey (%) MKinney's Index (%) POSTHARVEST TRIALS ON STRAWBERRY Severity (1-5) d d Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot Gry mold Blue mold Rhizopus rot Dey, severity nd MKinney index of gry mold, Rhizopus rot nd lue mold reorded on strwerries treted with ommeril nd experimentl resistne induers. The fruit were stored for 7 dys t 0 ±1 C, 95% to 98% RH, followed y 3 dys of shelf life t 20 ±1 C, 95% to 98% RH. Vlues with the sme letter re not sttistilly different ording to Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test t p <0.05. Romnzzi et l., 2013 PBT

14 Whih re the mehnisms of tion of these resistne induers?

15 Control Oligoshrides Nettle extrt Clium + orgni ids Benzothidizole Chitosn Fenhexmid Control Oligoshrides Nettle extrt Clium + orgni ids Benzothidizole Chitosn Fenhexmid Control Oligoshrides Nettle extrt Clium + orgni ids Benzothidizole Chitosn Fenhexmid Control Oligoshrides Nettle extrt Clium + orgni ids Benzothidizole Chitosn Fenhexmid Rdil growth (mm) Rdil myelil growth of fungl olonies of dey using fungi on PDA mended with resistne induers d d d e f 20 d d e e e f d d 0 Monilini lx Botrytis inere Rhizopus stolonifer Alternri lternt Felizini et l., 2013 PBT

16 Resistne induers CHITOSAN BTH COA Posthrvest tretments Whih gene ssoited to defense mehnisms is involved in indued resistne? Anlysis in RTqPCR of genes ssoited to: C 2+ nd K + ion fluxes ROS ell responses phenylpropnoid pthwy ell-wll degrdtion PR proteins

17

18 The resistne induers triggered the expression of lrge numer of genes tht led to the physiologil events involved in plnt defense This supports the effetiveness of these ompounds for the indution of resistne in strwerry fruit Lndi et l., 2014 JAFC

19 THE ELICITOR COMPOSITION AFFECTS SPECIFIC PATTERN OF INDUCED DEFENSE GENES Similrity of gene expression (%) >72% < 38% Lndi et l., 2014 JAFC

20 CONCLUSIONS Tretment with some of the tested ompounds ontined posthrvest dey of strwerry The effetiveness of hitosn nd enzothidizole in dey ontrol ws the highest mong the lterntives to syntheti fungiides The tested ompounds hd no negtive effets on fruit qulity, so they n e helpful in IPM Resistne induers hs ntimiroil tivity on posthrvest dey gents The pplition of resistne induers eliited host defenses, with different pttern involved etween hitosn/coa nd BTH