Family: Urticaceae. Synonym(s): Status: Assessor Approved

Transcription

1 Taxo: Pourouma cecropiifolia Family: Urticaceae Commo Name(s): Amazo grape sacha uvillas Syoym(s): Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved Ed Date: 10 Mar 2016 WRA Score: -6.0 Desigatio: L Ratig: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Dioecious, Edible Fruit, Recalcitrat, Zoochorous Qs # Questio Aswer Optio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, =0 y 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) y=1, = Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? y=1, =0 y=-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameity/disturbace weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs y=1, =0 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals y=1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y=1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems y=1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle High y Page 1 of 13

2 Qs # Questio Aswer Optio Aswer 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y=1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets y=1, =0 501 Aquatic y=5, =0 502 Grass y=1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat y=1, = Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat y=1, =0 y=1, =0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, =-1 y 603 Hybridizes aturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, = Requires specialist polliators y=-1, =0 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio y=1, = Miimum geerative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) y=1, = Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y=1, =-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat y=1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal y=1, = Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, =-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, =-1 y 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) y=1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) y=1, =-1 Page 2 of 13

3 Supportig Data: Qs # Questio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y "Amazo tree grape, Pourouma cecropiifolia (Cecropiaceae), was domesticated by idigeous Amazoias ad was widely distributed i wester Amazoia, icludig Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Veezuela ad Brazil, i pre-colombia times (Clemet ad Chavez-Flores, 1984)."... "I wester Brazil this species is foud i its wild state as a elemet of the forest uderstory to lower caopy withi high tropical forests. As a domesticated plat, it is cosidered a lightdemadig species, although this may be a adaptatio to cultivatio i gardes." Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. "The preset rage of distributio of the very uiform P. cecropiifolia (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a might be largely athropogeous." itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: Has the species become aturalized where grow? Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. "The preset rage of distributio of the very uiform P. cecropiifolia (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a might be largely athropogeous." [No evidece, although atural itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: ad athropogeic distributios are uclear] 103 Does the species have weedy races? Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. "Extedig from Colombia (Meta) through Amazoia Ecuador, Peru, (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a ad Brazil (Acre ad wester Amazoas) to Amazoia Bolivia, also itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: i Amazoia Veezuela" High 202 Quality of climate match data High Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) Page 3 of 13

4 Qs # Questio Aswer "The tree is adapted to the lowlad humid tropics, with a average aual temperature betwee 20 ad 28 C. The highest temperature that it will tolerate is ot kow. The precipitatio i this area varies from 1500 to 4000 mm / year, ad the relative humidity of the air varies from 60 to 85% (CORPOICA, 1998)." 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. "Extedig from Colombia (Meta) through Amazoia Ecuador, Peru, (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a ad Brazil (Acre ad wester Amazoas) to Amazoia Bolivia, also itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: i Amazoia Veezuela" y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? FAO Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. FAO Forestry Paper, 44(3). Food & Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, Rome "Despite its popularity the species has ot bee widely dispersed sice precolombia times, perhaps due to the short viability of the seed, although i recet years it has bee more widely dispersed through the America humid tropics as a result of air trasport." Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. "Ofte cultivated ad their occurrece ofte idicatig previous (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a huma ihabitatio. Also cultivated i some places outside the itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: species rage, e.g., Bahia (Brazil)." 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage FAO Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. FAO Forestry Paper, 44(3). Food & Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, Rome Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia "Today it occurs i much of the Peruvia, Ecuadoria ad Colombia Amazo as well as the extreme wester port of the Brazilia Amazo. Irrespective as to whether the species is wild or a cultige, there is o published iformatio o its abudace." [No evidece, but distictio betwee atural & athropogeic rages is uclear] Not documeted as aturalized outside ative rage 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Page 4 of 13

5 Qs # Questio Aswer Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 304 Evirometal weed Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 305 Cogeeric weed Radall, R.P A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Pourouma bicolor var. chocoaa reported to be aturalized] 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs [No evidece] "The tree attais about 15 m i height, with a pagodabrached, leafy caopy. The truk is straight, showig clearly the leaf petiole scars. The truk bark is rough ad white-grey. The brachig occurs i whorls of three, sometimes with six braches, givig the tree a pagoda-type architecture ad a umbrella-shaped crow. The leaves are large (20-60 cm i legth by cm i width), alterate, with log petioles (20-40 cm i legth by cm i thickess) with lateral stipules. The leaf blade is palmately lobed (betwee three ad 13 lobes), leathery i texture, clear-gree udereath ad dark gree o the upper surface." 402 Allelopathic WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow 403 Parasitic "The tree attais about 15 m i height, with a pagoda-brached, leafy caopy. The truk is straight, showig clearly the leaf petiole scars." [Urticaceae. Formerly Cecropiaceae. No evidece] 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals Page 5 of 13

6 Qs # Questio Aswer [Fruit cosumed by aimals. Palatability of foliage ukow] "The fruit is a drupe with a oval-globose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "A sigle hard, oval-shaped seed is foud per fruit"... "There is strog competitio from birds ad bats, ad the losses ca be cosiderable durig the harvest." 405 Toxic to aimals Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL "The fruit is a drupe with a oval-globose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "There is strog competitio from birds ad bats, ad the losses ca be cosiderable durig the harvest." No evidece, although extracts of fruit show moderate cytotoxicity 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges FAO Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. FAO Forestry Paper, 44(3). Food & Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, Rome "Durig the early juveile stage the leaf cutter at may be a. problem, otherwise the species is surprisigly free of isect pests. A truk borer has bee observed ear Leticia, Colombia. A root disease has killed some trees ear Maaus, Brazil." 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas Lim, T.K Edible Medicial Ad No-Medicial Plats. Volume 6, Fruits. Spriger, Dordrecht Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [No evidece] "The fruit is sweet ad juicy, eate fresh ad made ito jams, jellies, other cofectios ad wie. The fruit is very fragile ad has poor post harvest shelf-life which limits marketig optios. The sweet flower periath is eate raw or used for makig driks ad wie. The toasted seeds ca be used as a substitute for coffee ad the leaf ash is sometimes substituted as a coca additive." No evidece 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems [No evidece. Does ot occur i fire proe ecosystems] "The tree is adapted to the lowlad humid tropics, with a average aual temperature betwee 20 ad 28 C. The highest temperature that it will tolerate is ot kow. The precipitatio i this area varies from 1500 to 4000 mm / year, ad the relative humidity of the air varies from 60 to 85% (CORPOICA, 1998)." Page 6 of 13

7 Qs # Questio Aswer Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a No evidece itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle Useful Tropical Plats Database Pourouma cecropiifolia. id=pourouma+cecropiifolia. [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] Mostacedo C, B., & Frederickse, T. S Regeeratio status of importat tropical forest tree species i Bolivia: assessmet ad recommedatios. Forest Ecology ad Maagemet, 124(2): "Succeeds i full su or dappled shade" "Table 1 Status of regeeratio of tropical forest tree species i Bolivia" [Pourouma cecropiifolia - Shade tolerace - IE shadeitolerat] [Shade tolerace may deped o level of domesticity of seed source] "I wester Brazil this species is foud i its wild state as a elemet of the forest uderstory to lower caopy withi high tropical forests. As a domesticated plat, it is cosidered a light demadig species, although this may be a adaptatio to cultivatio i gardes." 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) Useful Tropical Plats Database Pourouma cecropiifolia. id=pourouma+cecropiifolia. [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] "Foud i the wild o fertile, clayey soil" "The species grows aturally o oxisols ad utisols. I geeral, it prefers well-draied, good structured, loamy-surfaced soils, eve though these are geerally poor i utriets." 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit Lim, T.K Edible Medicial Ad No-Medicial Plats. Volume 6, Fruits. Spriger, Dordrecht "A medium-sized, evergree, dioecious, brached tree reachig 7-15 III high with grey bark marked by leaf scars with a rosette of braches high up the tree ad leaves crowded toward the tips of the braches" 412 Forms dese thickets Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. [No evidece] "i o-iudated forest, at altitudes up to ca (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a m. Ofte cultivated ad their occurrece ofte idicatig previous itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: huma ihabitatio." No evidece Page 7 of 13

8 Qs # Questio Aswer 501 Aquatic Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. [Terrestrial] "Tree, up to 20 m tall... i o-iudated forest, at (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a altitudes up to ca m." itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: Grass USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] Family: Urticaceae Altfamily: Cecropiaceae 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] Family: Urticaceae Altfamily: Cecropiaceae 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a "Tree, up to 20 m tall." itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat [No evidece] "Extedig from Colombia (Meta) through Amazoia Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. Ecuador, Peru, ad Brazil (Acre ad wester Amazoas) to (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a Amazoia Bolivia, also i Amazoia Veezuela; i o-iudated itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: forest, at altitudes up to ca m. Ofte cultivated ad their occurrece ofte idicatig previous huma ihabitatio." 602 Produces viable seed y "The tree is propagate by seed." 603 Hybridizes aturally Page 8 of 13

9 Qs # Questio Aswer [Ukow for P. cecropiifolia] "Uamed Collectios"... "The latter has most characters i commo with the form of P. bicolor subsp. bicolor with a etire lamia, beig smooth above. However, the Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. idumet of the leafy twigs, petiole, ad lower lea/surface (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a resembles that of P. cucura. The former collectio with 5-parted itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: leaves ad icisios dow to the petiole may represet the juveile form of the latter collectio. The mixture of characters suggests possible hybridizatio." 604 Self-compatible or apomictic "This dioecious species has paiculate axillary ifloresceces that are cm i legth." 605 Requires specialist polliators "Durig the flowerig period, maily durig the morig (from 6 a.m. to 1 p.m.), several species of bees are observed (Oxitrigoa obscura, Trigoa obscura, Trigoa dellatarreaa, Trigoa sp.). Bees are cosidered the pricipal polliators." "Falcao ad Lleras (1980) foud a umber of bee species as Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. polliators of P. cecropiifolia. The bees collect polle i the stamiate (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a ifloresceces ad fly to pistillate ifloresceces. The authors do ot itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: give idicatios about the attractat( s) of the pistillate ifloresceces." 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio "The tree is propagate by seed."... "To date, o reports of vegetative propagatio have bee published. The extremely light wood is almost herbaceous ad ofte hollow i seedligs hiderig all cuttig ad graftig methods. Air layerig may be possible, but is probably ot ecoomical give the low value of the fruit." 607 Miimum geerative time (years) 3 "The juveile period is from 3-4 years." 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) Page 9 of 13

10 Qs # Questio Aswer "The fruit is a drupe with a oval-globose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "A sigle hard, oval-shaped seed is foud per fruit" [No evidece & ulikely. Fruits & seeds are relatively large & lack meas of exteral attachmet] 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y "Most, if ot all, Pourouma species have edible fruits. As far as Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. kow, oly P. cecropiijolia is cultivated as a fruit tree, however. The (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a taste of the fleshy (mesocarp-like) ier layer of the periath itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: strogly resembles that of grapes." Fruit Lover's Seed Co Tropical Fruit Seed List. [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] Seeds sold commercially 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat "The fruit is a drupe with a oval-globose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "A sigle hard, oval-shaped seed is foud per fruit" [No evidece & ulikely. Fruits & seeds are relatively large & would probably be easily detected i other produce or agricultural products] 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal "Agai, little is kow about dispersal of Pourouma seeds. Oe may Berg, C. C., Akkermas, R. W. A. P., & Va Heusde, E. C. H. assume that the 'fruits' with a fleshy mesocarp-like ier layer of the (1990). Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa ad Pourouma, with a elarged periath, ad a purple to black (or a red-brow) exocarplike outer layer (ski) are eate by several frugiverous arboreal itroductio to the family. Flora Neotropica, 51: aimals; mokeys are metioed i label data." 705 Propagules water dispersed FAO Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. FAO Forestry Paper, 44(3). Food & Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, Rome "Fruit drupaceous, avoid to spherical, 2-4 cm log, 1-4 cm i diameter, grape-like, with rough ski turig from gree through violet to black whe ripe; pulp juicy, gelatious ad sweet, slightly fibrous, surroudig a sigle, ovoid seed." [Buoyacy of fruit ukow. Ulikely, but may be moved by water if growig i riparia habitat] 706 Propagules bird dispersed y Page 10 of 13

11 Qs # Questio Aswer [Presumably yes, although seed may be too large for most avia frugivores i the Hawaiia Islads] "The fruit is a drupe with a ovalglobose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "A sigle hard, oval-shaped seed is foud per fruit"... "There is strog competitio from birds ad bats, ad the losses ca be cosiderable durig the harvest." 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) "The fruit is a drupe with a oval-globose to oblog shape that varies i legth from 2 to 4 cm ad 1-4 cm i diameter."... "A sigle hard, oval-shaped seed is foud per fruit"... "There is strog competitio from birds ad bats, ad the losses ca be cosiderable durig the harvest." [Fruits & seeds are relatively large & lack meas of exteral attachmet. However, some aimals may carry fruit exterally to cosume pulp & discard seed] 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y Guzmá, A., & Steveso, P. R. (2008). Seed dispersal, habitat selectio ad movemet patters i the Amazoia tortoise, Geocheloe deticulata. Amphibia- Reptilia, 29(4), Culot, L., Lazo, F. J. J. M., Huye, M. C., Poci, P., & Heyma, E. W. (2010). Seasoal variatio i seed dispersal by tamaris alters seed rai i a secodary rai forest. Iteratioal Joural of Primatology, 31(4), "Table 4. List of plat species dispersed by Geocheloe deticulata at Los Amigos Biological Statio, Peru." [Icludes Pourouma cecropiifolia] [Dispersed by tamaris] "For a 2-yr period, we followed a mixedspecies group of tamaris i Peru to determie how their role as seed dispersers i a 9-yr-old secodary-growth forest varied across seasos. These tamaris dispersed small to large seeds of 166 tree species, 63 of which were ito a degraded area."... "All the seeds dispersed i the secodary forest were relatively large, with 57.6% of seeds >1 cm (see Fig. 3 for seed legth ad width distributio). Cecropiaceae (Cecropia ad Pourouma), Fabaceae (Iga ad Parkia), ad Moraceae (Naucleopsis, Ficus, Helicostylis, ad Clarisia) were the families most ofte dispersed ito secodary forest." 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) FAO Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. FAO Forestry Paper, 44(3). Food & Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, Rome [Sigle-seeded fruit with recalcitrat seeds. Ulikely to achieve high seed desities i the soil] "Fruit drupaceous, avoid to spherical, 2-4 cm log, 1-4 cm i diameter, grape-like, with rough ski turig from gree through violet to black whe ripe; pulp juicy, gelatious ad sweet, slightly fibrous, surroudig a sigle, ovoid seed."... "Germiatio is very rapid (10 to 20 days if the seed are sow immediately after extractio from the fruit). However the seeds are of the type kow as "recalcitrat" ad loose their viability extremely rapidly. Oe afteroo i the su will kill them ad eve protected i saw dust or char coal powder they lose viability withi days or a week at room temperature." Page 11 of 13

12 Qs # Questio Aswer 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) "The seeds are recalcitrat, hece difficult to store, ad lose viability i less tha 1 week if kept at room temperature." 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow. No iformatio o herbicide efficacy or evidece of chemical cotrol of this species 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire "To date, o reports of vegetative propagatio have bee published. The extremely light wood is almost herbaceous ad ofte hollow i seedligs hiderig all cuttig ad graftig methods. Air layerig may be possible, but is probably ot ecoomical give the low value of the fruit." [Ukow. No reports of coppicig] 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow Page 12 of 13

13 Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Reproduces by seeds Rapid growth rate & reaches maturity i 3+ years Seeds dispersed by birds. Frugivorous mammals & itetioally by people Low Risk Traits Domesticated by idigeous people of South America No reports of ivasiveess or aturalizatio, but o evidece of widespread itroductio outside ative rage Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) Edible fruit Dioecious Not reported to spread vegetatively Relatively large fruit & seeds ulikely to be iadvertetly dispersed Seeds recalcitrat & uable to form a persistet seed bak Page 13 of 13