Overview of Sauvignon Blanc varietal

Transcription

1 Overview of Sauvignon Blanc varietal Jean-Michel BOURSIQUOT 2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium May 4, 2018 Lake County, California

2 Names Sauvignon vs. Sauvignon Blanc Variations without «persistence» (Mas et Pulliat, 1878) : Gros Sauvignon, Sauvignon vert Petit Sauvignon, Sauvignon jaune Color variations Sauvignon gris, Sauvignon rose Sauvignon rouge, Sauvignon violet

3 Names Synonyms Blanc Fumé, Fumé blanc, Fumé (Nièvre) Feigentraube (Germany) Fié, Fier (Val de Loire) Génetin, Jennetin (Loiret, Loir-et-Cher) Puinéchou, Punéchon (Gers) Savagnou (Gers) Sucrin, Surin (Val de Loire, Auvergne)

4 Names Homonyms or confusions Muscat (Orléans) = Sauvignon Muscat Sylvaner, Muskat Silvaner (Central Europe) = Sauvignon Savagnin musqué = Sauvignon Sauvignon à gros grains (Corrèze) = Muscadelle Sauvignon vert (USA) = Muscadelle Sauvignon vert (Chile) = Sauvignonasse (Friulano) Sauvignon noir = Pardotte or Cabernet-Sauvignon

5 Names Homonyms or confusions Blanc doux, Douce blanche (Dordogne) = Muscadelle Maurillon blanc = Pinot blanc or Chardonnay Rouchelin (South West) = Chenin or Sauvignon Savagnin jaune = Savagnin Servonier, Servanien, Servinien, Servoyen (Bourgogne) = Savagnin

6 Names Etymology Sauvignon (the same as Savagnin) from Latin salvaticus, silvaticus, deriving from silva (the forest) : wild, natural, not domesticated, with a difficult character Fié, Fier (proud) from Latin ferus : untamed, uncontrolled, wild Fumé : smoked, tinted, probably due to the bloom on the berry skin

7 First quotes and historical data Ø 1534, François Rabelais - Gargantua (Livre I, Chapitre XXV)

8 First quotes and historical data Ø 1690, Jean Merlet L abrégé des bons fruits

9 First quotes and historical data Ø 1736, Abbé Jules Bellet Voyage littéraire, manuscript

10 First quotes and historical data Ø 1783, Dupré de Saint-Maur - Inquiry, manuscripts

11 First quotes and historical data Ø 1785, De Secondat Mémoires sur la culture des vignes de la Guienne

12 First quotes and historical data Ø 1800, Abbé François Rozier Cours complet d agriculture, tome X

13 First quotes and historical data Ø 1845, Comte Odart Traité des cépages

14 First quotes and historical data Ø 1878, Mas et Pulliat Le vignoble

15 First quotes and historical data Ø 1901, G. Cazeaux-Cazalet Viala et Vermorel, Ampélographie

16 Genetic origin and kindship group

17 Geographical origin?

18 Importance Acreage in France (FranceAgriMer) acres

19 Importance Distribution in French wine regions (FranceAgriMer, 2016) acres Languedoc Bordeaux South West Loire Valley Centre-Bourgogne Charentes Rhône Valley Provence

20 Importance In the world (OIV 2015, adapted) acres 1 France New Zealand Chile South Africa USA Australia Romania Spain Ukraine Italy Argentina Moldavia Austria Slovenia Bulgaria China Hungary Germany Czech Rep Russia Greece India Lebanon Morocco Mexico Portugal Slovakia Canada Serbia Croatia Turkey Switzerland Uruguay Macedonia Israel Brazil Cyprus UK 7 Other Countries 7 413

21 Importance Total acreage in the world : acres Eleventh row of the cultivars Between Ugni blanc : acres (twelfth row) and Red Globe : acres (tenth row) For comparison Chardonnay : acres (sixth row) The third white wine variety in the world

22 Description and ampelography Shoot tip High density of white prostrate hairs Yellow young leaves with light bronze spots Shoots Green nodes and internodes

23 Leaves Description and ampelography Small to moderate size Bumpy (bubbled) blade, twisted (curly) on the edges Green veins and petioles Medium and convex teeth

24 Description and ampelography Clusters Small or small to medium Very dense Short peduncles Berries Small Ellipsoid With bloom

25 Behavior and cultural traits Phenology Budbreak : medium to medium-late, 8 days after Chardonnay, GDD 5 = 322 [ ] (García de Cortázar et al, 2009; Castany, 2013) Maturity : 2 nd period, one week after Chardonnay Semi erected to erected shoot attitude Short to very short internodes High density of foliage

26 Behavior and cultural traits Very high vigor Training systems : vigor management First years after plantation : generous pruning Control of the number of shoots / meter, disbudding Clusters micro climate (leaf removal vs shade)

27 Behavior and cultural traits Training systems : some examples and comparison Pouilly-Fumé, Sancerre : mini vines/acre ( 1.3m x 1m), cordon (7 spurs maxi) or Guyot (8+2)

28 Behavior and cultural traits Training systems : some examples and comparison Sauternes : mini vines/acre (1.9m maxi x 0.8m mini), fan-shaped Gobelet with 2 to 5 arms (6 spurs maxi) or Guyot (6+2) or Bordelaise (4+4) Bordeaux blanc : mini vines/acre (2.5m maxi x 0.85m mini), 14 shoots maxi/vine

29 Behavior and cultural traits Training systems : some examples and comparison Languedoc :

30 Behavior and cultural traits Nutrients and hydric requirements - Nitrogen : needs well balanced supply (attention to weed control) - Water : to avoid stress as well as excess Soil adaptation Intermediate fertility Limestone soils : soft lime, marls, stony soils, clayey and lime soils Flint clay Gravel and acid soils Sandy and light texture soils

31 Behavior and cultural traits Rootstocks Traditional advice in order to control the vigor Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, MGt, 3309 C 420 A, ( C), 41 B vs Fercal

32 Behavior and cultural traits - Plants production statistics (FranceAgriMer, 2016) 12.2 million of grafted plants in nurseries 8 th variety grafted, 3 rd white variety SO C Fercal Gravesac B R P Riparia RSB Ru Others SO C Fercal Gravesac 41B MGt MGt 110 R 1103 Pa Riparia RSB Ru Others

33 Behavior and cultural traits Pests and diseases sensitivity Very susceptible to bunch rot and to wood diseases (esca, eutypa dieback) Sensitive to powdery mildew but not to downy mildew General comments Technical demanding cultivar Neither too much nor too not much Vigor control is a main key point

34 Technological potential Type of wines Sweet wines Blends with Semillon and Muscadelle Dry wines Varietal wines Blends with other white cultivars : Colombard, Gros Manseng, Ugni blanc, Chardonnay, Viognier, Parellada, In the past blended in some red wines (Comte Odart, 1845; D Armailhacq, 1855; Mas et Pulliat, 1878)

35 Technological potential Aromas Blackcurrant bud Boxwood Broom Cat pee Figs Citrus fruits Passion fruits Strawberry Aspergillus Grassy Green pepper. Flint ( rifle stone, mineral )

36 Technological potential Influence of vineyard management on aromas Methoxypyrazines : decrease with ripening, leaf removal (Suklje et al, 2013) and high temperature M.J. Lacey et al, 1991

37 Technological potential Thiols molecules Moderate water stress : increase of thiols precursors (4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one and 3- mercaptohexan-1-ol) ng/l Deep soil Covered soil P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH X. Choné, 2001

38 Technological potential Thiols molecules ng/l 8000 Nitrogen supply X. Choné, 2001 Low N soil P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH Low N soil + 60 U

39 Technological potential Thiols molecules Vineyard treatments with nitrogen and sulfur : increase by 3 to 5 times the content of thiols (T. Dufourcq, 2011) 2 treatments : first, beginning of veraison and second, 8 to 10 days after 2 to 4 kg/acre of N and 1 to 2.5 kg/acre of S per treatment (80 to 160 L/acre) Warning, thiols are susceptible to copper (attention with organic viticulture)

40 Color variations Sauvignon gris (gray) : acres in France

41 Sauvignon rouge (red) Color variations

42 Clonal programs Main objectives First generation ( ) : healthy and true to type material corresponding to the standard features of the variety, production regularity and yield level Second generation ( ) : lower production, aromas, maturity, tolerance to Botrytis, improvement of the clonal diversity 20 certified clones of Sauvignon - Sancerre and Quincy (5) : 107, 159, 160, 530, Touraine (8) : 240, 241, 242, 297, 376, 377, 378, Bordeaux (7) : 108, 161, 316, 317, 531, 905, 906

43 Clonal programs Acreage of increase blocks Clone Acres (2+) (2+) # 52 % thers 917

44 Clonal programs Location : Loir-et-Cher (Saint-Romain, Touraine) Rootstock : 3309 C - Duration : 3 years 10,6 10,4 530 Alcohol (% vol) 10, ,0 317 (2+) 9,8 316 (2+) 9, , ,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 yield / vine (kg)

45 Clonal programs Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years Sugar content (g/l) (2+) 317 (2+) ,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Yield per vine (kg)

46 Frequency (%) Intensity (%) 8 Clonal programs Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years Botrytis cinerea 70 Frequency Intensity (2+) (2+) 0

47 Fertility - Low : High : 241, 297, 619 Cluster size - Small : Big : 159, 377, 905 Yield - Low : 159, 316, 530, 906, High : 241, 377 Quality of the wines Clonal programs Location : Gard (Savignargues) Rootstock : 110 R - Duration : 6 years 14 clones : 108, 159, 240, 241, 242, 297, 316, 377, 378, 530, 619, 905, 906 and Sauvignon gris : more aromatic and 917: full and round

48 Clonal programs Synthetic results Sugar content High 530 Medium to high Medium Low to medium Low Level production Low Low to medium Medium Medium to High High

49 Clonal programs Synthetic results : aromatic and typical wines, still very appreciated for its agronomical behavior : aromatic, sometimes a little bit heavy wines : balanced and typical wines when yield is controlled : typical wines with less dense bunches : early maturity, slightly higher sensitive to bunch rot and 906 : earlier maturity, good tolerance to bunch rot, aromatic, full and balanced wines

50 Clonal programs 2 generations of clonal selection programs : and Conservation of intra varietal diversity - Local repositories in Loire Valley (IFV Val de Loire) Conservatoire_IFV-valdeloire.pdf Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire) : , Sauvignon B, 215 accessions and Sauvignon gris, 54 accessions Fresnes (Loir-et-Cher) : 2001, Sauvignon B, 125 accessions Marigny-Brizay (Vienne) : 2011, Sauvignon gris, 27 accessions

51 Clonal programs - INRA repositories Couhins Estate (Bordeaux) : 2012, Sauvignon B, 104 accessions /Conservatoire_INRA-bdx.pdf Vassal Estate (Languedoc) : Sauvignon B, gray and red, 26 accessions - IFV repository Espiguette Estate (Languedoc) : 55 accessions including 20 certified clones - Private repository Château Guiraud (Bordeaux)

52 Clonal programs More than 500 accessions of Sauvignon identified and held in repositories in France - Some of these repositories can now be used as mother vines to produce grafted plants under the label : Biodiversité Vigne There is a need : - to complete these repositories with more diverse origins because they are essential for future clonal selection programs - for a next generation of clones in relationship with climate changes : later, aromatic and good acidity - for other clones of Sauvignon gris

53 Use for breeding programs

54 Conclusion Sauvignon became the third white wine variety in the world with more than acres According to its etymology, Sauvignon is a wild grape difficult to tame It offers opportunities of very diverse styles of wines The choice of the terroir and of the vineyard management influence very much the quality and the style of the wines Sauvignon is appreciated by young generations of consumers The future is before it and belongs to it

55 Thank you for your attention 2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium