101 Is the species highly domesticated?

Transcription

1 Famil: Malvaceae Taxo: Durio zibethius Som: NA Commo Name: Duria Stikfrucht Durião durió Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0? 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 1 of 9

2 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -2 Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 2 of 9

3 Supportig Data: Bumrugsri, S./Sripaoraa, E./Chogsiri, T./Sridith, K./Race, P.A.. The Polliatio Ecolog of Duria (Durio zibethius, Bombacaceae) i Souther Thailad. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 25(1): WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "Duria (Durio zibethius L.) is oe of themost popular ad ecoomicall importat fruit crops i South East Asia." "Durio zibethius was itroduced to Thailad more tha 300 ago (Brow 1997, Subhadrabadhu & Ketsa 2001) ad it is hardl surprisig therefore that at least 200 cultivars, resultig from huma selectio, have bee reported i Thailad (Hirapradit et al. 1992). Some of these (e.g. Mo Thog, Chaee, Ka Yaw, Kradum Thog ) are more popular tha others ad are grow commerciall i large platatios." "Semi-wild duria trees are robust, ad resist drought ad fugal ifectio much better tha commercial varieties." [Certai cultivars ma be highl domesticated, but this assessmet refers to the "wild" tpe] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Duria is perhaps ative to Sumatra ad Boreo, but it is so widel aturalized ad cultivated i Asia for its edible fruit that its origis are ucertai. Toda duria is grow i Sri Laka, souther Idia, Mamar, Thailad, Idochia, Malasia, Idoesia, New Guiea, ad the Philippies, but has ot become popular outside Asia." [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] "Duria is perhaps ative to Sumatra ad Boreo, but it is so widel aturalized ad cultivated i Asia for its edible fruit that its origis are ucertai. Toda duria is grow i Sri Laka, souther Idia, Mamar, Thailad, Idochia, Malasia, Idoesia, New Guiea, ad the Philippies, but has ot become popular outside Asia." Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "The duria is ultratropical ad caot be grow above a altitude of 2,000 ft (600 m) i Celo; 2,300 ft (700 m) i the Philippies, 2,600 ft (800 m) i Malasia. The tree eeds.html abudat raifall. I Idia, it flourishes o the baks of streams, where the roots ca reach water." CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "- Altitude rage: m - Mea aual raifall: mm - Raifall regime: bimodal; uiform - Dr seaso duratio: 0-5 moths - Mea aual temperature: 25-27ºC - Mea maximum temperature of hottest moth: 26-34ºC - Mea miimum temperature of coldest moth: 21-30ºC - Absolute miimum temperature: > 15ºC" [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "The ideal temperature rage for duria growth is 27-30⁰ C, with a relative humidit of 75-80%. Growth is limited below a mea mothl temperature of 22⁰ C, though flowerig ad fruitig appear to be more prolific. Temperatures below 10⁰ C cause premature leaf abscissio, while temperatures of 46⁰ C ca be tolerated." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Duria is strictl tropical; it grows successfull ear the equator, ad up to 18 deg from the equator i Thailad ad Australia. At these extreme latitudes, extesio growth comes to a halt durig coolest moths. It eeds well-distributed raifall, but a relativel dr spell stimulates ad schroizes flowerig." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Duria is perhaps ative to Sumatra ad Boreo, but it is so widel aturalized ad cultivated i Asia for its edible fruit that its origis are ucertai. Toda duria is grow i Sri Laka, souther Idia, Mamar, Thailad, Idochia, Malasia, Idoesia, New Guiea, ad the Philippies, but has ot become popular outside Asia." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "Native: Idoesia, Malasia. Exotic: Australia, Cambodia, Domiica, Idia, Mamar, Papua New Guiea, Philippies, Sigapore, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam, Zazibar" Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 3 of 9

4 Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI McCormack, G.. Cook Islads Biodiversit Database, Versio Cook Islads Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotoga [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Ucertai (?)] "Duria is perhaps ative to Sumatra ad Boreo, but it is so widel aturalized ad cultivated i Asia for its edible fruit that its origis are ucertai. Toda duria is grow i Sri Laka, souther Idia, Mamar, Thailad, Idochia, Malasia, Idoesia, New Guiea, ad the Philippies, but has ot become popular outside Asia." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Probabl Yes] "Duria is perhaps ative to Sumatra ad Boreo, but it is so widel aturalized ad cultivated i Asia for its edible fruit that its origis are ucertai." [Likel aturalized, although area of origi ucertai] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Not i Cook Islads] "COOK ISLANDS STATUS: Itroduced - Recet, Not aturalised; Lad, lowlads" Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Durio zibethius [Olie Database]. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Flora List for Pohpei from Christopher Dahl (File creatio date 15 Nov 1997) College of Microesia-FSM Bota (aturalised) " Chog, K.Y./Ta, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plat Flora of Sigapore: Native, Naturalized ad Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversit Research, Natioal Uiversit of Sigapore, Sigapore [Naturalized beod ative rage? Possibl] "Durio zibethius L.; Malvaceae; casual" Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Durio zibethius [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Durio zibethius [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Durio zibethius [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. [Cogeeric weed? No] NO evidece Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Durio zibethius is a medium to large buttressed tree, up to 45 m tall i dese lowlad forests ad m i orchards ad backards; bark dark red brow, peelig off irregularl." "Fruit varies greatl i size; cm i diameter, gree to ellowish brow, with spies that are variable i legth ad shape." [Fruits are spi, however] [Allelopathic? No] "Itercroppig with cocoa could improve productivit through several aspects of the croppig sstem, such as provisio of shade." [No evidece, ad ulikel as duria is cultivated with other trees] [Parasitic? No] "Durio zibethius is a medium to large buttressed tree, up to 45 m tall i dese lowlad forests ad m i orchards ad backards;" [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] "Aimals ivolved i the propagatio of D. zibethius iclude civet cat, elephat, tiger, deer, rhioceros ad mokes. The are attracted b the duria scet ad ma igest the seeds while feedig o the arils, thereb dispersig them." [Fruit are palatable, but o iformatio foud o leaf palatabilit] [Toxic to aimals? No] "Aimals ivolved i the propagatio of D. zibethius iclude civet cat, elephat, tiger, deer, rhioceros ad mokes. The are attracted b the duria scet ad ma igest the seeds while feedig o the arils, thereb dispersig them." [No evidece] Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 4 of 9

5 Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Potetiall] "Mior pests i the Morto, Miami, FL Philippies are the white mealbug (Pseudococcus lilacius) ad the giat mealbug (Drosicha towsedi) which ifest oug ad developig fruits. Ver.html few diseases have bee reported. I West Malasia, patch caker caused b Phtophthora palmivora was first oted i It is becomig icreasigl commo o roots ad stems of duria seedligs. Ifectio i the field begis at the collar with oozig of browish-red gum ad exteds up the truk ad dow to the roots. Sometimes a tree is completel girdled at the base ad dies. Testig of 13 cloes showed that all but 2 were susceptible. The 2 resistat cloes succumbed after the stems were wouded ad ioculated. It is evidet that pruig ijuries have provided access for the orgaism. The disease is ecouraged b close-platig which shades the soil ad promotes dampess. Weeds, grass ad mulch aroud the collar are also cotributig factors. Budded trees are particularl susceptible because of their habit of puttig forth low braches ad the occurrece of cracks where these joi the mai stem. Whe these low braches are prued, the woud must be immediatel treated with a fugicide." Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Olivieri, J./Quiliquii-Chambard, A.- M./Hauser, C.. Allerg to duria. Allerg. 57: CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The ecclopedia of fruit & uts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Potetiall] "Pests ad diseases: Pests iclude scale isects, leaf eatig caterpillars ad beetles, ad truk ad brach borers. Two ematode pests, Helicotlechus spp. ad Radopholus spp., have also bee reported. I poorl draied soils, root rot or patch caker, caused b Phtophthora palmivora ad Pthium complectes, ca quickl kill trees shortl after the 1st smptoms appear. Associated with Pthium are secodar fugi such as Diplodia spp. Ad Fusarium spp. Corticium salmiicolor causes pik disease; Phllosticta duriois, ad Homostegia duriois cause black ad brow leaf spots. Leaves also suffer severe damage due to Colletotrichum zibethius ad C. duriois. Die-back of buddigs is associated with Diplodia spp. ad Phomopsis spp. Cultural practices, rather tha deplomet of resistat varieties, have historicall tackled these disease problems. The ouger trees, which are somewhat resistat, have ofte bee used as rootstock to i-arch older, diseased trees." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Ulikel, but possible i susceptible idividuals] "Tropical fruits are part of the atural diet i coutries i which these fruits are idigeous, ad are ow more frequetl cosumed i idustrialized coutries. We report a case of food aaphlaxis i a 47- ear-old female of Thai origi." "The last episode appeared 30 mi after igestio of duria, a tropical fruit." "To our kowledge this is the first descriptio of a allergic food aaphlaxis related to this tropical fruit." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "D. zibethius is well kow for its fruit, which is much relished i South-East Asia. The fruits are globose, ovoid or ellipsoid approximatel 25 x 20 cm, ad covered with sharp spies (Verheij ad Coroel, 1991). The highl flavoured, ofte cosidered puget arils aroud the seeds are eate fresh or used for flavourig ice creams ad cakes, or fermeted. The boiled ad roasted seeds are also eate." [No evidece, despite huma utilizatio] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Youg trees beefit from 30-50% shade util the are 1 m high, at which time the should be graduall itroduced to full su." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Deep, well-draied sad cla or cla loam soils are best suited for this species (Subhadrabadhu ad Ketsa, 2001). Poor draiage i heav soils ca iduce Phtophthora root rot." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "D. zibethius is a large tree up to 40 m i height, with dark red-brow bark ad dark red heart wood (Verheij ad Coroel, 1991)." Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 5 of 9

6 Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database] USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database] Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Paz-Alberto, A.M./Tamao-Galves, C.. Hadbook o Trees. Rex Book Store, Ic., Quezo Cit, Philippies Bumrugsri, S./Sripaoraa, E./Chogsiri, T./Sridith, K./Race, P.A.. The Polliatio Ecolog of Duria (Durio zibethius, Bombacaceae) i Souther Thailad. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 25(1): Somsri, S./Kegkad, P./Detpitaaat, V.. Iterspecific hbridizatio of duria. Thai Agricultural Research Joural. 17(3): [Forms dese thickets? No] "Duria is strictl tropical; it grows successfull ear the equator, ad up to 18 deg from the equator i Thailad ad Australia. At these extreme latitudes, extesio growth comes to a halt durig coolest moths. It eeds well-distributed raifall, but a relativel dr spell stimulates ad schroizes flowerig." [No evidece] [Aquatic? No] "Durio zibethius is a medium to large buttressed tree, up to 45 m tall i dese lowlad forests ad m i orchards ad backards;" [Grass? No] "Malvaceae subfamil: Helicteroideae tribe: Durioeae. Also placed i: Bombacaceae Durioaceae " [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Malvaceae subfamil: Helicteroideae tribe: Durioeae. Also placed i: Bombacaceae Durioaceae " [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Durio zibethius is a medium to large buttressed tree, up to 45 m tall i dese lowlad forests ad m i orchards ad backards; bark dark red brow, peelig off irregularl." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Wild trees are depleted due to loggig ad kaigi-makig ad other huma activities. Commercial varieties uder cultivatio." [Reproductive failure due to overharvestig ad habitat destructio] [Produces viable seed? Yes] "...seed-plated semi-wild duria has bee grow traditioall for household cosumptio i souther Thailad, Malasia ad Idoesia." [Hbridizes aturall? Potetiall] "Ivestigatio of iterspecific hbridizatio of Duria was coducted at Chathaburi Horticultural Research Ceter durig Februar 1988-Februar Hbridizatio betwee the cultivars ad the other species of Duria were doe with 805 flowers from 25 crosses durig Mostl, all crosses had low percetage of fruit settig except some crosses such as the Durio zibethius via Chaee crossed with Durio masoi via charia ad the Durio masoi via charia crossed with Durio zibethius via Mothog, Kradumthog, Kaao ad Kob Pikulthog which some polliated fruits could develop util harvestig. For 1992, 963 flowers from 20 crosses were crossed ad foud that the hbrid fruits from the Durio masoi via charia crossed with Durio zibethius via Chaee, Kaao, Mothog, Kradumthog, ad Kob Pikulthog ad the Durio kutejesis crossed with Durio zibethius via Kaao could develop util harvestig. These F1 hbrid seeds were plated to produce F1 hbrid plats." Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 6 of 9

7 Somsri, S./Khaegkad, P.. Comparisos of Duria Fruit Qqualit Betwee F1 Hbrid Plats ad Their Parets. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS). 575: Yumoto, T.. Bird-Polliatio of Three Durio Species (Bombacaceae) i a Tropical Raiforest i Sarawak, Malasia. America Joural of Bota. 87(8): Bumrugsri, S./Sripaoraa, E./Chogsiri, T./Sridith, K./Race, P.A.. The Polliatio Ecolog of Duria (Durio zibethius, Bombacaceae) i Souther Thailad. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 25(1): Bumrugsri, S./Sripaoraa, E./Chogsiri, T./Sridith, K./Race, P.A.. The Polliatio Ecolog of Duria (Durio zibethius, Bombacaceae) i Souther Thailad. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 25(1): [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] "A Duria Breedig program was coducted i Thailad at the Chathaburi Horticultural Research Ceter, b makig 55 crosses, betwee ,634 F1 duria hbrid seedligs were produced. 2,743 F1 hbrids were plated i the field ad 330 F1 hbrids have bee grafted o bearig trees, to haste flowerig. Curretl, some of them started bearig ad were evaluated for fruit qualit. Fruit qualit measuremets of 774 F1fruits ad their parets were carried out, usig twet-two differet characteristics to compare these F1 hbrids with their parets. It was foud that there were substatial differeces. Five characteristics viz. fruit weight, flesh thickess, percetage of flesh per fruit, eatig qualit (taste, aroma ad texture) ad percetage of aborted seeds are cosidered to be importat to duria fruit qualit ad istrumetal i the selectio of F1 hbrids. Eatig qualit was poorl correlated with fruit weight ad flesh thickess. Flesh thickess ad percetage of flesh per fruit were positivel correlated with fruit weight. Percetage of aborted seeds was rather poorl correlated with fruit weight. Eightee of fort oe promisig F1 plats have bee selected as superior F1 plats, o the basis that the produced good taste, had a fruit weight kg, a flesh thickess of more tha 0.70 cm, percetage of flesh per fruit more tha 20 ad percetage of aborted seeds more tha 15. Aother seve F1 plats were also selected as the showed good eatig qualit but a percetage of aborted seed of less tha 15 or a percetage of flesh per fruit of less tha 20. These F11 superior plats would be cosidered worth of propagatio b vegetative meas ad b selfig, to produce F2 plats for further selectio." [Refers to hbrid cultivars. Ukow if atural hbridizatio occurs] [Self-compatible or apomictic? NO] "Polle limitatio or resource limitatio All Durio species i this stud were self icompatible. The cultivated duria, D. zibethius, is usuall self-icompatible (Yaacob ad Subhad- rabadhu, 1995), ad wild duria, D. griffithii i Peisular Malasia is also reported as self icompatible (Ha et al., 1988)." [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Ver low polliatio success i facilitated autogam suggests that most duria trees are highl self icompatible." [Requires specialist polliators? Yes] "Fruit bats, especiall Eocteris spelaea, are the major polliators of this duria although the giat hoe bee (Apis dorsata) was the most frequet visitor to the flowers. Bats visited duria flowers at the rate of 26.1 (SD=20.7) visits per iflorescece per ight. Sice this semiwild duria depeds o fruit bats as its polliator, protectig fruit bat populatios ad their roosts is vital for the productio of the duria fruit crop." Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "The have bee successfull Morto, Miami, FL shipped to tropical America packed i a barel moist mixture of cocout husk fiber ad charcoal. Ideall, the should be plated fresh, flat side dow, ad the.html will the germiate i 3 to 8 das. Seeds washed, dried for 1 or 2 das ad plated have show 77-80% germiatio. It is reported that, i some coutries, seedlig duria trees have bore fruit at 5 ears of age. I Idia, geerall, the come ito bearig 9 to 12 ears after platig, but i South Idia the will ot produce fruit util the are 13 to 21 ears old. I Malaa, seedligs will bloom i 7 ears; grafted trees i 4 ears or earlier. Neither air-laers or cuttigs will root satisfactoril. Iarchig ca be accomplished with 50% success but is ot a popular method because the grafts must be left o the trees for ma moths. Selected cultivars are propagated b patch-buddig (a modified Forkert method) oto rootstocks 2 moths old ad pecil-thick, ad the uio should be permaet withi 25 to 30 das. The plats ca be set out i the field withi 14 to 16 moths. Grafted trees ever grow as tall as seedligs; the are usuall betwee 26 to 32 ft (8-10 m) tall; rarel 40 ft (12 m)." Bumrugsri, S./Sripaoraa, E./Chogsiri, T./Sridith, K./Race, P.A.. The Polliatio Ecolog of Duria (Durio zibethius, Bombacaceae) i Souther Thailad. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 25(1): Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 8+] "Geerall, trees begi to flower whe the are about 8 old." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 7+] "Duria fruits i 7-8 ears uder orchard coditios." Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 7 of 9

8 Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "I cotrast, D. zibethius has a ellipsoid gree husk, 13.2 ± 3.1 cm log ad 10.0 ± 3.3 cm wide (N = 20), which opes after the fruits have falle. The seeds, 3.9 ± 0.3 cm log ad 2.6 ± 0.2 cm wide (N = 30), are surrouded b a white aril that is sweet tastig with a strog odor. The umber of seeds per fruit is 5.5 ± 3.2 (N = 20)." [Fruits ad seeds too large for iadvertet dispersal] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "it is grow to a limited extet i Hawaii." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "I cotrast, D. zibethius has a ellipsoid gree husk, 13.2 ± 3.1 cm log ad 10.0 ± 3.3 cm wide (N = 20), which opes after the fruits have falle. The seeds, 3.9 ± 0.3 cm log ad 2.6 ± 0.2 cm wide (N = 30), are surrouded b a white aril that is sweet tastig with a strog odor. The umber of seeds per fruit is 5.5 ± 3.2 (N = 20)." [Fruits ad seeds too large for iadvertet dispersal] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "We determied the fruit predators ad seed dispersers of two species of duria (Durio, Bombacaceae), D. graveoles ad D. zibethius, which have cotrastig aril color ad timig of dehiscece b observig fruitig trees i Deramakot forest reserve. I our observatios i the wild, both species were extesivel predated b oragutas before fruits matured. Durio graveoles was dispersed b black horbills ad D. zibethius was dispersed b log-tailed macaques." [Propagules water dispersed? No] "Aimals ivolved i the propagatio of D. zibethius iclude civet cat, elephat, tiger, deer, rhioceros ad mokes. The are attracted b the duria scet ad ma igest the seeds while feedig o the arils, thereb dispersig them." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Durio zibethius was thought to be dispersed b elephats (Rutte 1939), bears (Ridle 1894), ad eve tigers (Ridle 1894), while the Durio species with small red arils were cosidered to be dispersed b horbills (Ridle 1894). Nffeler ad Baum (2001) suggested two major dispersal sdromes withi the geus Durio ivolvig either birds (fruits opeig o the trees; aril red/ellow ad odorless) or terrestrial mammals (fruits opeig ol after fallig to the groud; aril pale colored ad puget)." [Mammal dispersed after fruit fall to groud] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Yes, but ot for log distaces, ad seeds more ofte depredated] 'Log-tailed macaques visited whe the fruits were alread dehisced o the groud. The cleaed arils i frot of the mouth ad the dropped the seeds. The sometimes carried the fruits > 10 m b had. We foud seed ad husk discarded 23 m from the mother tree (trasportig the fruit for the first 18 m). Thus, these macaques do trasport seeds beod the crow of a mother tree although this behavior ma be rare. The D. zibethius seeds were mail predated b oragutas ad dispersed b logtailed macaques."... "Our results suggest that both Durio species studied face difficulties with seed dispersal due to high predatio pressure, especiall b oragutas, ad limited occurrece of alterative dispersal agets. The low desit of wild Durio ma be i part caused b high predatio pressure. Our stud did ot reveal the mai seed dispersers of D. zibethius, but it is clear that the two Durio species are dispersed b differet aimals: D. graveoles b horbills ad D. zibethius b macaques ad large terrestrial mammals." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? No] "oe idividual at Sadaka Crocodile Farm i Sabah swallowed ad excreted the itact D. zibethius seeds. These results suggest that seed hadlig strategies differ amog ad/or withi idividuals. I the wild, the Asia elephat E. maximus boreesis ca probabl also disperse seeds of D. zibethius. A captive elephat (which was origiall wild), was observed to trample the D. zibethius fruit ad roll it o the groud to cover the thors with leaves; the fruit was the swallowed whole ad the husk ad itact seeds passed through the digestive sstem (H. Matsubaashi, pers. comm.)." [Seeds more ofte depredated] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Aimals ivolved i the propagatio of D. zibethius iclude civet cat, elephat, tiger, deer, rhioceros ad mokes. The are attracted b the duria scet ad ma igest the seeds while feedig o the arils, thereb dispersig them." Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 8 of 9

9 Campos-Arceiz, A./Traeholt, C./Jaffar, R./Satamaria, L./Corlett, R.T.. Asia Tapirs Are No Elephats Whe It Comes To Seed Dispersal. Biotropica. doi: /j x: Nakashima, Y./Laga, P./Kitaama, K.. A Stud of Fruit Frugivore Iteractios i Two Species of Duria (Durio, Bombacaceae) i Sabah, Malasia. Biotropica. 40(2): Het, E.E. (ed.). Hadbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guiea. Volume II. Melboure Uiversit Press, Carlto South, Australia [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Possibl ot with tapirs] "The species with large seeds (duria, chempedak, tamarid) showed high germiatio probabilities (58 89%) for oigested cotrols but failed to germiate whe defecated b tapirs." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "D. zibethius has a ellipsoid gree husk, 13.2 ± 3.1 cm log ad 10.0 ± 3.3 cm wide (N = 20), which opes after the fruits have falle. The seeds, 3.9 ± 0.3 cm log ad 2.6 ± 0.2 cm wide (N = 30), are surrouded b a white aril that is sweet tastig with a strog odor. The umber of seeds per fruit is 5.5 ± 3.2 (N = 20)." [No evidece, ad ulikel give large fruit with relativel few seeds] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "The seeds lose viabilit ver quickl" Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Duria seeds lose viabilit quickl, especiall if exposed eve briefl to sulight. Eve i cool storage the ca be kept ol 7 das. Viabilit ca be maitaied for as log as.html 32 das if the seeds are surface-sterilized ad placed i air-tight cotaiers ad held at 68º F (20º C)." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio foud o chemical cotrol of or herbicide efficac for this species Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] "Durig the 1st ears after platig, the trees are shaped b removig orthorpic limbs, icludig watershoots, ad b thiig out plagiotropic laterals. Trees bear fruit best o limbs that are more or less horizotal; upright limbs cotribute more to tree size ad height. Pruig domiat upright laterals to maitai 1 cetral leader is essetial." [No evidece o whether duria tolerates heav pruig] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethius (Malvaceae) Page 9 of 9