Humans are born taxonomists. We instinctively classify nearly

Transcription

1 Identifying Plnts Using Keys & Keen Oservtion Srh Reihrd University of Wshington Illustrtions y Christopher Montero Humns re orn txonomists. We instintively lssify nerly everything in our lives. For instne, we divide musi into lssil, rok, jzz, et. We even divide it hierrhilly: rok my e pop, hevy metl, or hip-hop. We do this euse we re so overwhelmed y the vst rry of informtion omrding us tht we must sudivide it to understnd it. We lso hve n innte need to rrnge informtion so tht we n etter ommunite. For the sme resons, we lssify plnts. Erly humns (nd most modern ones) lssified plnts y their uses. Some might e used s mediines to tret stomh ilments or hedhes, some to seson soups, others to uild strutures or to soften the lines of foundtions. Plnts n lso e lssified y their reltionships to eh other. In the pst this hs een sed on the morphology, or forms of the vrious plnt prts. While this is still the se, lssifitions re inresingly eing formed y geneti nlysis of DNA. For the nonsientist, however, oservtion nd knowledge of plnt morphology re the ommon tools used for plnt identifition. Lerning to identify the plnts round you n e fun s you tke wlk you n greet plnts s old friends nd impress your fmily with your knowledge of the nturl world. Knowing the speies of plnts growing in your grden or lrger environment is essentil to understnding their ulturl needs. Two speies in the sme fmily or genus my hve very different growth requirements nd if you do not use the pproprite ulturl tehniques the plnt might die. Using the si informtion presented here you will e le to understnd sientifi nmes nd egin umulting the terminology needed. In This Chpter Nomenlture Common nmes Hierrhy of sientifi nmes Wht do the nmes men? Why do nmes keep hnging? The ig piture Monoots & diots Using keys Leves Flowers & fruits Nomenlture Nomenlture is the system used in the nming of plnts. While sientifi nmes my seem onfusing t first, these nmes provide lot of informtion out plnts; ommon nmes in English, menwhile, offer n esy wy to ommunite out plnts. Common nmes Most speies hve ommon nmes. These nmes usully hve een given to the plnts to desrie their pperne or use. So, for instne, the spiny-stemmed ntive Oplopnx horridus eomes the devil s wlking stik or devil s lu nd Oemleri ersiformis is lled Indin plum for its smll edile fruits used y Ntive Amerins. Common nmes re preferred y some people euse they re generlly esy to pronoune nd their desriptive nture mkes them esy to rememer. However, ution is dvised when using them sine the sme speies my e known y severl ommon nmes nd mny different speies my e tegorized under the sme ommon nme. For instne, Chmeypris lwsonin is known s oth Port Orford edr nd Lwson s ypress. However, SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS n Armhir Siene Identifying Plnts 5-1

2 it is neither edr (in the genus Cedrus) nor ypress (in the genus Cupressus). Red edr is nme given to Juniperus virginin in estern North Ameri nd to Thuj plit in the West (note tht neither is true edr!). Therefore, ommon nmes n e very misleding nd re generlly est used in omintion with sientifi nme. Unlike sientifi nmes, ommon nmes generlly re not pitlized unless they refer to proper noun, suh s person or ple. Some prefer to pitlize them to ll ttention to them nd distinguish the ommon nme s something speil, ut doing so is not the stndrd. Memory Tip The order of the plnt kingdom hierrhy n e rememered y the sying: King Dvid Cme Over For Grpe Sod. Hierrhy of sientifi nmes Sientifi nmes, sometimes inorretly lled Ltin nmes (while mny re sed on Ltin or re Ltinized, mny re of other origins suh s Greek), re the preferred wy to ommunite out plnts. Sientifi nmes re preferred euse eh form gets unique nme greed upon y sientists. These nmes onvey informtion out eh plnt s reltionship to other speies, s well s its unique ttriutes. Bsed on these reltionships, sientists ple eh speies in hierrhy. Exmples of suh hierrhies re in Tle 1. The endings of these sientifi nmes indite whih level the nme represents. Fmilies lwys end in ee, whih is pronouned s if spelling out the word e. There re few fmilies tht lso hve nother nme tht ends in e. An exmple is the sunfl ower fmily, the Asteree, whih hs n older nme of Composite. In these ses, oth nmes re orret, ut the more modern ending of ee is generlly preferred. The genus nd speies together re referred to s inomil. This inomil system ws developed y Swedish dotor nmed Crl von Linné. As you might expet from someone who developed this system, he gve himself Ltin nme y whih he is etter known: Crolus Linneus. Linneus is onsidered to e the fther of the nming system of plnts nd nimls whih we ontinue to use to this dy. Prior to his work, nmes were long string of desriptive Ltin terms pretty unwieldy! Linneus pulished Speies Plntrum on My 1, 1753; sine then ll speies hve een given inomil nmes nd pled in hierrhy. There re ertin rules for rfting sientifi nmes. Note tht the genus nd speies of eh orgnism re lwys either itliized or underlined. There re some who will lso do this for the fmily, ut tht is unusul nd optionl. Genus is lwys pitlized nd speies is usully not pitlized, lthough it my e if the nme refl ets proper noun suh s person or ple. If genus hs lredy een referred to in pper, it Tle 1 Hierrhy of sientifi nmes Common nme: western red edr Kingdom Division (Phylum 1 ) Clss Order Fmily Genus 2 Speies Plnte Coniferophyt Coniferopsid Coniferles Cupressee Thuj plit Common nme: tomto Kingdom Division (Phylum) Clss Order Fmily Genus Speies Plnte Mgnolophyt Mgnoliopsid Asteride Solnee Solnum lyopersium 1. Phylum is the equivlent nme used in lssifying nimls; it is not generlly used for plnt lssifi tion. 2. The plurl of genus is gener. 5-2 Identifying Plnts Armhir Siene n SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS

3 my e revited therefter to the first initil of the genus followed y the speies nme. Thus our erlier exmple, Thuj plit, would e written s T. plit in its next mention. Osionlly, you my find nme or initils following the speies nme. These refer to the person or persons who first desried the speies nd they help us mintin onnetion to the originl desription. Linneus desried mny speies for the first time, so L. is ommonly found, s in Hyperium perfortum L. If there is n initil or nme in prentheses, followed y nother initil or nme, it mens tht the person represented in the prentheses nmed n erlier synonym nd the lter initil represents the person who gve it the urrent nme. These nmes nd initils must e used in forml pulitions, ut do not need to e inluded in more sul ommunitions. Sometimes you will lso enounter vrieties, suspeies, hyrids nd ultivrs. Vrieties nd suspeies re vritions of the speies tht re found in nture nd re essentilly interhngele terms. The nme of the vriety or suspeies must lwys e preeded y vr., susp., or ssp. whihever is pproprite. Negleting to preede the nme with one of these retes trinomil nd lthough this is pproprite for niml txonomy, it is not for plnts. Exmples inlude Pseudotsug menziesii vr. glu, Asplenium trihomnes susp. trihomnes, nd Viurnum plitum vr. tomentosum. If there is forml reognition of txonomi level elow speies, ut not inluding ultivrs, the nmes re referred to s infrspeifi. Note tht infrspeifi nmes re itliized while vr. nd susp. re not. 1 Plnts hve firly open development systems nd it is not unommon for hyrids of two different speies to e produed. These hyrids re usully produed y two speies in the sme genus. When hyrid is known to e hyrid etween two speies, it is written with n x efore the speies nme, suh s Photini x frseri. Less ommonly, there my e hyrid etween two gener, suh s in the Leylnd ypress, x Cupressoypris leylndii. Cultivr is short for ultivted vriety. Cultivrs my e seletions of wild forms tht re propgted for ommeril use, or they my hve een red to hve speil olors, forms, or other hrteristis. Aording to the Interntionl Code of Nomenlture of Cultivted Plnts, ll ultivrs nmed sine 1959 hve to hve fny nmes in modern lnguges, suh s Klmi ltifoli Olympi Fire or Rhododendron Elizeth. 1 Osionlly you will see referene to form, whih is usully minor vrition like slight hnge in flower olor. Form re rrely used tody nd re noted with n f. efore the form nme. In the pst, however, the ultivr nmes ould e Ltin, suh s Pie pungens Pendul. Note tht ultivr nmes re not itliized. Alterntively to their eing denoted with single quottion mrks, these nmes my insted e preeded y v. s in Klmi ltifoli v. Olympi Fire, ut should not hve oth v. nd quottion mrks. Wht do the nmes men? While it my seem tht sientifi nmes re hrder to rememer thn ommon nmes, if you understnd little Greek nd Ltin you will relize tht mny of them re just s desriptive. For instne, Juniperus horizontlis mens tht it is juniper with horizontl growth form, Pinus liulis is pine with white stem or trunk, while Silene ulis is mpion whose flowers hve no stem. Some speies nmes reflet the first ple tht speies ws found nd desried. Suh nmes end in ensis, suh s Pie sithensis (Sitk sprue), whih ws first found in Sitk, Alsk. This n give you n ide of wht onditions the speies prefers for growth. Mny speies nmes re intended to honor n individul. In the Pifi Northwest we hve severl speies with the nme douglsii, honoring Dvid Dougls, the erly nd rillint British plnt explorer in this region. Exmples of Douglsinspired nmes inlude Spire douglsii (hrdhk), Brodie douglsii (wild hyinth), nd Olsynium douglsii (Dougls lue-eyed grss). Why do nmes keep hnging? One of the gretest frustrtions tht people hve with sientifi nmes is tht mny seem to keep hnging! No sooner hve you mstered nme thn you re told the speies hs new nme. Nme hnges re mde for mny resons, ut it is generlly euse systemtists (sientists who study evolutionry reltionships mong plnts) hve found tht either the old nme does not urtely reflet plnt reltionships or n older nme is found to hve greter vlidity thn newer nme. For exmple, the Alskn yellow ypress, Chmeypris nootktensis, ws reently relssified to Xnthoypris nootktensis. Originlly it ws pled in the genus Cupressus (it rosses with Cupressus mrorp to form the hyrid x Cupressoypris leylndii), ut ws lter found to hve greter ffinity with Chmeypris nd ws trnsferred into tht genus. In 2001, new speies ws disovered in Vietnm nd given the nme Xnthoypris vietnmensis. The Alskn yellow ypress ws then found to e more losely relted to it, hene the hnges in gener. Another vexing exmple is the ommon weed, Himlyn lkerry. Older texts list it s Ruus proerus. This nme is not vlid not only euse it is not the SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS n Armhir Siene Identifying Plnts 5-3

4 Figure 1 Monoots hve one seed lef, prllel vention, nd flower prts in multiples of three. Figure 2 Diots hve two seed leves, vrile lef vention, nd flower prts in groups of fours nd fives. speies found here, ut euse tht nme is synonym of the nme of R. preox, whih ws pulished first. In nomenlture, the nme tthed to the first pulition of speies desription in sientifi pulition is onsidered to e the orret one. More urrent texts refer to it s R. disolor, whih is lso inorret euse tht txon is relly synonym of R. ulmifolius, nother speies. Furthermore, ording to otnists, ll of these nmes re inorret euse these plnts re not the speies found in Wshington! Insted, our invder is R. rmenius. On top of everything else, the ommon nme is inorret too our invders re from Armeni, not the Himlys! While ll these hnges my seem trivil t est, or inonvenient t worst, it is importnt to reognize tht they re done to help people understnd the reltionships mong plnt speies nd to help us ommunite more urtely out them. The ig piture In the previous exmples of hierrhy, the Kingdom for oth is listed s Plnte, inditing the primry seprtion in iology. The division of Thuj plit is given s Coniferophyt, while tht of Solnum is Mgnoliophyt. Coniferophyt re nonflowering, one-ering plnts inluding pines, sprues, edrs, nd ypress; Mgnoliophyt re the flowerering speies everything from pnsies to oks. The next level, nd one tht is ritil to lern to distinguish, is the fmily. Fmilies re groups of gener tht re losely relted nd shre ore hrteristis. These might e importnt hrteristis of fruit type (e.g., the legume fmily, Fee, is distinguished y pod-like fruits) or flower type (e.g., the sunflower fmily, Asteree, hs distintive infloresenes with two types of flowers, ry nd disk). Sometimes, the trits used to distinguish fmilies my e less ovious ones, suh s hemistry. Monoots & diots Flowering plnts n e further divided into monootyledons nd diotyledons, more ommonly referred to s monoots nd diots. Cotyledons re the smll leves tht emerge first from seeds. Monootyledonous plnts hve just one seed lef nd re primrily hereous (not woody). In ddition, they hve prllel vention in the leves nd flower prts produed in multiples of three (Figure 1). Diotyledonous plnts hve two seed leves, n e hereous or woody, hve vrile lef vention, nd usully hve flower prts in groups of fours nd fives (Figure 2). Monoots inlude the grss, lily, nd iris fmilies. Diots inlude ll other flowering plnts, from smll hereous plnts like violets to lrge trees like mples. Using keys It n e very hrd to identify plnt if you hve no ide wht it is. Botnists hve therefore reted tool lled dihotomous key, whih is series of pired plnt desriptions, to id in the identifition proess. You hoose key most pproprite to the hrteristis of your smple nd move down through the pired hoies, whih eome inresingly speifi until you rrive t n identity, whih you then verify y reding omplete desription. Keying is not diffiult with most keys, ut it does require knowledge of plnt terminology nd often mirosope or hnd lens. Keying is n quired skill nd while frustrting t first, it will eome esier nd more stisfying 5-4 Identifying Plnts Armhir Siene n SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS

5 with prtie. There re mny good keys, oth in print nd on-line, inluding those listed on the Oregon Stte University lndspe plnt mterils we pge, loted t While systemtists tody priniplly use DNA to study plnt reltionships, we still desrie nd reognize plnts sed on their morphology, or form. The wide vriety of plnt forms mens tht there is ewildering rry of terms used. These terms re used in dihotomous keys, nd understnding them n help you key out n unknown speies. Some of the more ommon morphologil terms re elow, ut for omplete desription of terms, onsult Hrris nd Hrris (2001). Leves Morphologilly, lef seems like strightforwrd thing, ut it is infinite in its vrition. Some of the terms you will need to know re tegorized nd illustrted in Figures 3 through 10: Arrngement on stems Alternte leves lternte their positions on the stem (Figure 3) Opposite leves originte opposite eh other (Figure 3) Whorled three or more leves originte from the sme position on the stem (Figure 3) Form Simple lef lde tht is not divided, though the mrgins my e serrted (Figure 4) Compound lef tht is divided into smller leflets. There re two types of ompound leves: pinntely ompound, with ll leflets originting from min stem (Figure 5) plmtely ompound, with leflets originting from ommon point (Figure 5) Antomy Blde the rod prt of lef (Figure 6) Apex the tip of the lef; this my e very nrrow or rod (Figure 6) Bse the prt of the lef tht onnets to the petiole (Figure 6) Petiole the smll stem tht tthes the lef to the stem (Figure 6d) Mrgin the edges of the leves; these my e smooth (entire) or serrted (Figure 6e) Shpe Cordte hert-shped, with noth t the se (Figure 7) Ellipti nrrow ovl, with the rodest prt in the middle (Figure 7) Lneolte longer thn wide, with the widest point in the lower 1 / 3 of the lde (Figure 7) Oovte shped like n egg, ut with the rodest prt of the lef in the upper 1 / 3 of the lde (Figure 7d) Ovte egg-shped (ov) with the rodest prt of the lef in the lower 1 / 3 of the lde (Figure 7e) Plmte loes rditing out from ommon point, like fingers from plm (Figure 7f) Figures 3-3 From top to ottom: lternte (), opposite (), nd whorled () lef rrngements. Figure 4 A simple lef lde with serrtions. Figures 5-5 Pinntely ompound (), nd plmtely ompound () lef forms. Figure 6 The lef ntomy inludes the lde (), pex (), se (), petiole (d), nd mrgin (e). d e SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS n Armhir Siene Identifying Plnts 5-5

6 Figures 7-7f Lef shpes. Cordte Ellipti Oovte Ovte Plmte Figures 8-8d Lef pies. Aute Figures 9-9e Lef ses. Attenute d Shething Lneolte d e f Auminte Deurrent Cunete Emrginte Cordte e Otuse d Apex Aute tpering to nrrow point, with more or less stright sides (Figure 8) Auminte grdully tpering to shrp point nd forming onve sides long the tip (Figure 8) Emrginte with noth t the end (Figure 8) Otuse rounded, with the sides pprohing the pex t n ngle greter thn 90 degrees (Figure 8d) Bse Attenute grdully tpering t the se (Figure 9) Cunete wedge-shped, forming tringulr se (Figure 9) Cordte hert-shped, with loes on either side of the petiole (Figure 9) Deurrent extended downwrd from the point of insertion (Figure 9d) Shething ontinuing down to form sheth round the stem (Figure 9e) Mrgin Entire ompletely smooth (Figure 10) Serrte toothed, with the ends of the teeth pointing to the pex of the lef (Figure 10) Crente toothed, with rounded teeth (Figure 10) Dentte toothed, with the ends of the teeth pointing outwrd rther thn forwrd (Figure 10d) Loed rounded divisions tht ut less thn ½ wy to the se or midvein (Figure 10e) Flowers nd fruits Flowers re intended for plnt reprodution. Their frgrne nd olorful pperne my plese us, ut plnts evolved suh trits to ttrt pollintors, not humns. Unlike leves, flowers do not hnge in trits suh s size or olor in response to the environment, mking them importnt to txonomy. 5-6 Identifying Plnts Armhir Siene n SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS

7 Not ll flowers re pollinted y insets nd other nimls; mny re pollinted y wind or wter. Suh flowers usully lk petls nd sent. In ft, they my e miniml nd ontin only reprodutive prts. Wind-pollinted speies re often unisexul, whih mens tht they hve only mle or only femle prts in eh flower. If oth mle (stminte) nd femle (pistillte) unisexul flowers re housed on the sme plnt it is lled monoeious, whih literlly mens one house. If mle flowers re on different plnt from the femle flowers, it is lled dioeious, or two houses. English holly (Ilex quifolium) is n exmple of dioeious speies fruit is only formed on the femle plnts. Most pine trees re monoeious; they hve the woody femle ones nd on the sme plnt there re smll mle pollen ones. Flowers with petls nd sent my lso e monoeious or dioeious, ut it is less ommon thn mong windpollinted speies. If flowers hve oth mle nd femle prts, they re lled perfet or omplete. Figures 10-10e Lef mrgins. d e Entire Serrte Crente Dentte Loed Figures 11-11g Flower prts: reeptle (), sepls (), petls (), stmens (d), pistil (e), ovry (f), nd ovules (g). e d Prts of flower Reeptle the pltform tht ll the other flower prts sit upon (Figure 11) Sepls lef-like strutures tht surround nd protet the flower ud; olletively lled the lyx (Figure 11) Petls lef-like, often olorful strutures tht surround the reprodutive prts of the flower nd serve to ttrt pollintors, olletively lled the oroll (Figure 11) Stmens the pollen-ering mle strutures of the flower, onsisting of the filment nd nther (Figure 11d) Pistil the femle prt of the flower, onsisting of the stigm, style, nd ovry (Figure 11e) Ovry the sl prt of the pistil tht ontins the ovules. f SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS n Armhir Siene Identifying Plnts 5-7 g

8 Figured 12-12e Infloresenes. Cyme Reme Figures 13-13l Fruit types. Simple Berry d d e Corym Ctkin Umel Aggregte Multiple f e Drupe Pome The ovry eomes the fruit (Figure 11f) Ovules enlosed in the ovry, the egg ells whih mture fter pollintion to eome the seeds (Figure 11g) Infloresenes Flowers my e solitry, or my e grouped into infloresenes t the end of rnh or t lef xils. A flower in n infloresene is lled floret. Common types of infloresenes inlude: Cyme the terminl flower opens first, then others open elow (Figure 12) Reme leves on the flowering stem re redued to rts under the flowers (Figure 12) Corym flt-topped reme (Figure 12) Umel flt-topped reme on very short stem, so tht ll seondry stems pper to rnh from single point, typil of the rrot fmily (Figure 12d) Ctkin dense spike or reme of petlous unisexul flowers, found in the willow nd irh fmilies, lso lled n ment (Figure 12e) g Follile j Ahene h Cpsule k Smr i Legume Nut l Types of fruit Fruits re mtured ovries of flowers nd the seeds re fertilized ovules. Some things tht we ll fruits, like the fleshy prts of strwerries or pple, re tully other prts of the flower, suh s the reeptle. Fruits my e divided into dry fruits (usully wind, wter, nd grvity dispersed) nd those with hve fleshy overings over the seeds. The ltter re usully ttrtive to nimls so tht they will e onsumed nd therefore dispersed. Terminology of some ommon fruit is desried elow: Simple fruit fruit derived from single pistil; most fruits re simple fruits (Figure 13) 5-8 Identifying Plnts Armhir Siene n SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS

9 Aggregte fruit fruit derived from multiple pistils of the sme flower (e.g., rsperries [Ruus spp.], Mgnoli spp.) (Figure 13) Multiple fruit fruit derived from multiple flowers (e.g., pinepple [Anns omosus]) (Figure 13) Dehisent fruit tht remins tthed to the plnt while shedding its seeds Indehisent fruit tht retins its seeds fter it hs fllen from the plnt Berry fleshy fruit derived from single pistil, ut with severl seeds (e.g., tomto, grpe [Vitis spp.]) (Figure 13d) Drupe fleshy fruit with single hrd seed inside (e.g., herry [Prunus spp.], peh [Prunus spp.]) (Figure 13e) Pome fleshy fruit derived from ompound ovry, onsisting of modified florl tue surrounding ore (e.g., pple [Mlus spp.], per [Pyrus spp.]) (Figure 13f) Follile dry dehisent fruit with mny seeds, opening long one side (e.g., milkweed [Aslepis spp.], olumine [Aquilegi spp.]) (Figure 13g) Cpsule dry dehisent fruit omposed of more thn one pistil tht releses seeds through vriety of opening types (e.g., Rhododendron spp., fireweed [Chmerion ngustifolium]) (Figure 13h) Legume dry dehisent fruit usully opening long two lines, ssoited with the Fee (e.g., pe [Pisum spp.], lk loust [Roini pseudoi]) (Figure 13i) Ahene smll dry indehisent fruit with single hmer ontining single seed (e.g., sunflower [Helinthus spp.], the smll seeds on the outside of strwerry [Frgri spp.]) (Figure 13j) Smr dry indehisent winged fruit (e.g., mple [Aer spp.], true sh trees [Frxinus spp.]) (Figure 13k) Nut hrd dry indehisent fruit usully with single seed (e.g., orn, hzelnut) (Figure 13l) Seeds Seeds re fertilized, mture ovules, omposed of seed ot, whih serves to protet the enlosed emryo nd endosperm (nutritive tissue tht feeds the emryo) (Figure 14). Both gymnosperms (onifers) nd ngiosperms (flowering plnts) hve seeds, giving them huge evolutionry dvntge over the more vulnerle spores found in ferns nd mosses. Seeds re vrile in size, shpe, olor, nd pttern nd my e importnt in some plnt lssifitions. Some smll seeds hve little endosperm nd therefore re short-lived. A seed with good protetive seed ot nd lots of endosperm, stored under low temperture nd humidity, n lst for dedes! u Figure 14 Prts of the seed. Emryo Seed ot Endosperm Literture ited Hrris, J.G. nd M.W. Hrris Plnt Identifition Terminology: An Illustrted Glossry, 2 nd edition. Spring Lke Pulitions, Spring Lke, UT. Oregon Stte University Lndspe plnts: imges, identifition, nd informtion. (Aessed Novemer 15, 2009). SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS n Armhir Siene Identifying Plnts 5-9

10 For more informtion Brenzel, K. N. (Editor) Sunset Western Grden Book, 7th Edition. Sunset Pulishing Corp., Menlo Prk, CA. Coomes, A.J Ditionry of Plnt Nmes. Timer Press, Portlnd, OR. Dirr, M. A Mnul of Woody Lndspe Plnts: Their Identifition, Ornmentl Chrteristis, Culture, Propgtion, nd Uses, 5th Edition. Stipes Pulishing Co., Chmpign, IL. Dirr, M.A Dirr s Hrdy Trees nd Shrus: An Illustrted Enylopedi. Timer Press, Portlnd, OR. Fisher, T How do you sy tht? A guide to pronouning otnil Ltin. Hortiulture 97:41-42, 44. Hithok, C.L., nd A. Cronquist Flor of the Pifi Northwest. University of Wshington Press, Settle, WA. Hymn, R., nd R. Pnkhurst Plnts nd Their Nmes: Conise Ditionry. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Joson, A.L North Amerin Lndspe Trees. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA. Jones, S. B., nd A. E. Luhsinger Plnt Systemtis. MGrw-Hill, New York, NY. Little, R.J. nd C.E. Jones A Ditionry of Botny. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Lohr, V. nd N. Thrpe Hortiulture 231 Lndspe Plnt Mterils I: lss mterils. edu/hort231/ (Aessed Novemer 15, 2009). Pojr, J. nd A. Mkinnon (Editors) Plnts of the Pifi Northwest Cost. Lone Pine Pulishing, Vnouver, BC, Cnd. Stern, W. T Botnil Ltin. Dvid & Chrles, Newton Aot, Englnd. Vn Gelderen, D.M., nd J.R.P. vn Hoey Smith Conifers: the Illustrted Enylopedi, Vol. 1 nd 2. Timer Press, Portlnd, OR Identifying Plnts Armhir Siene n SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS