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Transcription

1 { k]nl X cg'/f]w ÛÛ cfglc cfb'ddlnn[ ofsy'i kfmgbfig' kffl. ci[msjff[ v'gplc dli ofsy'i kfmgbfig' o'sv'd. cflg< cfb'lddn]þ ofsy'ª kfmgbfª\g' kfl/.. cª]þsjf/]þ v'lg5< ldª\ ofsy'ª\ kfmgbfª\g' o'sv'd\.. dlsm'cnf nfh]c clipi ldsm'/nf nfh]/ Oª\3ª\ MIKPHU/LA LAJE/ INGGHANG ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª, o's] dlsm'cnf nfh]c clipiv tia]_1v m[sjf_1v sfkd]mkkf _ 2064 jif{!, cª\s!, Vol 1, Issue 1, June, 2007 rlfl_1 k]h! o's]af ofsy'ixfc vf;fd nfddf] ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's]sf] j]a ;fo6 sf] pb\3f6g sfo{mqd. OG;]6df cwoif >L lnda"åf/f ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª g]kfnsf pkfwoif >LdtL g/s'df/l lnda"nfo{ :jfut ub}{. lsofr' g]kfnsf s]gb Lo cwoif ch{'g lnda"sf] a]nfot cfudg ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ª g]kfnsf s]gb Lo cwoif ch{'g lnda" ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's]sf] xflb{s lgdgq0ffdf oxl July 28 tfl/vsf lbg o's]sf] cf:kmf]8{df cfpfb} x'g'xg5. cfˆgf] o's]sf] a;fo cjlwdf cwoif lnda"n] g]kfnsf ljlegg ;d;fdlos ljifox df 5nkmn ug{'x'g] epsf] 5. pxffsf] a]nfot cfudgsf] ;Gbe{df ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ªsf] o's]sf cwoif >Lk ;fb lnda" egg'x'g5, ælnda'jfg hftlo :jfoq zf;gsf] nflu pxffn] clt g} dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/xg' epsf] 5. ;ª\3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgqsf] ceof;df r'dn'ªsf] ;xeflutfaf/] a[xt\ 5nkmn ug{ tyf lnda'jfg l/;r{ ;]G6/ :yfkgfsf] of]hgfsf nflu / ljlegg ljifox df cgt/ lqmof ug{sf] nflu pxff cfpfb} x'g'xg5æ. r'dn'ª o's]sf cg';f/ ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's] / g]kfnalr x'g nfu]sf] of] klxnf] ;+:yfut cg'ej cfbfgk bfg sfo{qmd xf]. o;n] b'o{ ;+:yfalrsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df 7"nf] of]ubfg k/ ofpg]5. ofsy'iafxfc cfttl d[u[tpfi v'gplc ;fsyld ;f]fls k]msv v'gplc vf;fd dld d[kdf ylddlggfi ;f]fls k]ms. vfunn[ s'cla' Ff] slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'i o's]f[ rf]u' yfsy'af ylda]xfc. vfug tlsnfccf] slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'if[ tf]mgb'af j]a ;fclt www. chumlung. com slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'i g[kfnaf n'ddlaf bf]xf]/f] gful/stf dfusf] ;fgble{stf ljifo k j]z ljutdf g]kfgsf gllt lgdf{tfx ;Fu cgf}krfl/s kdf g]kfnl d"nsf ljb]zl gful/sx n] g]kfn ;/ sf/n] k rlnt sfg'gdf /x]sf gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx ;+zf]wg u/l Jojxfl/s gllt cjndag ug{ cfu x ub} { cfpsf]df u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnlx sf] cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yf u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnl ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eo{ ut h'g $ tfl/v hd{glsf] af]gdf ;DkGg If]qLo e]nfn] cf}krfl/s kdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;Fu bf]xf/f] gful/stf gllt cjndag ug{ dfu ug] cf}krfl/s lg0f{o u of]. To;otf bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] ;DaGwdf Ps sfo{bn u7g u/l o; ljifodf uxg 5nkmn ug] { l;nl;nf klg cufl8 a9fopsf] 5. pq/ cd]l/sdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf g]kfnlx sf] ;+:yf Association of Nepales in America (ANA) / America Nepal Friendship Society of NY n] ;g\!(() tfsf g} of] ljifodf s'/f p7fg u/]sf] lyof] eg] df Nepali America Council (NAC) n]!) jif]{ le;f ;'ljwfsf nflu dfu u/]sf] lyof]. o;} qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnlx sf] of]ubfg dxtjk"0f{ / xg] s'/fnfo{ dwogh/ ub}{ x/]s jif{ cs6f]a/ dlxgfsf]!! tfl/vnfo{ Pgcf/Pg 8] u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnl lbj;sf kdf dgfpg lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd t]; f] cfjf;lo g]kfnl lbj; dgfpg] ;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] gfuls/tfsf ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ / ;l6s hfgsf/l ;j{;fwf/0fdf k jfx ug{sf nflu k :t't ul/psf] sfo{kqdf yk s]xl hfgsf/l / ;+zf]wg;lxt n]vsf] kdf k :t't ul/psf] 5. mfcyf];'ylddf dfg'bli gfs'dffl nlda'f[ s'b'd tf]cf] ;'gfxg kf]msv[cfi jfc. v[g ;'gfxg ylda]ccf] ofsy'i r'dn'i o's]af t[iukklaf kfidlxfc nsd[nf]f[cfi jo[. v[g ylda]cf] slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'i o's]f[ rf]u'af ofmdasvfcf[g kfmgh[i kf]msv[cfi jo[. o's] nfh]ccf] s[o'iaf s[f[s ofsy'iafxfc ylsx'k rf]msdf;l g'!= k[i7e"ld lhpfbf] hflt;fu} emfflub} hfg5, km}lnfb} hfg5. g]kfnlx klg km}lng] emfflug] qmddf ljzjsf] ljlegg d'n'sx df 5/kl:6P/ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. o;/l a;f]af; ug] { qmddf sltkon] cfkm" a;f]af; ul//x]sf] ;DalGwt d'n'ssf] cfjzos zt{x k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ToxL b]zsf] gful/ssf] kdf cfˆgf] xs, clwsf/ pkef]u / st{josf] kfngf ul//x]sf 5g\. o;/l qmdzm km]l/g cfpsf] goff sfg'gl x}l;ot / ljutsf] sfg'gl x}l;otsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] k rlnt sfg'gl k fjwfgx df s]xl Jojxfl/s hl6ntfx :jefljs kn] phfu/ epsf 5g\. ;"o{ gc:tfpg] b]zsf] pkdf ;Fu;Fu} w]/} hl6ntfx kf/ u/]sf] a]nfotn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] emgeml6nf] ljifodwo] cfkm"n] zf;g ul//x]sf d'n'sx sf] gful/sx sf] gful/stf;dagwl ljifo klg Ps xf]. ljzjdf w]/} lsl;dsf gful/stf k bfg ug] { d'n'ssf kdf klg a]nfotnfo{ lng ;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5. a]nfotn] k bfg ug]{ ljlegg k sf/sf gful/stfx (British citizen, British Overseas Territories Citizen, British Overseas Citizen, British National (Overseas), British subject, British Protected person) dwo] alpgcf] Ps /x]sf] 5. alpgcf]sf] Joj:yf ttsfnlg gful/stf P]t!(*! adf]lhd geo{ Hong Kong Act 1985 / British Nationality (Hong Kong) Order 1986 n] u/]sf] 5. ;g\!((& pk/fgt ttsfnlg a]nfotl pklgj]z xªsªdfly rlgsf] ;fj{ef}d;qf k'g:yf{kgf ug{sf nflu ljlegg ;dodf rlg / t'sv]jfcf] mfc;li s[kdf tfffk o's] r'dn'if[ s'bfffkklg r[i;liifi jo[. css]flss] slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'iaf gf MDaf] xstfmttf]cfi nsnf]f[cfi jo[. 28 d]nn[ ofmgbls td'wl uf]fvf sk gfmgaf]cf] r'dn'i o's]nfd nss[nf]af rfmgnfaf (v]nfbl) xfcf[ gfmdaf]ccf] ofdbfijf tfsmf vf];'cfi jo[. v[g gfmgaf]ccf] t'tt' adaxfb'f nlda'f[ s'nfdnf]cf] ;'jf; rj]u'v xfl t'dafxfdm]v Ffh[Gbq g[dafiv estlxfi g[dafiv v[daxfb'f nlda'v ;}n[gbq nlda'v t]sdfg nlda';l rfmgnfafxfc nsd[nf]f[cfi jo[. css]flss] mf];-tg sfg;lnf[ tiufd;'af dntlsnrfn ;fsyld cf]mgwfssf] ofsy'iafxfcf[ ofsy'i nfmi g' ;fsyldxfc cf];]mgd[wfst';lcfi jo[. h'g 16 F[ of MGwlS tiufd;liaf v[g ylda]cf] s] nfmi d[bf]mgb'cfi jo[. v[g s] nfmiilg t'tt' bdaf ;liusf[ s'nfdnf]cf] kf]msv[cfi jo[. v[g ylda]ccf] r'dn'i o's]af ;fsyld tixldf dfg'bli b'uuf nlda'cfi nsnf]f[cfi jo[. o's] r'dn'i ofsy'afxfcf[g d'f'd nfdnf]af kf]msv[cfi tul kf]f[cfi jfcaf r'dn'ibfiaf t'tt' ; lfl nlda'f[ r[sv'cfi jfc. 3 u0f]z Ohd 3 a]nfot ;/sf/alr ljlegg ljifox df ljlegg r/0fx df jftf{x ep. ol jftf{x df ljlegg ljifox dwo] ttsfnlg xªsªsf afl;gbfx hf] a]nfotl cf}klgj]lzs d'n'ssf gful/s lyp. pglx sf] gful/stf s] x'g] egg] dxtjk"0f{ ;jfnpk/ 5nkmn eof]. rlg ;/sf/n] gful/ stfsf] k Zgdf xªsªsf gful/sx hf] rlgfd"nsf x'g\ pglx n] ljutdf h'g;'s} d'n'ssf] gful/ stf u x0f u/]sf] ep tfklg pglx :jtm lrgloff gful/s x'g]5g\ egg] cfˆgf] c8fg lnof]. -x]g' {xf];\!(*$ df hf/l ul/psf] ;+o'qm 3f]if0ffkq._ ;g\!((& h'nfo{! pk/fgt a]nfotl cf}klgj]lzs gful/ssf] x}lzot klg nf]k x'g] / u}/lrglofx :jtm rlgsf] gful/s klg agg g;sg] /fholjxlg cj:yfsf] ;[hgf eof]. of] ;d:ofsf] xn ug{sf nflu k"0f{ gful/s clwsf/ lagfsf] British National (Oversease) sf] Joj:yf u/l ljt/0f ul/of]. o;} qmddf ttsfnlg w]/} uf]/vfnlx sf ;Gtfg hf] xªsªdf!(*# k"j{ hlgdpsf lyp pglx n] alpgcf] k fkt u/l k of]u ug{ ;'? u/]. sf] ;/ sf/l ljt/0fcg';f/ xªsªdf!& xhf/ ( ;o g]kfnlx /x]sf 5g\. tldwo] sl/a & b]lv ( xhf/;dd alpgcf] afxsx /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/ Psf] 5. xfn British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997 adf]lhd!((& sf] km]a 'c/ L $ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf alpgcf] afxsx nfo{ k"0f{ a]nfotl gful/stf k bfg ul/ Fb}. k"j{ a]nfotl ;]gfdf sfo{/t uf]/vfx hf] cfˆgf] ;]jf qmddf sd;]sd tlg jif{ a]nfotdf /x]sfx nfo{ cfo{pncf/ k bfg ul//x]sf] 5 / a]nfotsf] k rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd pglx qmdzm a]nfotsf] k"0f{ gful/s agg] of]uotf k fkt ug]{ qmddf 5g\. xªsªdf g]kfnl gful/stf kl/ Tofu u/l rlgsf] gful/stf u x0f u/l xªsªsf] /fxbfglafxsx /x] tfklg rlgsf] gful/stf gllt Psn /x]sf sf/0f cgo d'n'ssf] gful/stf kl/tofu ug}{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5. xªxªdf /x]sf g]kfnlx sf ;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] ;jfn oxlaf6 ;'? epsf] 5 lsgeg] a]nfotsf] k rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd a]nfotsf] gful/stf u x0f ug{ === kl/jt{g; u} gof cfjzostf Web Hosting / Domain Name sf] nflu ===ca dxª\ulaf6 d'qm, ;a}nfo{ ;w}nfo{ Features: 1. 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2 clibi;faf t'tt' ;lflkq;fb nda' (r'dn'ibfiafv slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'iv o's]) bfv t'tt' rgbq ns;daf bfv algf y[a]c t'd_;snliwf]mkkf tis jg[d mfc_;snliwf]mkkf al;fj; blk tlu]nf tis g[da] kf MG_;SnlIwf]MKkf cdf t'dofxfi ;fknmkkf` slfft- ofsy'i r'dn'iv o's] Address: ;Nnfxsf/ >L >Lk ;fb lnda" -cwoif ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's]_ 8fM >L rgb ns;daf 8f= lagf y]a] k wfg ;Dkfbs 6ª\s jg]d ;x;dkfbs lazjf; lbk ltu]nf 6ª\s t]da] efiff;dkfbg cd/ t'dofxfª k sfzs M ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª, o's] KIRAT YAKTHUNG CHUMLUNG (KYC) 8 Chart Road, Ashford, Kent, TN23 3HS, United Kingdom Phone/Fax: , chumlunguk@gmail.com, Website: dlsm'cnf nfh]cnfd ;]jfff]. cfafi] cls;f vfda]ms n[kdfcfi ofkdl nfh]c jfcdfclnn[ cfafi] nfh]c kfie]cv yfie]v xldyfiv kfmv dfmv m'cv g';fc g' xldbfidfv xldbfiaf ;MfV d[gpfxfcf[ glijfc;'dxfc c]ufitufi tf]mgpli. ofdd' ofkdl nfh]c gf jfcdf;fi cfglc ofsy'i kf MGV ;fdof] g' ;fdhls d'gw'dxfcv d[dfg[gnefi sg r'skf ;fk;s ;S ;fknff[ s'a'i o'idf of MDaS kf]msv[cfi jfcv tfgmbltf MGbl g' ofdd'ofdd'cfi css]flss] ;fknf d'wlif[ nfdd[g yfiyfi kf]msnefi g;fmg rf]u'd. d[gpfd ofkdl kf]midfcfi xlidf rfdf y'idf ;;f]mt nffi rf]msg' xld yfi rf]msdf g' ofi;fc ysdff[fs s'rfc d[gpfd ofddl dgf cfaf]mi mfccfi clkdf MNn[ ofdd'ofdd'cfi t'sv]jf xlin[ cfgn[tg[g. dls d[ggldff[ nfiw[iulfs cfhf. x[ss] d[daf]midff[ nful cfafi] cliwfi dliwfsv ;S;SV ;fdof]xfccfi of]msysdfcfi n[df gldf kf]mi. ofsy'i kf MGV ;fdof] g' d'gw'd dfuf cfglccfi cfdf. ;fk;sg'nn[ odaf d's;fd sg cfjfh r'ddfn'ª\ > r'df\n'ª\ > r'dnf]s lnda" efiffdf r'ddf -e]nf x'g], x'g'_ / n'ª\ - 9'ªuf_ ;lgw ep/ sfnfgt/df r'ddfn'ª\ g} r'dn'ª epsf] ttyo lnda'jfgsf ljåfg\ Pjd\ Oltxf;sf/ x :jlsf/ ub{5g\. x'g klg ;Eotfsf] ;'?jftdf e:d] kmff8]/ goff huuf hldgsf] ;ffw /fvg] cj:yfdf s'g} r'dn'ª\ lxdx -;ef ejgx _ lypgg\. To; a]nf Tof] ;d"xsf] (decision maker) lgo{0f ug{ ;Sg] dfg5]sxff e]nf eo{ ljlegg ;d:ofx sf] lgisif{ lgsfny]. lnda'jfgsf] kxf8l le/fnf] huufdf a:g ck7of/f] epsf] x'fbf s'g} ;lhnf] tf]lspsf] 9'ª\ufdf a;]/ kl/cfpsf ;d:ofx af/] 5nkmn x'g] rng rnfp/ To;/L r'ddfn'ªaf6 r'dn'ª ep h:t} r'df\n'ª\af6 cke +z eo{ r'dnf]sh:tf 7fpFsf] gfd klg /xg k'u]sf] 5. of] ufpf d}jf vf]nf 9'ª\u];fF3' jf8 g+ * -tfkn]h'ª_ cgt{ut kb{5. of] ufpfsf] k"j{df d}jf vf]nf kf]snfd t]þda] klzrfddf dfª\hf/f ufpf pq/df nfnl kftn dfª\dfof vf]nfsf] pb\ud :yn d]þg5\ofo]þd 8fF8f / blif0fdf kfl/kl l;dn] ufpf olt rf/ lsnnfleq /x]sf] ;fgf] ufpfsf] gfd g} r'dnf]s ufpf xf]. of] ufpfsf] dff df dfª\nf]ms\ -kmn]bf] 7"n7"nf kft x'g,] /ftf] km"n km'ng], l;dlsf h:tf sf];f nfug], leq km:s]onf] sf7 x'g] / aflx/ sff8}sff8f x'g] Ps hftsf]?v_?vsf] hgf dfg5]x a:g ;lsg] Pp6f 9'ª\uf 5. olx 9'ª\ufdf a;]/ p;a]nfsf k'/vf{x ufpfsf] d'vo ;'ef - ;'Aaf_ (decision maker) sf] g]t[tjdf 2 jf;'d, n'ª\?kkf, x] Þª\ufDb] Þg, k fª\a'ª, lwaf]daf, of;f]s, ofª\gfd, ;f/tfk, gfd;flnª, cf]ofd, t] Þg] Þaf, ofdaf]ª, dfsn'ª, rf]sdfu", ef/fkkf, cdnfa'ª, ;'efª, kª\jfb] Þg, ysn] ÞDaf, l;jf, of;s, ;f/bfk, km] Þb] Þg, km] Þhª, s]a's, dfª\hfa'ª, cfª\a'ª, cf]od, nf]jfkm", gfª\u] Þg, o] Þst] Þg, y/k', s'?dafª. Onfd Nff?Daf -dfª\;] Þa'ª_, ldsnfhª, cfª\bfª, r] ÞDkm'hf]ª, a 'ªlvd, km'b's, ;fª\u 'Daf. ;ª\v'jf;ef lrtnfª, d}o'd, kmfa]þg, dfjfb]þg, n'ª\afª\os, n'ª\wfls -g'g9fls_, ;lhs :jfrl sf]:jf, wgs' f tfª\v'jf, cf]v ], dfj/s kfj/s, l;dfkfl/ -ef/t_ v;f{ª, l;ª\tfd, r'ª\y'ª, sflnda'ª -sflndkf]ª_, lnª\rf]d, dfª\ufg, kfª\yfª,?da's, gfdbf]s,. os hf]l8psf s]xl dfª\u]þggf osx km'ª\bfkdf os, ;f]g' s'daf os, r] Þg\r] Þg\n'ª\ os, rfª\l;ª os, tfsn'ª\b] Þg os, sfof os, ;fª\u'/l os, rfª\w'daf] os, n'dafª os, ;fª\ufª os, lrs\jf os, s'n] { os, x:tk' os, kf]msnfa'ª os, km] Þb] Þg os, cfª\bfª os, rfª\l;ª os, Olwª os. { Þ y'dsf, kxf8, / kj{tx cls;f vfda]ssf] y]cfi xf]mk. ;S;SV ;fknf g' ;lss'd d[ MGg]u kf]msnf ;lia'i s[nf MIafcfI s[jfcaf kmstfª\n'ª, r]þg\h]þg\n'ª\, d]þg5\ofo]þd, ldnv' -ldns'_ ;af c[ss]fs cfaf]mi. cfglcu ;lss'd glijfc tfu[ff glijfcm'dfi ;fblc gl;fd glijfcf[ cfalf[af ;S;fKnf clygn'ª, ;'dfyfn'ª, n'daf;'daf, tf]sdfm y]þu', d'wli cfutt'd. cls;f vfda]ms tfi tfi;fi s[h[iaf d'gw'd cfutt'd. cfnn sg kf MGxfCcfI r[s;'d ufpfn]x e]nf eo{ ufpfdf kl/cfpsf d'ss'd\n'ª -kflye/f_, vf]s'ª, g]þ3'ª, tfph'ª, of]syst'd x[ss]cfi cfglc g[xl glijf MG mf];'d. x[ss]cfi ns vf;fd d'w'i v];] cf]mt. ofsy'i ;d:ofx Aff/] 5nkmn ug] epsf] x' Fbf pqm ufpfsf] ;]jfn'ª, s':;fos, s'ddfos, km]þoftn'ªdf, gfd klg r'ddfn'ª\af6 r'df\n'ª\ x'b} cke +z eo{ glijfcxf k;mt;mt. sg ;Sjf d'cli ;S;S ;fknf clipin[ s'clt kf MG sgnf]. sª\uª\n'ª\df, k'wfdn'ª y]þu', lz/]u' sf]sdf, d'l/ r'dnf]s /xg upsf] syg 5. d'gw'd\cg';f/ x[ss]cfi dlsm'cnf nfh]c s[o'iaf s[f[s ofsy'iaf cfbfiafv cfbfidf;l g' xlghfc klgp'xfcf[ sg ;fknf ª\nf y]þu', kmftn]þn'ª y]þu', d'hf]ms\n'ª\ y]þu' -d'gw'd\df kf]/f]sdlaf odkmfdlafsf] kfnfb]lv g} ofsy'ª\afx jl0f{t l;4l :yn ;[li6,_ ;]xf]<gfdnfª. clipinfd r'nnlsr'nnls ofsy'i ;fk;s ;fdof]f[ kf MGxfCg' ofsy'i clipixfcf[ rlb'k cfhf]msnv ofsy'ª\ nfh]df /xfb} cfpsf] x'gfn] lnda'jfgsf cfaf]minv x[ss] d[af]mig[gpfi d[gpfd ofddlf[ xli of MDaS kf]minefi ;SnlIwf]MKkf g' sg ;Sk]jf ufpf7fpfx sf] gfd klg kl/jt{g x'g g;sl cke+ z epsf ufpf 7fFpx. s[nkkf slfft- yfsy'i r'dn'i o's] ;Sk]jfbfIafxfCF[ ;'De'I x'sjf tf]mgb'da[ff]. cfˆgf] cl:ttjsf] Oltxf; 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3 { tf/h] Þª cf cfkm\gf] hftlo ;+:s[lt k bz{g ubf{ ;fdk bflos k lt:kbf{ x' b}g -ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's]sf lgjt{dfg cwoif >L >Lk ;fb lnda"sf] hgd a'af wgaxfb'/ lnda" / cfdf lai0f's'df/l lnda"sf] sf]vaf6!$ gf]e]da/!(^$ ;fndf dn]l;ofsf] l;ª\ufok6fgl egg] 7fpFdf epsf] xf]. tfkn]h'ªsf] u0f]z dfwolds ljbfnoaf6 P;\=Pn\=;L=;Ddsf] cf}krfl/s cwoog ;s]/!& jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\!(*! ;fndf la l6; uf]vf{ ;]gfdf etl{ x'g'epsf jif{ nfdf] kn6g] hful/kl5 df PlS6ª 6'= cfo{= ;L=af6 cjsfz k fkt ug' {epsf] lyof]. ;}lgs hljgaf6 cjsfz lnpkl5 pxffn] cf:kmf]8{df ;u/dfyf uf]vf{ g]lknh sdo'l6sf] :yfkgf ug{ 'eof] / To;sf] ;+:yfks cwoif x'g'eof]. xfn pxff pqm ;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ x'g'xg5. pxff u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnl ;dfh o's];fu klg cfj4 x'g'x'g5. xfn pxffn] lnda"x sf] ;+:yf ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ª o's]sf] cwoifsf] kbef/ ;Dxfln/xg' epsf] 5. cfˆgf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, lnlk / k/dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ub}{ s;};fu klg k lt:kbf{ gul/sg cufl8 a9\g] cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] p2]zo /x]sf] atfpg' x'g] >L lnda"ho";fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf] ;f/;ª\if]k k :t't 5 ;+._ ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ªsf] o's]sf] ;'?jft s;/l epsf] lyof] < ;Dk"0f{ o's]af;l ofsy''ªaf bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx nfo{ cfˆgf] hftlo k/dk/f / ;+:s[ltsf] hfgsf/l lbg tyf cfktsfnlg cj:yfx df ;/;xof]u ug{sf nflu ;fndf of] ;+:yf :yfkgf ul/psf] xf]. o;sf] klxnf] cwoif v8\uhª lnda" x'g'xgyof] eg] To;kl5 e"=k"= jfl0fho dgql dfgglo >L ljhok sfz y]a] r'dn'ªsf] cwoif x'g'eof] lyof]. d]/f] sfo{sfn eg] ;fnb]lv ;'? epsf] xf] / df epsf] r'dn'ªsf] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] r'gfjdf k'gm csf]{ k6s lgjf{lrt epsf] 5'. o;/l hftlo ;ª\3;+:yf vf]nbf ;fdk bflos k lt:kbf{ x'g5h:tf] nfub}g < g]kfn cfly{s lx;fan] u/la /fi6«xf] t/ hftlotf / ;+:s[ltdf ;a}egbf wgl /fi6«eg5' d. km]l/ cfˆgf]cfˆgf] hftlo ;+:s[lt k bz{g ub{}df ;fdk bflos k lt:kbf{ x'g5h:tf] klg nfub}g. oxl klg x]g'{ x'g5 eg] hftlo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx sf] cjwf/0ff al9/x]sf] 5. hg;fwf/0fdf r'dn'ªsf] k efj s:tf] kl//x]sf] b]vg'x'g5 < xfdln] cgo hftlo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx ;Fu klg ;xof]u lbg] / lng] u/]sf 5f}F. pbfx/0fsf] nflu :jul{o s}nf; alvdsf] nflu ljlegg hftlo ;ª\3;+:yfsf lbbl alxglx Aff6 /fd f] ;xof]u kfopsf] lyof]. hftlo kd/ dk/fsf] ;+j4{gsf]] nflu u/uxgfx / n'ufx jif{ lbgdf Ps k6s nufpg] / lrgfpg], ub{5f}f h;sf] kmn:j k sltko lnda" lbbl alxglx n] g]kfnaf6 u/uxgf From Nursing to Teaching My Experience of Becoming a Teacher for a Day! By Kamala Limbu (Mrs.) When I received a phone call from the Bishop worth's school in Salisbury, where both of my sons are currently studying, I did not know what to make of it. I was invited to run a Nepalese language and culture class in the school for a Multiculture Learning Workshop. It was intended for small groups >L >Lk ;fb lnda" cwoif, lsofr', o's] dufpg] eo;s]sf 5g\. /fd+ f] k efj kl//x]sf] 5. ;a} g} t g;s] klg cjb]lv x/]s ls/ft goff jif{ o] Þn] Þ tª\a] dgfpg] lg0f{o epsf] 5. xfdln] jflif{s egef]h e]nf klg ub} { cfpsf] 5f} F. pwf}nl pef}nl klg dgfpg] of]hgf 5. efiff / lnlksf] ;DaGwdf r'dn'ªsf] gllt s] 5 t < Effiff / lnlksf] nflu eg] ;j{k yd t 5f]/f 5f]/L;Fu dft[efiff af]n]/ ofsy''ª efiffsf] kl/ro u/fpg] ceof; ug' { /x]sf] 5 eg] xfd f] j]a ;fo6df klg lnda" lnlk l;sf}f eg]/ lnlksf s]xl cfwf/e""t s'/fx sf] hfgsf/l klg u/fpfb} cfpsf 5f}F. ;fy} efiff / lnlks} ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu ælds\km'tnf nfh]< Oª3ªÆ klqsfsf] k sfzg ;'? u/]sf 5f}F. hftlo kd/dk/fsf] ;+j4{gsf] ] nflu u/uxgfx / n'ufx jif{ lbgdf Ps k6s nufpg] / lrgfpg], ub{5f} F h;sf] kmn:j k sltko lnda" lbbl alxglx n] g]kfnaf6 u/uxgf dufpg] eo;s]sf 5g\. of year seven children. To help out with languages that are not usually included in the school's curriculum - such as Hebrew, Japanese, Chinese and German other teachers and parents had also been invited. Although I had never taught in schools before, having an opportunity to promote cultural awareness to the youngsters in the It was a rewarding experience for me to share the children s enthusiasm and be able to impart some knowledge of Nepal and simple aspects of Nepalese culture. 3 xfn;fn} r'dn'ªn] u/]sf] pknlawx af/] s]xl k sfz kfl/lbg' xg5 ls < o's]df epsf hlt klg Multi culturral show x df r'dn'ªn] :yfglox ;Fu ldn]/ ljlegg sfo{qmdx df ;xeflutf hgfo/x]sf] 5. e/v/} kmf]:6f]g s]g6df epsf] ;f]df klg xfd f] pkl:ylt ;fgbf/ /xof]. oxffsf :yfglox n] klg ;fx } dg k/fpsf 5g\. ljlefgg hfltx af6 cfpsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefulx klg cfslif{t epsf lyp. r'dn'ªsf] csf]{ pknlawsf] kdf :jul{o s}nf; alvdsf] military cimetry agfopsf] 5. d}n] HQ BG df cg'/f]w u/]/ of] sfd epsf] xf]. o;egbf cl3 Ex uf]/vf x nfo{ lbopsf] lypg, t/ cj b]lv ;j} Ex x n] military cimetry jgfpg kfpg] epsf 5g\. af6f] v'n]sf] 5. r'dn'ªsf] EffjL sfo{of]hgfx?sf af/]df s]xl atfpg'lbg' x'g5 ls < d'vkqs} kdf ep klg a]nfotdf ;DejtM klxnf] hftlo klqsf] kdf ældskm'tnf nfh]< Oª3ªÆ k sfzg x'g nfu]sf] 5. ljzjel/sf lnda"x sf] nflu of] v';lsf] s'/f xf] / o;nfo{ Pp6f clt g} ;/fxglo sbdsf] kdf lnpsf] 5' / o;n] /fd f] ;Gb]z lbg] s'/fdf ljzj:t 5'. July 28 df jflif{s e]nf cfof]hgf x'fb}5. ;f] sfo{qmddf o's]af;l ;Dk"0f{ lnda" bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx nfo{ pkl:yltsf] nflu ljgd cg'/f]w ug{ rfxg5'. oxl jflif{s e]nfsf cj;/ kf/]/ ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ª g]kfnsf cwoif >L ch{'g lnda"nfo{ r'dn'ªn] cfdgq0f u/]sf] 5. lnda'jfg l/;r{ ;]G6/sf] :yfkgfy{ 5nkmn hf/l 5. l;lssdsf k efjzfnl o'df;fdof] -o'df wd{_ sf AofVofsf/ n]vs JR Subba nfo{ klg ;f] sfo{qmdsf] lbg July 28 ;Dddf /fsg] of]hgf 5. d'gw'dsf la; j6f goff lstfax cfok'u]sf] 5. casf] ;Dk"0f{ wd{ sd{df o;}nfo{ cg';/0f ug]{ of]hgf ul/b}f5. wd{ eg]sf] s] xf] < Wfd{ jf:tjdf cg'zf;g xf]. o;n] dfg5]dfg5]df ljefhg klg Nofp5 / Pstf klg Nofp5 To;}n] o;nfo{ clt xf]l;of/l;fudfq u x0f ug' {k5{ h:tf] nfu5 dnfo{. xfdl wd{df :jtgq 5f}F. c? wdf{jndal lnda"x?nfo{ r'dn'ªdf s:tf] :yfg 5 < d}n] elgxfn] lg xfdl wd{df :jtgq 5f}F. x'g t xfd f] s]gb Lo d'2f eg]s} lnda" k/dk/f, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{' /x] klg xfdl ljzj el/sf ljlegg wdf{jndal lnda"x nfo{ r'dn'ªdf class seemed too good to miss. So it was with some trepidation that I accepted the offer to take on the role of a social teacher for the day! Year seven students had to choose the lessons they wanted to attend. My session consisted of background history of Nepal, its people and languages. Without much encouragement the children immersed themselves in my lesson, listening to every word I had to say with wide inquisitive eyes. They seem to :jfut ub{5f}f / pxffx sf] nflu r'dn'ªsf] 9f]sf ;w}f v'nf 5. wd{dfq gep/ e/ ce/df tyf cfktsfnlg l:yltx df lnda" bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx nfo{ ;xof]u ug{' klg xf] cg]stfdf klg xfdl Ps x'g ;S5f}F. o's]df ls/ft dfª\lxd -dlgb/_ agfpg] s'/f sxff k'u]sf] 5 < dfª\lxdsf] s'/f oyfjt} 5. Tof]eGbf klg d'vo d'2frflxf lnda'jfg hftlo :jfoq zf;gsf nflu cl3 a9\g' xf]. clxn] xfdl o;cgt/u{t cgt{/lqmofx Ufl//x]sf 5f} F. dfª\lxd agfpg] of]hgf t 5b} 5. r'dn'ªsf] s]gb Lo cwoif ch{'g lnda"nfo{ o's] af]nfpg'sf] d'vo p2]zo s] xf] < lnda'jfg hftlo :jfoq zf;g :yfkgfsf] nflu pxffn] clt g} dxtjk"{0f e"ldsf v]ln/xg' epsf] 5. ;ª\3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgqsf] ceof;df r'dn'ªsf] ;xeflutfaf/] a[xt\ 5nkmn ug{ tyf lnda'jfg l/;r{ ;]G6/ :yfkgfsf] of]hgfsf nflu / ljlegg ljifox df cgt/lqmof ug{sf] nflu pxff cfpfb} x'g'xg5. xfd f] ;d'bfosf] d'vo sdhf]/l s] xf] h:tf] nfu5 tkfo{ +nfo{ < z}lifs of]uotf klg Pp6f k d'v sdhf]/l xf]. lnda'jfg If]qdf klxn]b]lv /fhosf] PsfTds zf;g /x]sfn] lnda"x sf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf x'g] s'/} epg. To;}n] klg xfd f] efiffsf] k rf/k ;f/ gepsf] xf], lnda"x x/]s If]qdf cufl8 a9\g g;s]sf] xf]. cfkm"df klg Pp6f sfd u5'{ egg] c7f]6sf] sdln] klg sfd u/]sf] xf]nf. b}lgs cfokg]{ ;d:of / Joltmut ;d:ofx df dfq clnem/xg' x'gg. ;fd"lxs lxtsf] nflu cl3 a9\g'k5{. JolQmut ;d:of t ;w} F eog} /xg5. c egbf klg lk5fl8psf] rfflx ;fd"lxs r]tgf sd ep/} xf] ls < d'vn] dfq geg]/ clnslt Jojxf/df klg cfpg' k of]. ljlegg cgt/lqmofx df efu lng] afgl a:ffpg' k of]. cgtodf of] klqsfsf] ;DaGwdf s]lx egg' 5 ls < ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ª o's]n] d'vkqsf] kdf of] ldskm'<nf nfh]< Oª\3ªÚ klqsf lgsfn]sf] 5f}F. k jf;df lgl:spsf] of] ;fob} klxnf] P]ltxfl;s hftlo klqsf xf]. ls/ft ofsy''ª r'dn'ª o's]n] ljb]zsf ;a} r'dn'ªx nfo{ pkxf/:j k k ]l;t u/]sf] 5. of] klqsfsf] nflu of]ubfg lbg] 6ª\s jg]d, ljzjfzblk ltu]nf, ldhf;, 8f= rgb ns;daf / tfg5f]kfsf ;Dkfbs cd/ efonfo{ r'dn'ªsf] tkm{af6 wgojfb t 5Fb}5. of] klxnf] k of; epsf]n] e"nx epsf] epdf Ifdf rfxg5f}f clg ;Dk"0f{ r'dn'ªsf bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx nfo{ eljiodf klg klqsfsf] lg/gt/tfsf] k ltj4 tf hfx]/ ub{5f} F ;fy} tkfo{ +x sf] ;xof]u / ;/;NnfxnfO{ xfdln] ;w} F :jfut ug] {5f} F. k :tf]tfm ldhf; manghang3@yahoo.co.uk thoroughly enjoy themselves, particularly in practicing reading and writing the Devanagari script. Following this short lesson on Nepal some of the students even expressed their interest in visiting the country. Young tourists in the making! Learning about different peoples and cultures should be an essential part of everyone s education. By sharing different values and respecting other cultures we become more tolerant, bring about social integration and promote peace and harmony in our society. It was a rewarding experience for me to share the children s enthusiasm and be able to impart some knowledge of Nepal and simple aspects of Nepalese culture. It was also a wonderful respite from my stressful Staff Nurse duties at the Emergency Medical Assessment Unit of Winchester Hospital where I, otherwise, would have been that day. Would I do it again? The answer has to be a resounding YES!

4 GLOBALISATION...globalisation is a process, enabling countries to conduct free trade and create open markets, assisted by powerful partners such as the World Bank, IMF and WTO, where international borders become ineffective. lobalisation may be defined as a process for creating a world without international boundaries, obstacles or limits so that information, trade and ideas can flow without any restriction. In addition, globalisation is a wave that is pulsing throughout the world carrying messages of democratisation, privatisation, liberalisation, marketisation, hybridisation and individualisation and at the same time imparting risk and fear to the poorer countries where inequality and poverty are getting worse day-by-day because of political instability, civil war and international intervention in domestic matters. Globalisation is a complex issue debated by two different ideological groups, the liberals and neo-liberals on the one hand and the radical and moderate left on the other. The liberals and neo-liberals, who support globalisation, perceive its benefits. They view globalisation as a means of investment and consequent profits at any cost, even human life. They utilise globalisation agendas to benefit, achieve and maintain their goals; such as promoting economic libera- lisation, a market - oriented economy, deregulation of trade and tariffs and so on. On the other hand, the radical and moderate left, including some liberals, oppose globalisation. From their point of view, globalisation creates poverty, neglects and excludes the poor and destroys local traditions, cultures and religions. They argue that the bulk of the world s population have nothing to gain from globalisation, as the vehicles for globalisation such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are controlled by rich and developed countries. Despite the ideological debate, globalisation has already succeeded in penetrating the whole world, with its impressive slogans of liberalisation, democratisation, privatisation, individualisation and marketisation. Globalisation is now claiming that liberalisation is suitable for all, providing all-round social, economic and political development by means of competition, given that it is free and fair. There are on-going arguments and debates on the pros and cons of globalisation; nevertheless, globalisation has the potential to offer opportunities to both the rich and poor countries, if implemented properly. It \of8L / l8o/;gsf] ukm af]l8{ª\ :s'n k9\g] 5f]/f xtf/xtf/ :s'naf6 cfp/ eg]5, æ8\of8l 8\of8L cab]lv xfdln] t/sf/l vfg] cfn' lsgg' kb}g\ /].Æ Dr Chandra Kumar Laksamba is obvious that, for the least developed and developing countries there is a great fear that globalisation could marginalise their societies and people because of their weak internal infrastructure, unstable socio-economic status and political conditions compounded by their inability to stay upright in the powerful currents of globalisation. Countries that join the global process require at least a minimum required standard of resources, skills and technology to survive in a global system. As mentioned earlier, globalisation is a process, enabling countries to conduct free trade and create open markets, assisted by powerful partners such as the World Bank, IMF and WTO, where international borders become ineffective. It also means that borders become meaningless and unequal trade can be conducted, creating chaos in a vulnerable society. Because of such unequal trading practices, globalisation has created lots of risks in the global society. Although globalisation is a global integrating process that helps to incorporate local products and economies into capital markets on a global scale: however, the tariff and non-tariff barriers that the developed countries have been imposing with a view to preventing the entry of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) products to their market have already created economic instability and dependency in the LDCs. Directly or indirectly, politics and economic infrastructures of the LDCs are under the control of the developed countries such as the USA and UK and their organisations such as the World Bank and the IMF. Hence, such a political and economic control over the poor countries is called globalisation by the developed countries and corporates. In this sense, globalisation is not a new subject, it is a modified form of imperialism i.e. blended with modern technologies, artificial knowledge and Psl5g xf ;f} ls < 8\of8L v'zl x'b} eg]5g\, æxjfo{ dfo l8o/;g <Æ l8o/;gn] eg]5, æld;n] egg'epsf] ls hffr ls ;ffrdf d}n] cfn' g} cfn' NofPsf] 5' c/].æ lrl8of vfgfdf af3 / af b/ Pp6f a]/f]huf/l o'jsn] annann lrl8ofvfgfdf Pp6f sfd kfp5. affb/ sf] 5fnf nufp/ affb/ }F otfplt plk mg] FEATURES etc. redesigned in order to make more effective tool to drain out resources form peripheral (poor countries) to centre (rich countries). Developed countries advocate that globalisation is democratisation, liberalisation and decentralisation of power, in reality, it centralises the power in the hand of the rich while marginalising the poor. Globalisation is powerful and dynamic; its impact is inevitable but can be negative as demonstrated by the brain drain of bright intellectuals, professionals and educators, especially from the poor countries migrating to developed countries. Rich countries and corporates may argue that they are moving their business to the Third World countries such as India, China and Brazil creating greater employment opportunities this is in fact further exploits the poor and their labour. As a result globalisation only benefits the rich. In the present context of globalisation, economic globalisation is a controversial issue. There are more chances that the global economy and resources can be absorbed by the economically sound and developed countries because their economic infrastructure is strong and mature. In addition, globalisation is a competition and to win the winners need means (wealth) and power, which are not significantly available in the Eastern and Southern countries. Therefore, poor countries have relatively no chance of winning the contest. The world s richest countries control modern technology, communication, industries, commerce, trade and capital. They reap profit even while granting donations to poor nations. In summary, globalisation is controlled and manipulated by the few rich countries of the West and the North. Countries from the East and South are suffering from poverty, hunger and disease and their difficulties are worsening because of the negative impacts of globalisation. In the name of poverty alleviation and globalisation, the trans-national organisations and donor countries have continued to siphon off wealth from poverty-stricken countries thus making them poorer. Hence, globalisation has become a major threat against third world countries and it is important to take preventive measures in time to circumvent a case of too little too late. /?v?vdf '08]/ affb/ agg'kg]{. Ps lbg s;f]s;f] af3sf] vf]/df hflsg k'u]5. af3 a8f] 8/ nfubf] lyp5 Ps l ldsd} o'jssf] 5]pdf cfok'u]/, 8/ n] y/y/ sfld/x]sf] affb/sf] 5fnf cf]9g] o'jsnfo{ eg]5, æcf] kf6 v}gl 5 <Æ INTRODUCTION The KYC - UK was established in 2003 with the aim to promote the welfare of Limbus, which is expanded in detail below. The word Limbu in Kirat translates as an archer, or bearer of bow and arrows. The ancestral and original stronghold of the Limbu s is known as Pallo Kirat (eastern part of the Kirat kingdom) as well as Limbuwan (Limbu state), which spans from the Arun River in Nepal to the Kingdom of Sikkim in the east. Currently, in Nepal, Limbus mainly inhabit the districts of Sankhuwasabha, Tehrathum, Dhankuta, Taplejung, Panchthar, Ilam Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari and the Kathmandu valley. Farming and employment in the British and Indian armies are their primary source of income. Limbu scripture is called Mundhum. Phedangma, Shamba and Yeba-Yema are their sacred specialists. Limbu celebrate the dance festivals of Kelang, popularly known Chyabrung (two-sided drum) and Yarak (Paddy dance) as major events. Their faith is enshrined in the evergreen Cynodondactylon (dubo) grass and rocks. Some to do cremate some do't their dead. The population of the Limbus, according to the census of 2001, is 359,255. LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT Limbu language is a member of Tibeto-Burman language family. Limbu script is called Kirat-Sirijonga Script and dialect is Yakthung pan. It has four main dialects i.e. Panthere, Phedape, Tamarkhole and Chhathare. According to many historians, King Sirijonga invented Kirat-Sirijonga Script in the late 9th Century. It disappeared for many years and was reintroduced by Te-ongsi Sirijonga (believed to be reincarnation of King Sirijonga), in 17th Century. In 1925, Iman Singh Chemjong (a renown Limbu scholar) named the script, after the name of Sirijonga who had laid down his life for the preservation and promotion of the script in 1743 A.D. There are many books written in the Limbu language. Interpretation: In these regulations; the Constitution means the constitution of the Kirat Yakthung Chumlung KYC UK. Name: The name of the Society is the Kirat Yakthung Chumlung KYC - UK. Aim of Kirat Yakthung Chumlung - UK: The Society is established for the purpose of carrying out the following charitable works: 1.To undertake various activities for the upliftment of the Limbus, their language include Kirat-Sirijonga script, literature, religion and culture. 2. To conduct research on subjects related to Limbus and promote awareness among them. 3.To assist and organize various activities of social and welfare related problems and development of Limbus for those living in the UK. 4.To conduct effective charity programmes to benefit and foster friendship with local communities in the UK. 5.To develop and promote friendly relationship with other ethnic groups and communities, and enhance work for the consolidation of democracy, national unity and preservation of the culture of the community. 6.To conduct awareness programmes against drug abuse. 7.To plan and carry out appropriate Programmes in order to wipe out 4 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KIRAT YAKTHUNG CHUMLUNG (KYC) UNITED KINGDOM-UK 2003 KIRAT YAKTHUNG CHUMLUNG (KYC) COMMITTEE, UNITED KINGDOM President Mr Siriprasad Limbu Vice- President Mr Damberbahadur Limbu Vice- President Mrs Meera Angbuhang Gen Secretary Mr Rajen Limbu Secretary Mr Khusi Limbu Treasurer Mrs Kamala Limbu Entertainment Mr Sheru Limbu Asst Entertainment Shreeprasad Limbu Asst Ent/Literature Mrs Lila Seling Mabo superstition and ignorance of people about health problems both in UK and Nepal. 8. To work for human rights, indigenous rights and women and child right. 9. To foster the Yakthung Chumlung UK s relationship with other Yakthung Chumlung societies throughout the world. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND RULES AND REGULATIONS The KYC (UK) constitution will comprise the following regulatory committee: - Members (General, Life, Patron and Honorary).. - Congress. - Central Executive Committee (CEC). - Advisory Committee (AC). - Area Representatives (ARs). Members: - General Member. A person from the Limbu ethnic group who complies with the provisions of the statute of the KYC can become a general member. All Limbus paying general membership fee could become general member of KYC. General members as are the inspirational source of KYC to work in socio-economic development of Limbus. They provide human resources to conduct various works and they are the main donor for KYC. - Patron Member. On paying patron membership fee any Limbu could become patron member. - Honorary Member. An honorary membership is given to a non-limbu who has made contributions in promoting the Limbu culture, language, script, and religion. Note: The voting rights, however, will only rest with the Limbu ethnic members. Application for an honorary membership should be proposed and seconded by at least two Limbu ethnic members. The final decision lies with the CEC. Congress: The congress of the KYC will be held twice a year. All members will participate during the Congress. The Congress will elect an Executive Committee for two years. The Congress will also decide on the programme for the next two years. The Congress will formulate the policies and programmes for KYC. Central Executive Committee (CEC): The Congress will elect a minimum of 7 members and a maximum of 15 members representing Limbus from different areas of UK to form the CEC. In the process of election, the ECE will be constituted on the basis of the numbers of area representatives in terms of memberships. The executive body within itself will select from among the members, one Chairperson, one Vice-Chairperson, one General Secretary and one Treasurer. The CEC can invite individuals as invitees to any Committee meetings/workshops/ Seminars and Rallies. The Invitees will, however, have no voting rights. The Executive Committee must have adequate women representation. - Chairperson. The Chairperson will preside over all the CEC Meetings, will be the head of the organisation and act as per the KYC Constitution Culture Co-oridenator Mrs Durga Pangma Limbu Property member Mr Hemkumar Chongbang Area Representative: Bhaktihang Limbu (Farnborough) Purna Sauden (Farnborough) Purna Limbu (Oxbridge) Badri Younghang (Wales) Bhimbahadur Limbu (Wales) Deepak Tumbapo (Essex) Gambirdhoj Limbu (Essex) Serbahadur Ingnam (Essex) Narbahadur Limbu (London) Motipsd Kandangwa (Aldershot) Narendra Limbu (Ashford) Devraj Limbu (Ashford) Tejkumar Begha (Oxford) Narbir Loksam (Nuneaton) Debandra Maden (Nuneaton) Deokumar Limbu (Birmingham) Ramkumar Khajum (Sandhurst) Jurendra Khajum (Sandhurst) Kebahang Limbu (Canterbury) Amrit Limbu (Bath) Surya Limbu (Reading) Netra Limbu (London) Bishnu Limbu (Aldershot) Ratna Limbu (Maidstone) Tirtha Limbu (Colchester) Subash Jabaju (Bradford) Tilbikram Limbu (Basingstoke) Jaya Maden (Folkestone)

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To;f] t p;sf :kz{x d]/f nflu s'g} goff cg'e"ltsf] gnfug' kg{] xf]. pml;tsf] d]/f] lrgfhfgl / ;ª\ut klg t goff xf]og. xfdl s'g} a]nf Ps csf{sf nflu dl/ d]6\g] JolQmx xf}f. s]jn ;fylsf] gftfsf kvf{nx tf]8]/ xfdln] c yk ;DaGwx :yflkt u/]sf lyof}f. xfdln] Aojwfgsf s}of}f hª\3f/x t/]sf lyof}f. ;Fu} affrg] / ;Fu} dg{] snkgfx sf] liflth l5rf]n]sf lyof}f. jf:tjdf ljho d]/f] e"tk"j{ k ]dl xf], To;}n] p;sf] xftsf] :kz{ d]/f] nflu cgf}7f] gx'g'kg{] xf], t/ cfh eof] To:t}. :kz{ cg'e"ltsf s'/fx ubf{ xfdln] Ps hf]8l nf]ug] :jf:glalr x'g] :jefljs lqmofnfo{ yftl /fv]sf lyof}f. xfdl egyof}f, ætof] t nf]ug] :jf:glalrsf] pkxf/ ;f6f;f6sf] s'/f xf], sd;]sd Tof] g}lts agwgnfo{ eg] xfdln] ljjfxcufl8 tf]8\g x'fb}g.æ To;}n] xfdl uf}/j uyof{}f, ækljq k ]d ;DaGwÆ k lt. of] kljq k ]ddf klg s}of} F kl/l:yltx n] vngfosl b]vfpfbf /x]5g\. d}n] ;a} s'/f dg k/fp/ klg ;flxto ;+;f/ p;sf] Pp6f s'/f dg k/fogf. cfbz{n] g} affrg vf]hg] p;sf] k j[lq dnfo{ dg gkg{] sf]6lsf] x'gk'uof]. d}n] p;nfo{ pt;fx eb{} egy], æsd;]sd xfdl b'o{ 5fs vfgnfo{ / Ps cf]t a:gnfo{ t hf]xf] u/f}f g.æ æ5fl8b]pm ol ;a, k};f dflg;nfo{ slxno} gk'ug] s'/f xf] Sof, ToxLF k};f sdfpg nfx'/] epsf d]/f afa'n] ljzjo'4 n8]/ klg v} k};f sdfp < dnfo{ t of] k};fsf] s'/f ;f]rg klg dg nfub}g x}.æ p;sf o:tf cfbz{sf s'/f ;'Gbf d]/f] sfg kfls;s]sf] lyof]. x'g klg pm k'/fgf nfx'/]sf 5f]/f xf]. kfl/jfl/s ljv08g / k'glj{jfxdf u'lh /x]sf] p;sf afa'n] k};f t hf]ufpg ;s]gg\ g}, cem cfˆgf afa'sf] ;f7l jif{ gfl3;s]kl5 pm hgd]sf] /]. pm rf}w jif{sf] x'fbf p;sf afa'sf] lgwg epsf] xf]. d]/ f] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf eg] p;sf] h:tf] gfh's eg] xf]og t/ Ps lgw{g ep/ klg p;df k};fsf] df]x 5Fb} lypg eg] ljb]zsf] gfd pm lng} gdfgg]. Ps efj's slj xf] pm. p;sf sljtf vfnl b]zk ]dn] cf]tk f]t x'g]. p;n] hlt;'s} :jledfgsf] s'/f ubf{ klg d To;nfO{ s]jn efj'stfsf] kl/ 0flt ;Demg] u5{'. d}n] s] ;f]r]f eg], p;sf] sljtjnfo{ arfpg klg k};f sdfpg} k5{. To;}n] :6'8]G8 lehfdf ng8g hfg] lgisif{ lgsfn]f. dnfo{ s] yfxf lyof] eg] p;n] dnfo{ of] s'/fdf ;xdlt lbg]jfnf 5}g, ;'6'Ss sfd ug'{5. k9\g] axfgfdf k};f sdfpg' d]/f] p2]zo lyof]. To;}n] p;nfo{ yfx} glbo{ ng8g xflgpsl x'f d. d]/f] csf{] cxd lyof], s] 3/ rnfpg s]jn k'?ifn] dfq k};f sdfpg'k5{ / < d}n] ng8g k'u]/ kmf]g ubf{ pm 5fFufaf6 v;]h:t} ep5. p;n] kmf]gd} xff;lxff;l egof], æx'g t sf] s;sf] jzdf x'g5 / < e}uf] xfdl cfˆg} ;+;f/df /dfcf}f x} ca.æ csf{lt/ lrg]hfg]sfx df rrf{ rn]5, æpp6f u/la s]6f / wgl s]6lalr k ]d / ljjfx t pxl lkmndsf] b[zo / pkgof;sf kfgfx df dfq kf] x'g5 t.æ d}n] ol ;a} ;fylx af6 cfpg] Od]naf6 yfxf kfpf. To;}n] lg/fwf/ ep klg d]/} untl epsf] g 7xl/of]. ;'?df s]xl ufx«f]h:t} ep klg dg a'emfpf / afa'cfdfn] /f]h]sf] hflu/] s]6fl;t clxn] hljg latfo/x]sl 5'. d}n] ol k'/fgf s'/fx hlt bf]x ofp/ ;Dem] klg ljut eg]sf] ljut g} xf]. a? jt{dfgdf kms{g] sf]l;; u/]f. Toltv]/;Dd xfdln] b'o{b'o{ sk l;wofpg cff6]sf lyof}f. æclg eg, cfhrflxf stf xtfl/p/ lx8]sf] lg ltdl <Æ d}n] lrofsf] clgtd ;'?k tflg;s]kl5 p;nfo{ ;f]w]f. p;sf] tgfj x/fo;s]sf] lyof]. æsxff x'g' lg 8]/f vf]hg <Æ ælsg al;/x]sf]df s] eof]<æ æx'g5 lg ljlegg ;d:of. Tof] s'/f t ltdlnfo{ yfx} 5,Æ p;n] egof]. æd]/f] 3/ kf; u/]kl5 cfpm g t a:g,æ d}n] cln 7 f ub{} eg]. æltd f] 3/df t s], s'g} a]nf ltd f] x[bod} a:g] klg ;kgf b]v]sf] lypf lg, xf]og / <Æ olt elg;s]kl5 pm ws vf]n]/ xff:of]. pm;fu} d klg xff;] F t/ d]/f] xff;f]leq s]xl udel/tf klg lyp. p;sf] xff;f] udel/tfdf kl/0ft eof]. p;n] egof], æsltko ;+of]ux ;'vb x'g5g\, h:tf] ls ltdl / d;fu} gx'g'n] ltdlnfo{ ;'vl agfpsf] 5.Æ Tolta]n} p;sf] df]afon ahof], cfˆg} cfbz{nfo{ ;'xfpg] l/ª\6f]g xfn]sf] /x]5 æ/ftf] / rgb ;"o{.æ kmf]g pgs} >LdtLsf] /x]5 egg] cg'dfg u/]f. ptfaf6 cfjfh cfpfb} lyof], æsf]7f e]l6of] t <Æ æp, cf d vf]hb}5'æ olt eg]kl5 kmf]g sf6\b} p;n] egof], æd lxf8] x} l/df, km]l/ e]6f}fnf.æ pm lx8\of]. cffvfaf6 cf]em]n gk/];dd d}n] p;nfo{ x]l//x]f. -!_ ev{/}dfq c;f]hsf] dlxgf d/]sf] 5. cfh sflt{sn] cfˆgf] klxnf] v' f 6]s]sf] lbg. /ftf ;okql / /ª\ulj/ª\usf k'tnl km"nx -cosmos_ cem} 8fF8fel/ k"mln/x]sf 5g\. b;}ftfsfsf] zf/blo /ftdf ;Fw} Psgfzn] s/fo/xg] 5\ofs\5\ofs] sl/f] b;}f uo;s]klg cem} s/fpg 5f]8]sf] 5}g oxff. rsdgg h"g]nl /ftdf ghls}sf] b'lbnf]sf] ofªleq st}lt/ nuftf/ s/fpfb}5 Tof]. lxhf]cfh x/]s ls;fgsf] em'k f]df s]xl cggafnl 5. Ps}l5g epklg lg9'{ss;fu vffb}5g\ loglx n] cfˆgf] kl;gfsf] sdfo. lgzro g} o:t}a]nf, ;a}sf] 3/df cggkfgl epsf] a]nf, rsdgg h"g]nl /ftdf ;w}f g} o;/l s/fpf5 of] 5\ofS5\ofs] sl/f]. jiff{bsf] nfdf] clgsfnkl5 annann cfpsf] 5 ;xsfnsf] of] df]xglnfubf] ;do. o:t} /l;nf] / el/nf] ;dodf hljgnfo{ cem ;ª\uLtdo agfpfb} Psf]xf]/f] kn] s/fo/x]5 Tof] sl/f]. a]nfa]nfdf Tof] sl/f] s/fo/xfbf æcem}klg cggkfgl 5,Æ æcem} klg cggkfgl 5Æ eg]h:tf] nfu5 dnfo{. cfh laxfg} p7]/ af/llt/ 8'Ng upf. 3' ofgaf/ldf /ftf n ]x n6/dd km'n]/ k'/} af/l g} /QmfDo eph:tf] b]lvgyof]. 6Ì km'n]/ d' L s;]sf ;a} n ]x n] cfˆgf] rf]/ cf}fnfn] dfly glnf] cfsfznfo{ tfls/x]sf lyp. ;fob o;/l tfs]/ ltglx n] cfsfznfo{ elg/x]sf lyp, æltdln] g} kfgl jiff{p/ xfdlnfo{ arfof}f, ca km]l/ lsg ltdln] g} zltsf] yf]kf jiff{p/ xfdlnfo{ dfb} {5f} F <Æ lxhf]egbf cfh lr;f], cfhegbf ef]ln lr;f] Û o;/l g} lrl:;+b} hffb}5g\ ol lbgx. e]8] s'/f] / slgs] s'/f]x kg;fpfb} cufl8 a8\b} upf d. ds}af/lsf] Pp6f kmf]s6ldf slnnf / snsnfpfbf e6df;sf 6';fx Û ev{/} ud\a6 km'6]/ lg:s]sf ol slnnf cª\s'/x Û df6f] aflx/} ep klg slt affrg vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ loglx. t/ lbgk ltlbg glhls+b} cfo/x]sf] lzlz/ Ct'sf] s7\oflª\u Psf] zltn] s] loglx nfo{ w]/} a]/;dd affrg b]nf / < t/ w]/} b'mv nfub}5 dnfo{ ol s'/fx n]vbf lsgeg] jiff{b\sf] udl{ lbgx nfo{ e]6\g gkfpfb} hf8f]n] slqmp/ dl/;s]sf x'g]5g\ w/tlsf ol slnnf &!, kf}jf;f/tfk # -@_ x]bf{x]b}{ sflt{s dlxgf klg dl/;s]sf] 5. dª\;l/ dlxgf nfu]sf] klg cfh b; afx lbg eo;sof]. sflt{s dª\l;/sf lbgx df s'g}a]nf cfsfz ;fflrr g} clt lgvv/ eo{ v'n]sf] x'fbf]/x]5. w]/} jif{ cufl8 lxpfbsf] o:t} Pp6f :jr5 lbgdf -;fob dª\l;/!^ ut]h:tf] nfu5_ dxfrlg afh] / d jf;'d n'ª\ Kkflt/ 8'Ng hffb}lyof}f. kf}jfe~hofª k'u]/ Pp6f 9'ª\u] rf}tf/fdf ysfo dfg{ eg]/ Psl5g a:of}f xfdl. afh]n] Ps lvnl ;'tl{ vfogh]n;dd d}n] klg lxpfbsf] v'nf cfsfzdf gh/ bf}8fpf kfl/ kfl/;dd. w]/} 6f9f 6f9f;Ddsf ufpfx df klg af6fsf clncln lrgxx b]lvgy] kmgsf] dfb}{ km]l/ st}lt/ x/fph:tf]. kfl/ jf;'d ufpfsf] l;/fgdf Pp6f 7"nf] af6f] 8fF8fsfF8f x'fb} Pp6f afsnf] hª\undf g/dfonf];fu :jf } k;]/ upsf] b]lvgyof]. ;fob d'unfg ef/tlt/ upsf]xf]nf Tof] af6f]. csf]{ af6f] ufpfsf] l;/fgb]lv 3l/ bflxg] 3l/ b]a ] x'fb} gfua]nl k/]/ tn a]f;llt/ em/]sf] b]lvgyof]. o:tf y'k } af6fsf /]vfx htf;'s} sf]l/psf x'g5g\ 6 xfdl PskN6 sljtf dfq af R5f} Jofs/0f ljqmd ;'Aaf htftt} hfthftsf h'n'; hfu]/ tl/em}f t]lhnf k Zg t]:of{o/x]5g\ xltof/sf] wgbf rnfpfgsf] nflu o'4sf] ahf/ vf]ng] Jofkf/Lsf] ultljlw / cd]l/sg dgqlsf] ljb]z ofqfdf s] km/s 5 < b'lgoff n'6\g] dln6g]:gn sdkglsf] td;'s / cd]l/sfsf] d'lgdh:tf] ljzj Aofª\ssf] Jofhb/df s] km/s 5 < ;+;f/el/ ;'n;'n]em}f sfd ug]{ o'pg\ / k]g6fugsf l/kf]6{x df s] km/s 5 < hfnf]em}f km}lnpsf bft[;+:yfsf cffvf / JxfO6;fpsf] v'ª'ª\vf/ gh/df s] km/s 5 < ol k Zgjfrs jfsox df x :j bl3{ / jfsou7g ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g x]g'{;\ t ;Dkfbs zdf{hl Û ;fdgtx sf] h'jf v]ng] Sna / sfª\u ]; a}7sdf s] km/s 5 < sfª\u ];sf] k'r5/x sf] em'kkf / anv' b/af/sf] cg'xf/df s] km/s 5 < /fhfsf :jff7 5f]/fx n] hff8 vfg] e L xfd f ufpfx sf 5ftLdf. sldnfx h:t} cfˆgf] ugtjo :yfgdf k'ug dflg;x klg /ftlbg cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]sf x'g5g\ tl af6fx df. To:t} afh] / d}n] klg To;tkm{ hfg] Pp6f 5f]6f] af6f] /f]hof}f To;lbg. t/, hx/y'dsl gk'ub} ut ;fpgebf} }lt/ hxlftxlf klx/f] upsf l9:sgfx b]lv+b}5g\ af6f]df. 7fpF 7fpFdf klx/f]n] lgsfn]sf vsf h/fh'/lx ;dftb} an}n] cufl8 al9/x]sf lyof} xfdl. To:t}df klx/f]n] tfgg nfu]sf] df6f]sf] Pp6f xl/of] l9:sgfdf Pp6f snsnfpfbf] k}o'ªsf] v a8f] uhan] km'ln/x]sf] b]vof} F xfdln]. 9sdSs km'n]/ o;n] ToxfFsf] p/f7nfubf] jftfj/0fnfo{ g} la;f{olbpsf] lyof] Psl5g ep klg. klx/f]sf] s'g} jf:tf gu/]/ k}o'ªsf x/]s km"nsf y'ª\uf y'ª\ufdf e'ge'gfo/x]sf] lyp df}/lx klg Psgfzn] dfgf] df}/lx sf] e'ge'gn] ubf{ ToxfF st}lt/ s'g} dw'/ ;ª\uLt u'l~h/x]sf] efg x'gyof]. t/, ut sflt{s dlxgfdf pd gvf]h]sf e6df;sf 6';fx em} F To; k}o'ªsf] af]6n] klg rff8f]egbf rff8f] db} {5' egg] s'g} Px;f; g} gu/l a8f] cfggbn] km'ln/x]sf] lyof]. pb\leb\x tyf hljhgt'x dg' {egbf hlpg rfxg5g\ egg] s'/f ;ffrf] xf]. t/, o;/l lgw{ss;fu PsIf0f ep klg Pp6f pdë / pnnf;k"0f{ kn] hlpg'df g} ;fob hljgsf] ulx/f] cy{ n's]sf] x'g5 xf]nf. s'g} e6df;sf u]8fx c;dod} df6f]aflx/ pd ]/ affrg vf]hbfvf]hb} pv'dsf] hf8f]åf/f e "0fxTof eo{ Ps}l5gdf d/]/ hfg' Û s'g} e6df;sf u]8fx rflxf ;dod} df6f]leq pd ]/ cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hljg latfpg kfpg' Û s'g} k}o'ªsf] v cf7 b; jif{ gk'ub} klx/f]n] cs:dft\ aufp/ nfg' Û s'g} k}o'ªsf] vrflxf ;'/lift 7fpFdf jiff} +;Dd afflr/xg' Û s] ol ;a} s'/f Pp6f ;+of]u xf]og t < s] ol ;a}s'/f Pp6f lgoldt cfsl:dtf / lj;ª\ultjfbsf] l;4fgtleq t kb} {g < To:t} dfg5]sf] hljg klg Pp6f ;+of]u dfq xf]. hljgofkgsf] qmddf cufl8 a9\bfa9\b} s'g}a]nf d[to' kl klx/f]n] cs:dft aufp/ nfg5 xfdlnfo{ klg. s'g}a]nf cg]sf} F /f]ujofwl, 36gf b'3{6gf / cfklqx cfok/] klg To;} lho/xg5f} F xfdl a"9f] eogh]n;dd. To;}n] hljg eg]sf] s'g} Pp6f w'nf}6f]df cb[zo xftåf/f ;+of]ujz s]xl sf]l/g' / ;+of]ujz s]xl d]l6g'h:t} dfq xf]. lhgbule/sf b]p;l v]nfodf xfdln] kfpsf] olt g} xf] s]xl dfofx / s]xl 3[0ffx Û oxl dfofx / 3[0ffx sf] alrdf affrg' 5 xfdln]. 3[0ffx nfo{ DjfO{ + vfp/ dfof g} dfofn] ;hfpg' 5 o; ;+;f/nfo{. leqfdf Pp6f t:jl/d'lg cª\u ]hldf n]lvpsf s]xl cif/x b]vb}5'. "You only live once but if you live right is enough." cyjf æltdl PskN6 dfq affrb5f} t/ ;xl kn] affr5f}eg] ToxL g} ;Dk"0f{ *!@ kf}jf;f/tfk # -of] lgagw cd/ g]dafª lnda"åf/f sf] rlr{t lgagw ;ª\u x ;Demgfsf t/]nlx Ú gfds lgagw s[ltaf6 ;fef/ ul/psf] xf] ;+=_ / /fk kfsf] RofFv] bfpdf s] km/s 5 < n7}t / x'nn8afhx sf] 8fª8'Fª] Uofª / ldlnl;ofx sf] sfo{z{nldf s] km/s 5 < ;a}egbf km6fxf dflg;sf] x/st / /fhfsf uf]ko a}7sx df s] km/s 5 < s'g} if8ogqsf/l c8\8fsf cls~rg of]hgf / /fh;+:yfsf] lubllha f]df s] km/s 5 < pk/f]qm g]kfnl clejolqmsf ;DaGwdf snf / z}nl ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g < x]l/lbgf];\ t ;dfnf]rs lqkf7lhl Û hghflt, dlxnf / blntsf] 6fpsf] b]vfp/ If]qL afx'gsf] Xofs'nf a]rg] df;' k;n / Joj:yflksfsf] k6fª\lugldf s] km/s 5 < sfg'gl 8fsfsf xftsf] xfl;of xtf}8f / kfv08l ;/sf/l ljefux df s] km/s 5 < v'ª\vf/ rf]/x nfo{ ;'/Iff lbg] lsnnf / cbfnsf kvf{nx df s] km/s 5 < e]8fsf] uw{gdf ufl8psf AjfF;fsf bfx f gª\u f / b]zaf;ln] lt/]sf] s/ vfp/ df]6fpsf ljwfosx df s] km/s 5 < s0ff{nl / lnda'jfgsf] uw{gdf xfgg lg/ª\s'z sf7df08"n] prfn]sf] v'f8fsf] wf/ / of] ;+ljwfgsf lgotx df s] km/s 5 < ol p4[t g]kfnl jfsof+zx df Jofs/0f ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g < x]l/lbgf];\ t efiffljb\ kf]v/]nhl Û

7 lnda" hfltsf tª\gfd\ -rf8_ x o]xfª nfjtl tª\gfd\ -rf8_ M lnda" hfltn] dfgg] s]xl tª\gfd\ -rf8kj{_ x? tn pnn]v ul/ Psf] 5.!= ofs\jf tª\gfd\m of] ofs\jf k"hf hldgdf afnl nufpg cufl8 g} ufpfn] ldnl ;fd"lxs?kn] ul/ g] Ps k sf/sf] e"ld k"hf xf]. of] k"hf ul/;s]kl5 5/kf]v -lahg /f]kbf_ osr'ú - sf7sf] vgtl_ n] df6f] sf]6\ofp/ lahg nufog] x' "bf o;nfo{ ofs\jfú elgpsf] xf] egg] nf]sf]lqm 5. of] ljz]if lsl;dn] yfg agfo{ ;f] k"hf :yfgdf 5g\{ of]uo alplahg;d]t /fvl w"k, blk afnl ;do ;dodf 3fd, kfgl ldnfo{ lbg'xf];\, af8l, klx/f], cl;gf, gcfcf];\ / ah flb gk/f];\, cgo s'g} klg clgi6 gxf];\, df6f]sf] pj{/ fzlqm a9folbg'xf];\, xfdln] /f]k] 5/]sf] km;n kfs]kl5 tkfo{+af6 cf1f dfu]/ dfq xfdl vfg] 5f}FÚ egl tfu]/f lgª\jfkm'df\ª / aflxl/of cgo b}jlzlqm;fu k fy{gf u/l an dflug5. o;/l an dflupsf alplahg 3/3/df nlu ;' sf] lahg 5l/G5. of] k"hf ljz]if u/]/ df3b]lv j}zfv dlxgf;dddf 7fp"cg';f/ ul/g5. t/ xfn cfp/ of] k"hf ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ªsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ j}zfv] k"l0f{dfdf ug]{ u/]sf] 5. lnda" hfltsf] k/dk/fut sfg'g lyaf]mª ofsy'ª lymdú df klg j}zfv dlxgfd} ug'{k5{ egg] pnn]v epsf] kfog5. of] k"hf kfp;dd 8f"8fsf] 6fs'/fdf uo{ ;fd"lxs / ejo?kn] k"hf ul/g5. k"hfsf] lbg tyf cl3nnf] / kl5nnf] lbg vghf]t cflb ug'{x"'b}g egg] hgljzjf; -wfld{s dfgotf_ 5, k"hf ;dflktkl5 eao?kn] rf8 dfgfog5. k"hfsf] kl;{kn6b]lv 5/ kf]vsf] sfd ;' x'g5. of] ofs\jf dfª\3 -k"hf_ / rf;f]msú dfª\3 -k"hf_ ljz]if lsl;dn] qmdzm pef}nl / pwf}nlsf] ;dodf lnda'jfgsf] kfgy/ lhnnfsf] of;msú l:yt s'ddfosú / s':;fosú gfds kljq :yfgdf o'df;fddfª tyf y]af;fddfª / cg'r/nfo{ ;d]t k To]s jif{ lnda'jfg e/sf 3/3/af6 x'ms\jfú ciftf e]6l p7fo{ ;fd"lxs / ejo?kn] pt;jsf ;fy k"hf ul/g5 t/ xfn ljlegg sf/0fn] k To]s ;fnsf] rf;f]s k"hf / b'o{ jif{;ddsf] ofs\jfú k"hf :yfglo?kn] dfq ul/g5 eg] k To]s tlg jif{df lnda'jfg e/sf k To]s 3/af6 x's\jfú hddf u/l ejo?kn] ofs\jf k"hf ul/g5. of] k"hfdf ;Dk"0f{ pksf/l / ;Dk"0f{ dfgjnufot b]z tyf ljzj zflgt / snof0fsf] nflu tfu]`"/ f lgª\jfkm'dfª, o'df;fddfª / y]af;fddfª;fu an dflug5. o;sf ;fy} cggkft /fd f] kmnf]; cggsf] ;x xf];\ egg] dfu ub} { ;Dk"0f{df z'enfesf] sfdgf ul/g5. of] tlg jif{] k"hfnfo{ tª\;'d tª\gfdú elgg5 o;}nfo{ v;s/0f u/l xfn lqzfnf k"hf egg] u/]sf] klg kfog5. of] ofs\jf k"hf / tª\;'d tª\gfdsf] s;/l ;ldd>0f eof] < cg';gwfgs} ljifo 5, of] k"hfsf] ;dodf of;ms ahf/df 7"nf] d]nf nfub5. of] k"hfsf] lbg / cl3nnf] tyf kl5nnf] lbg u/l hddf tlg lbg;dd k To]s lnda"n] 3/nfO{ b}lgs lnkkf]t u/l ;kmf, ;'U3/ u/l 3/ 3/df klg k"hf ug]{ rng 5. of] tlglbg hldg vghf]t ug{ x'"b}g, lsg eg] o; cj:yfdf wtl{ / hjtl epsl x'g5]ú egg] wfld{s dfgotfcg';f/ ;f] tlglbg vghf]t ub}{gg\. of] tª\;'d tª\gfdsf] af/]df lqe'jg ljzjljbfnosf ls/ft efiff tyf ;+:s[lt ljz]if1 O{dfgl;+x r]dhf]ª n]vg'x'g5 æls/ft /fhf pafxfªn] blif0f ltaat / pq/ ef/talrsf] ;d:t b]zdf ljho xfl;n u/]sf] ;Demgfdf of] kj{ -k"hf_ dgfpg /fhf pafxfªn] lgb] {zg lbpcg';f/ dgfopsf] xf]. pqm ljho tlgjif{df k"/f epsfn] To;}sf] ;Demgf :j?k k To]s tlg jif{df tª\;'d\ tª\gfd -lqzfnf_ k"hf ug] { rng rn]sf] xf]!. ;f] d]nfdf o'jsx? d}bfgdf cfo{ v's'/l / nf}/f]åf/f ågb o'4sf] ;fwgf To;}u/L ;~rf/ dgqfno, ;"rgf ljefuåf/f k sflzt d]rlb]lv dxfsfnldf klg of] tª\;'d\ tª\gfd\sf] af/]df o:tf] pnn]v epsf] kfog5, ælnda" hfltx?df tfª\;'d tf]ª\gfd -tª\;'d\ tª\gfd\ <_ elgg] lqzfnf k"hfdf kffry/ lhnnfsf] of;f]s egg] 7fpFdf knnf] ls/ftsf ;a} lnda"x? x/]s tlgjif{df Psk6s e]nf eo{ k"hf cfhf u/l gfrufg ug]{ / o'js s]6fx? v's'/l tyf n7låf/f an k bz{g ul/g] k/dk/f 5.Æ # ol dflysf tyox?af6 of] tª\;'d tª\gfd -lqzfnf_ sf] af/]df s] lgisif{df k'ug ;lsg5 eg] of] kj{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;stfsf] ;ª\ud:yn xf], kf}/fl0fs / cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf] ldngaf6 ljsf; epsf] dxtjk"0f{ kj{ l;;]skf tª\gfd\m of] l;;]skf tª\gfd\ú ;fpg dlxgfdf e6df; ds} af]8l cflb kfs]s} ;dodf dgfog] rf8 xf]. o;df cf cfˆgf jf ;d"x eo{ 3/3/ sf] s'gfdf k;l yfn / gfª\nf] 76fpFb} ;fs\gfd\ k]uf], lxª\gfd\ To]`"cf], ;fs\gfd\ k]/f], lxª\gfd\ To]`"/f]Ú -clgsfn hfp ;xsfn cfp, clgsfn uof] x} ;xsfn cfof] x}_ egb} cu'n6f] / /fsf];lxtsf] h'n'z lgsfnl s'g} j:t'nfo{ v]b]em}f u/l klzrdtkm{ v]b\b} nu]/ h'n'z lgs}k/ k'u]kl5 cfkm"n] af]s]sf] /f"sf] alraf6f]df y'kf/]/ af6f] 5]lsG5, of] ljlwnfo{ ;fs\nfdw]sú elgg5. o;sf] cy{ clgsfn -b'mv_ km]l/ gcfcf];\ elg af6f] 5]Sg' xf]. af6f]df y'kfl/ Psf /ffsf] / cu'n6f]df l;lbª\afú -c8]/l_ sf] sf"8f o's\ldafú -xf8s6'jf_ nfo{ klg 5]sjf/ sf]?kdf y'kfl/g5. To;kl5 v' fsf] s's' {RrfnfO{ e'ofdf y]rf/]em} F ub} { km]l/ elgg5 ;fs\gfd\ k]uf], gfgf k]uf], ofddf] d]gf]msv]`"ggf], stgf d]gf]msv]`"ggf], cflwªuflg s]`"hf]ms/ ldw'k\ s]`"hf/f], lrw"k\ s]`"hf/f] v]`"lr5ª]`"cf]ú -clgsfn hfp x}, k/k/ hfp x}, km]l/ kms] {/ gcfp x}, otf gcfp x}, c6]/ u/]df cu'n6f]n] kf]nfo{ dfunf;\, sff8fn] 3f]rfO{ dfunf;\ efu x}_ egl y'kfl/psf] cfuf]nfo{ e'/e'/ kfb} { clgsfnnfo{ xf"s lbp/ 3/ kms{g] sfd x'g5. o;/l clgsfn v]b\g] dflg;x? kms]{/ 3/ cfogk'ub} 3/sf cgo dflg;n] em\ofn 9f]sf cflbdf aql afnl aflaof]sf] 8f]/L af6l 8f]/Lsf] alrdf aflaof]s} ;fgf] s'rf] em'08\ofo{, To; ;dodf kfs]sf goff cgg ds}, kmnkm"n, vf];f{gl, lglxms\;/df -s'l/nf]_, l;:g', l;lbª\af -c8]/l_ / o's\dl d] -xf8 s6'jf emf/_ cflb klg em'08\ofo{ dfnf agfo{{ d"n b}nf]dfly em'08\ofog5. of] dfnfnfo{ ;fs\gfmtkf]gfú elgg5 eg] sltko :yfgdf o;}nfo{ ;fs\lrof]mªafú egg] u/]sf] klg kfog5. of] dfnf em'08ofpg'sf] cy{ xfd f] nflu vfg] cgg kmnkm"n ca kfsof]ú egl b]vfo{ tfnfo{ v]b\g ;Sg] zlst xfdldf 5, va/bf/ cfpnf;\ú elg l;:g', cflb em'08\ofo{ clgsfn -b'mv_ nfo{ xffs lbopsf] xf]ú elgg5. of] ljlw ;s]kl5 h'n'; 3/df k j]z ub{5 / kfs]sf] ds}, af]8l, e6df; cflb tfu]/f lgª\jfkm'dfª, o'df;fddfª, y]af;fddfª, lxd\;fddfªnfo{ r9fo{ cf/fwgf u/l k ;fbsf]?kdf vfg] ul/g5. o;df ljz]if u/l clgsfnsf] labfo / ;xsfnsf] :jfut ul/g] x'"bf of] rf8nfo{ ;fs\gfmkdf tª\gfdú - clgsfn v]b\g] rf8_ klg elgg5. of] rf8 cfpg cufj} jiff{bdf ul/g] v]tlkftlsf] sfd k fozm ;dfkt eo;s]sf] x'g5. jiff{bdf v]tl kftl ubf{ kfgl, em/l, lxnf] cflbn] ubf{ lz/ df lr;f] k j]z ug]{ x'"bf ;f] x6fpg jf lr;f] k j]z gu/f]; egl ljlegg tfultnf vfb j:t'sf] kl/sf/ agfo{{ cfkm"n] vfg] / Ps csf{df aff8l vfg] klg rng 5. of] l;;]s\kf tª\gfdsf af/]df ls/ft d'gw'ddf o:tf] ;+:s[lt pnn]v epsf] kfog5, ædfª\xfª /fhfsf] zf;g sfndf 7"nf] clgsfn nflu dflg;x? ef]sef]s} dg{ nfubf dfª\xfª\/ fhfn] lgª\jfkm'dfªsf] elqm u/]/ ;kgfdf lgª\jfkm'dfª n] egg'eof] laxfg p7]/ ltd f] af/ldf x]g' { cgg pd L kmn]sf] b]vof} eg] vfg'ú egl clt{ lbp. gegb} laxfg p7]/ af/l x]g{ hf"bf af/lel/ e6df; pld P/ kfls/fv]sf] b]v]/ v'zl eo{ 7"nf] ;efu/ L ;a} uo{ kfs]sf] cgg NofP/ vfo{ af"rg'ú egl x's'd lbp. ===e6df; af]8l ksfo{ tfu]`"/f lgª\jfkm'dfªn] h'/folbg' epsf] ;Demgfdf ;fn a;fn af]8l e6df; kfs]kl5 ;fpg dlxgfdf of] syf :d/0f u/l rf8 dfgg' / lgª\jfkm'dfªsf] gfddf GjfuL k"hf ug'{ú egl dfª\xfª /fhfn] cfb]z lbg'eof].æ $ To;}u/L l;;]s\kf tª\gfdsf] ljsf;sf] af/]df ls/ft lnda" ;d'bfodf o:tf] syf klg kfog5, dflg; hflt k ultdf ndsb} upkl5 dfª\xfª / fhfsf] kfnfdf cfok'ubf 3d08sf] kf]v/ Ldf r'n'{d} 8'Ag k'u]. ;[li6stf{ tfu]`"/f lgª\jfkm'dfªnfo{ k'hg} 5f8], dfgg} 5f8], ;j] {;jf{ dflg; g} xf]ú egg yfn]. o:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;nfo{ r]tfjgl lbgsf lgldt tfu]`"/f lgª\jfkm'dfªn] lgs} nfdf] ;do;dd ;+;f/df v8]/l nufolbg'eof]. o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k afnlgfnl?v, j[if cflb ;'s]/ uof] / kfglsf] d'xfg tyf tfnx? klg ;'s]/ up. o:tf] cj:yfdf dg'ionufot k f0fl hut\df lgs} 7"n} xfxfsf/ dlrrof] / cfklq cfonfuof], vfg gkfp/ k f0flx? dg{ nfu]. of] cfklq b]v]/ dfª\xfª /fhf clt g} b'mlvt x'g' eof] / o;sf] pkfo kqf nufpg /fhfn] xfªr'dn'ª -/fh;ef_ sf] j}7s af]nfpg' eof]. pqm xfªr'dn'ªdf /fhfsf cgo dgql, ;Nnfxsf/ cflbn] cfˆgf ljrf/ / flv;s]kl5 clgtd jqmfdf lgª\jfxfª\ú gfds 1fgL dgql p7l dxf/fh! of] b}jl ljklq epsf] x' "bf o;sf] pkfo xfdl kqf nufpg ;Qm}gf} F. of] kqf nufpg] sfd xfª\km]`"bfª\dfú -d'vo /fhu'?_ nfo{ g} lhddf lbg'k5{, jxf"n] g} of] v'6\ofpg' x'g5ú egg] k :tfj k :t't ug'{ epsf]df ;f] k :tfj ;j{;ddt?kn] kfl/t eof]. To;kl5 ;f] v'6\ofpg] sfd xfªkm]`"bfª\dfnfo{ lhddf lboof]. p;n] Psflaxfg} p7l g'xfow'jfo u/l rf]vf]lgtf] eo{ dfª;fddfª;fu an dful s/s\t]dfú -hf]vgf x]g'{ eof]_ ug'{eof]. To;df dflg; hflt s]xl k ultsf] dfu{df psn]kl5 ;[li6stf{ tfu]`"/f lgª\jfkm'dfª / kfngstf{ o'df;fddfª y]af;fddfª cflbnfo{ k'hg 5f8]sf], ;dodf ofs\jfdfª3ú / rf;f]s dfª3ú cflb ug{ 5f8]sfn] dflg;nfo{ b08:j?k of] cfkq cfok/]sf] xf]. ca jfnl nufpg] ;dodf ofs\jf dfª\3 / afnl kfs]kl5 rf;f]s dfª\3ú ug]{ k 0fsf ;fy Pp6f k"hf ug'{kb{5. To;kl5 ;dod} kfgl k/]/ afnlgfnl ljz]ifu/l cfn', e6df;, af]8l / ds} kfs5, clg Tof] vfo{ cfkqaf6 affrg ;lsg5. To;}u/L 3f";kft pd L hlj hgt' klg af"rb5g\\. To;kl5 of] cfkt -clgsfn_ k]ml/ lkms]{/ gcfjf];\ / o; cfklqaf6 d'lqm kfpsf] ;Demgfdf k To]s l;;]s\kf -;fpg_ dlxgfdf ;fs\gfmkdf lxª\gfd pmkdfú -clgsfn v]b\g] ;xsfn af]nfpg]_ ljlw ug' {k5{ egg] dfªaf6 dnfo{ cfb]z epsfn] ;f]xlcg';f/ ug{ plrt b]lvg5ú egl /fhu'?af6 /fhfsf]df hfx]/ epcg';f/ /fhfaf6 cfb]z eo{ ;f]xl adf]lhd k"hf ul/;s]kl5 dfq kfgl k/l vfbfgg ptkfbg eo{ dflg; nufot k f0fl af"r]sfn] /fhu'?sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ sf] k"hfcfhf ug{ / Tof] cfkqaf6 d'lqm kfpsf] pkniodf To;lbgnfO{ rf8 dfgg]ú egg];d]t /fhfaf6 km]l/ cfb]z epsfn] ds}, e6df;, l;dl, af]8l cflb kfs]kl5 dfªú ;Fu cg'dlt dfu]/ dfq vfg] / To;}sf] ;Demgfdf ;fnj;fn of] ;fs\gfmkdfú ljlw ul/psf] xf]. of] k fkt tyo sygaf6 s] klg lgisif{ lgsfng ;lsg5 eg] cflbsfndf of] l;;]skf tª\gfd\nfo{ klg rf;f]s tªgfdú s}?kdf dflggyof], kl5 cfp/ s'g} sf/0fjz rf;f]s k"hfdf wfg sf]bf]nfo{ dxtj lbg yflnof] / d'vo?kn] wfg sf]bf] dª\l;/ dlxgfdf dfq kfsg] x' "bf ;f] r9fpgnfo{ rf;f]s dfª\3 -tªgfd_ dª\l;/ dlxgfdf ug{ yflnpsf] x'g'k5{. #= alnxfª\ tª\gfd\ M of] alnxfª\ tª\gfd\nfo{ jflnª\xfª\ tª\gfd\ú klg egg] u/]sf] kfog5. of] tª\gfd - rf8_ y];]sqmf] -sflts_ dlxgfdf nfl;msú -cf}f;l_ sf] ;do kf/]/ dflgg5. of] kj{sf] ljsf;sf] af/]df ls/ft lnda" ;dfhdf o:tf] syg kfog5, plxno} ls/ft b]zdf alnxfª jflnªxfªú gfds clt g} k hfk] dl / zlqmzfnl ls/ft /fhf lyp. cfˆgf b]zleqsf hgtfsf ;f/f b'mv ;'vdf pgn] ;fy lbgy]. b]znfo{ If]q If]qdf 5'6\ofO{ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfn] vfgf vfp gvfpsf] a'eml vfpsf] va/ b/af/df gk'u];dd cfkm" klg vfgf vffb}gy]. o; sf/0f pgsf] k hfx? pglk lt clt g} df]lxt lyp. pgl lqsfnbzl{ klg lyp. Pslbg /fh;ef af]nfp/ cfˆgf dgql, ;Nnfxsf/ / b]zjf;l;dd'v o;/l cfˆgf s'/f /fv], dflg; d/0fzln k f0fl epsfn] Pslbg of] b]xnfo{ 5f]8]/ hfg}k5{. d]/f] klg lbgugtl k'lu;sof], of] b]xnfo{ Tofu u/ L ca d :ju{ hf"b}5', ltdlx?n] of] xfd f] b]znfo{ x[bo ;dfg ;DemL dfof ug'{, ltdlx? Ps} kl/jf/ ;DemL dfof ddtfsf ;fy slxno} klg emu8f 606f gu/l ldn]/ a:g', b]zsf] pgglt / k ultsf] nflu Ps} dtn] bqlrq eo{ sfd ug' {.Ú b]zjf;ln] of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 cf"z' emfb} { Ps} :j/df / fhf;fu ljgtl ug{ yfn] dxf/fh! xfdlnfo{ 5f]8]/ To;/L hfg kfp"g' x'gg. tkfo{+ of] b]zdf gepdf xfdl hdd} 6'x'/f 6'x'/L eo{ b'mv kfp5f}fú. b]zjf;lsf] Ps} :j/sf] of] ljgtl ;'g]kl5 /fhfn] klg cf"vfaf6 cf"z' emfb} { km]l/ egg yfn] Kof/f b]zjf;l xf]! ltdlx?sf] of] sf?l0fs ljgtl ;'g]kl5 d]/f] d'6' g} l5ofl5of eof]. t/ d}n] s] ug' { < ltdlx?sf] dfof nfubf nfub} klg 5f8]/ hfg d jfwo 5'. dnfo{ lng sfn cfpg} nfuof], ;+;fl/s lgod g} o:tf] 5, o;nfo{ /f]s]/ /f]sg ;lsfb}gú eggf;fy / fhb/af/df xfmdnfms\jfú -?jfjf;l_ n] ys{g yfnof]. b]zjf;ln] /fhf;fu km]l/ ljgtl ug{ yfn] dxf/fh! o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu cgo s]xl pkfo klg 5 ls < epdf ;f] ;'GgkfP xfdl cfef/l x'g5f} F / ;f] ug{ xfdl tof/ 5f}FÚ. dgql d08nsf ;b:onufot b]zjf;ln] k'gm u/]sf pqm lagtl ;'g]kl5 /fhf km]l/ af]ng yfn] dk lt ltdlx?sf] olt w]/} dfof epdf d]/f] k f0f arg ;Sg] Pp6f pkfo t 5, Tof] ltdlx?n] ug{ ;s]df d af"rg klg ;S5'Ú /fhfsf] of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 b]zjf;l v'zln] ub\ub\ x'"b} km]l/ af]ng yfn] dxf/fh Û tkfo{+sf] hljg /Iffsf] nflu xfdl h] klg ug{ tof/ 5f}F, 7 ljlwsf] hfgsf/l kfp"ú. of] ljgtl ;'g]kl5 /fhf km]l/ af]ng yfn] To;f] ep o;af/]sf] ljlw ltdlx?nfo{ d ;'gfp"5' ;'g x} y];]sqmf] -sflts_ dlxgfsf] cf} F;Lsf] cwof/f] /ft kf/]/ sfnn] dnfo{ lng cfpg} nfu]sf] 5. oxff 5]p cfo{ k'ugf;fy d a]xf]; eo{ cfˆgf zog sifdf nl8xfn5', To;eGbf cufl8 g} ltdlx?n] k To]s 3/nfO{ lnkkf]t ;kmf u/l 3/3/df aql afnl v'j} phofnf] agfpg' / d]/f] k f0f /Iffsf] nflu tfu] Þ/f lgª\jfkm'dfªsf] c6'6 k fy{gf ug'{. of] vj/ b]ze/sf 3/3/df k' ofo{ Ps cfk;df ;xof]ul eo{ ;Dk"0f{n] of] sfd ug{ ;Sof} eg] sfn kms]{/ hfg]5 / d sfnsf] k~hfdf gk/l cjzo klg km'tsg ;Sg]5'Ú. /fhfsf] of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pkl:yt ;a} v'zl eo{ dxf/fh Û of] sfd ug{ xfdl tof/ 5f}FÚ egl Ps} :j/df ;a} s/fp. /fhfaf6 pqm cfb]z x'gf;fy ;f] cfb]z 3/3/df k' ofpg b]zjf;lx? x"nsf x"n eo{ kmf<l;ª\d f] kmf<l;ª\df/f]ú -of] cfktdf ;xof]u u/fu/ u/f}f x}_ egb} /fhfaf6 x's'd epsf] ljlw atfpb} 3/3/, ufpfufpfdf up. x's'dcg';f/ cfˆgf lktft'no Kof/f /fhfsf] k f0f /Iffsf] nflu k To]s 3/df ;/;kmfo{ u/l lemlnldnl aql afnl k To]sn] tfu]/f lgª\jfkm'dfª;fu k fy{gf ug{ ;' u/]. pqf b/af/df /fhf j]xf]; eo{ nl8xfn]. kmf<l;ªd f]ú egb} /fhb/ af/ nufot b]ze/sf hgtf k fy{gf ub}{ /fte/ s/fo/x], laxfglsf] piffsf] nfnl;fu} /fhfn] cffvf vf]nl p7]. /fhb/af/df /fhkl/jf/, dgql / ;Nnfxsf/nufot pkl:yt ;a}df v'zlsf] cfggbn] ;Ldf gf of]. /fhf k"0f{?kn] xf];df cfpkl5 af]ngyfn] ca d k"j{jt cj:yfsf] xf];df cfpf, of] va/ b]z e/sf hgtfsf] 3/3/ df k' ofpfg', b]zjf;lx? ;'tf{p/ a;]sf xf]nfg\ú egl pkl:yt ;a}nfo{ cfb]z lbp. pqm cfb]z /fhfaf6 kfpfg] lalts} dgql d08nsf ;b:o / ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;fdfgo hgtf;d]t /fhf k"j{t xf];df cfof] x}, To]Þcª;L/f]Ú -/fhf catf/ lno{ cfof] x}_ ca k fy{gfdf dfq Psfu ep/ gj; p7 x}, laxfg eof] a]n'sl eof], gfldnª\u]mt\ nflnª\u]mt\ú -3fd em'nsof] h'g em'nsof]_ cflb egb} v'zln] gfr ufg ub} { x"nsf x"n 3/3/df va/ k' ofp"g up. o;}nfo{ v; efiffdf klg anl/fhsf] x's'd x' Fbf cfpsf] xfdlú egl e}nf] / Bf}l;/]Ú egl v]ng] rng rn]sf] xf]ú egg] syg 5. cfˆgf k f0ft'no Kof/f] /fhf k'ghl{ljt epsf] va/ ;'Gg kfpsf]df 3/3/sf dflg;x? klg v'zl eo{ of] z'evj/ k' ofpg cfp"g]nfo{ ljlegg kl/sf/sf ksjfgú agfo{ vfglbfb} k}off k};f klg lbg yfn]. tl va/ lbg cfpg]n] klg cfkm"n] :jfut ;Tsf/ kfpsf]df v'zl eo{ ljlegg lsl;dsf cfzljf{b lbg yfn]. /fhfnfo{ sfnsf] d'vaf6 arfpsf] v'zlofnldf xif{ j9fo ub}{ k'gm b]zel/ lemlnldnl aql afn]. of] v'zlofnldf ljlegg kf}li6s kl/sf/ agfo{ Ps cfk:tdf aff8l vfg yfn]. o;} v'zlofnlsf] ;Demgf:j?k k To]s y];]qmf]ú -sflts_ dlxgfdf kg]{ cf}f;lsf] ;dodwo] u0fgf u/]/ lg:s]sf] ;dodf alnxfª /fhfs} kfnfdf ;fnj;fn of] tª\gfd\ -rf8_ dgfpg yfn] / To;}sf] lg/gt/tf lbfb} cfh klg of] rf8 vf;u/l b'o{lbg;dd ls/ft hfltn] w'dwfd;fu dgfpf5g\ \. of] kj{ klxnf] lbg aln/fhfs} ;Demgfdf / cfˆgf bl3f{o'sf] nflu 3/ cffug ;kmfu/l aql afnl k fy{gf ug]{. bf]>f] lbg aql afnl xif{a9fo{ ug]{ / v'zlofnl dflg ld7f ld7f ksjfg agfo{ { vfg] ;fy} v'jfpg] klg ul/g5. ;fdfgo?kn] t]>f] lbg klg To;}u/L dgfog5. d'gw'dcg';f/ r]nl dfotln] km"n ;f6f;f6 ug'{ -cfk:tdf nufpfg'_ x' "b}g, nufpdf rf]mtn'ªú -lz/_ 9N5Ú egg] dfgotf 5, sf/0f km"nnfo{ hf]jgsf] k tls klg dflgg5. To;}n] lnda" hfltdf efo 6Lsfsf] rng 5}g. xfn cfp/ of] kj{df ljlegg hflt pk hfltsf] wfld{s syf / ;f+:s[lts kifx? ;ldd>0f x'g upsfn] of] rf8sf] gfd / dfgg] tl/sfx? klg ljlegg x'g upsf] b]lvg5. h:t} sfu ltxf/, s's'/ ltxf/, uf]j4{g k"hf, ufo{ ltxf/, efo ltxf/ cflb gfdx?nfo{ lng ;lsg5. o; cj:yfdf hut\axfb'/ hf]zln] n]vg'epsf ol zabx? klg ;Demgf /fvg' kg]{ x'g cfpf5, pxff n]vg'x'g5 æcgfo{ /fhf dxfalnsf] ;xfbt / pgsf] dxfg\ alnbfgsf] ;Demfgfdf cgfo{x?n] # -tlg_ lbg;dd aql afn]/ blkfanl dgfpg] rng rnfpsf lyp. o; cgfo{ ;+:s[ltnfo{ sfnfgt/df cfo{x?n] klg aln/fhfsf] cftdfsf] ;Ddfg u/]/ cftd;ft\ u/].æ % =$ rf;f]s\ tªgfd\m of] rf;f]s\ tª\gfd\ú v]taf/ldf afnl kfs]kl5 tfu]/f lgª\jfkm'dfª\nfo{ wgojfb lbfb} cfef/ JoQm ub} { kfs]sf goff cgg vfgnfo{ tfu]/f lgª\jfkm'dfª\;fu g} :jls[lt cg'dlt dfu ug{ ul/g] k"hf xf]. o;df tkfo{+n] ;do;dodf 3fd kfgl ldnfo{ lbg'eof] / xfdln] nufpsf] cggafnl ca kfsof], ;f] kfs]sf] goff cgg vfg :jls[lt cg'dlt kfpmfú egl w"k, blk afnl tfu]/f lgª\jfk'mdfª\nfo{ wgojfb lbo{ cfef/ JoQm ub} { gof" kfs]sf cggnfo{ r9fo{ dg'ion] vfg :jls[lt dflug5. o;}n] of] rf8nfo{ rfleg\ tª\gfd\ú egg] u/]sf] klg kfog5, o;sf] efjfy{ kfs]sf] cgg r9fpg] rf8ú x'g5. o;df tms\km' ofª\km' kf]// f] kmf];]þcf]ú -cggsf] e08f/ k}offsf] e08f/ a9f];\ x}, j9fo{ lbg'xf];, z'e nfe xf];_ egl an dflug5. of] k"hfdf r9fog] rfdn, l9sl jf cf]vnldf s'6]sf] geo{ wfgsf] /fd f] afnf l6kl gªn] af]qmf ;kmf u/]/ lgsflnpsf] rfdn nf:;f]ú df /fvl r9fog5 eg] sf]bf]sf] xsdf klg sf]bf]sf] /fd f] afnf l6kl xftn] df8l lgsflnpsf] u]8fnfo{ aff;sf] 6'Kkfaf6 gof" agfopsf] rf]vf] tª\af -;fgf] gd'gf dfq_ df xfnl To;}df v]<;'ª\ú -drf{_ / kfgl xfnl k"hf yfgdf /fvl r9fpg] ul/g5. lnda" hfltn] cfkm"n] ptkfbg u/]sf] s'g} klg cgg tfu]þ/f lgª\jfkm'dfªnfo{ gr9fo{ vfb}gg\. of] rf;f]s cf cfkm"n] 3/3/df / ;fd"lxs?kn] klg ug]{ rng 5. of] k"hf ljz]if u/]/ dª\l;/ dlxgfdf ul/g] k"hf xf], sf/0f o;df ljz]if u/l sf]bf] / wfgnfo{ r9fpg dxtj lbog] x' "bf tl cgg klg ToxL ;dodf kfsb5. xfn cfp/ ls=of=r'= sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ of] rf;f]s tª\gfd\ú sf] k"hf dª\l;/] k"l0f{dfdf ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. of] tª\gfd\df goff kfs]sf cggsf] ljlegg kl/ sf/x? agfo{ Oi6ldq;Fu aff8r'8 u/l vfg] rng 5. of] rf8 s[t1tfsf] rf8 xf]. of] rf;f]s k"hf ug]{ rng ls/ft d'gw'dcg';f/ /fhf dfª\xfª\sf] kfnfdf pg}sf cfb]zfg';f/ ;' epsf] b]lvg5.^ %= smskm]s\jf tª\gfd\m of] rf8 gjiff]{nnf;sf]?kdf dgfog] rf8 xf], To;}n] of] rf8nfo{ ;ª\tª\a] nfd\bfms\ tª\gfd\ú -gjjif{nfo{ :jfutfy{ dgfog] rf8_ klg elgg5. of] rf8 sms\ú -rffk_ km'n]sf] ;do smskm]s\jf -df3_ dlxgfdf dgfog] x' "bf o;nfo{ smskm]s\jf tªgfdú elgpsf] xf]. o;df gjfudg epsf] jif{ ;'vzflgt / cfggb ;fy JotLt xf];ú egl laxfg} p7l 3/ ;kmf;fu lnkkf]t u/l g'xfow'jfo u/l ;kmf eo{ tfu]`"/f lgª\jfk'mdfª\sf] k"hf k fy{gf u/l ;s]kl5 dflg;n] ;j{k yd vfg l;s]sf] lrg]sf] vfb kbfy{ t n xf]ú egg] dfgotfcg';f/ ;f] sf] ;Demgf:j?k t n / kmnkm"n ;bf alni6 /x'f egl cgo tfst a4{s :jflbi6 ef]hg agfo{ dfªnfo{ r9fo{ cfkm"n] klg vfg] rng 5. o;df ;]n/f]6l l;:g'sf] bfn cflb agfo{ vfg] / 5/l5d]sdf aff8\g] klg rng 5. pk;+xf/ ls/ft lnda"sf] nflu cfˆgf 5' } klxrfg af]s]sf] :jtgqú kfqf] xfn;dd k sfzgdf cfog;s]sfn] lnda" dfgotf;fu ;DalGwt sltko rf8kj{x?sf] ltly, ldlt :jtgq?kn] tf]sg c;'ljwf eo{ cgo hfltsf] dfgotfdf cfwfl/t rf8 kj{sf] ltly, ldlt;fu ldng upsf 5g\\. To;y{ cfˆg} ltly, ldlt;lxtsf] :jtgq kfqf] cljnda agfpg clt g} h?/l b]lvg5. -;efjf/ M cflbjf;l lnda" hfltsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro_

8 { { a]nfotdf ldhf; /xg'epsf t]da] ;Dk"0f{ lnda" bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx sf] ;fd"lxs snof0f / ljsf;sf] nflu df ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf] :yfkgf ul/psf] xf]. lnda" zabsf] cy{ wg'wf{/l egg] a'lemg5. lnda" efiffdf ln tf]mªú eggfn] wg'sff0f xf]. oxl zabsf] ln cyf{t\ lnda"nfo{ g} ofsy'ªaf klg elgg5. ofsy'ªaf os\ / y'daf zabsf] zlgw ep/ agf]sf] zabxf]. os\sf] cy{ uf}8f of u9 of lsnnf x'g5 eg] y'dafsf] axfb'/ of z'/jl/ xf]. o;y{ ofsy'daf eggfn] ;'/jl/ hflt egg] a'lemg5. ljz]if u/]/ k"jl{ g]kfnsf] ;ª\v'jf;ef, t]/y'd, wgs'6f, tfkn]h'ª, kfgy/, Onfd, emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/l lhnnfx df lnda"x sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfog5. v]tl ls;fgl ug{' / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ldf ljz]if u/]/ ef/tlo ;]gf / a]nfotl ;]gfdf /f]huf/l ug{' of] hfltsf] k d'v cfo; f]t x'g upsf] 5'. lnda"x sf] wfld{s u GynfO{ d'gw'd elgg5. ls/ft wd{cgtu{t ;ftt]xfªdf kgy tyf o'df wd{ -l;lssd ef/t_ dfgg] lnda"x oxl d'gw'dsf] AofVofcg' k ;Dk"0f{ wd{ sd{ ug]{ ub{5g\. lnda"x sf] d'gw'd AofVoftfx nfo{ km]bfª\df, ;fdaf, o'df, o]af / o]df egg] ul/g5. lnda"x sf] wfg gffr - ofmnfª_ / 9f]n gffr -s]m nfª_ k rlnt gffr xf] eg] efiff ofsy'ª kfg\ / lnlk ls/ft l;l/hª\uf lnlk k rngdf /x]sf] 5. sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndg lnda"x sf] hg;ª\vof #, /x]sf] 5. ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf] jt{dfg sfo{;ldltsfdf cwoif >L, >Lk ;fb lnda", bf]xf]/f] gful/stf=== -k[i7! af6_ ;fdfgotm cgo d'n'ssf] gful/stf kl/tofu ug{ cfjzos bf]xf]/f] gful/stf / bf]xf]/f] gful/stf gllt nfu" ug]{ d'n'sx M blif0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx df aª\unfb]z, kfls:yfg, >Lnª\sf tyf ef/tn] s]xl jif{cl3b]lv ljzjsf ljlegg!^ d'n'sx sf Pgcf/cfO{x nfo{ India (Overseas Citizen of India) sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] cgo d'n'sx df a]nfot, Sofg8f, k mfg;, c:6«]lnof cflb d'n'sx n] bf]xf]/f] gful/ stf gllt ckgfpsf 5g\. nfdf] ;dob]lv PsfTds gful/stf ckgfpfb} cfpsf] ef/tn] df Ps cwofb]zdfkm{t\ cgo d'n'sx df /x]sf ef/tlod"nsf ljb]zlx nfo{ gful/stf k bfg ug]{ goff Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pqm goff Joj:yf lgdgadf]lhd /x]sf] Substitution of new section for section 7A. For section 7A of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely:- "7A. Registration of overseas citizens of India. The Central Government may, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, on an application made, in this behalf, register as an overseas citizen of India (a) any person of full age and capacity,- (i) who is citizen of another country, but was a citizen of India at the time of, or at any time after, the commencement of the Constitution; or (ii) who is citizen of another country, but was eligible to become a citizen of India at the time of the commencement of the Constitution; or (iii) who is citizen of another country, but belonged to a territory that become part of India after the 15th day of August, 1947; or (iv) who is a child or a grand-child of such a citizen; or (b) a person, who is a minor child of a person mentioned in clause (a): Provided that no person, who is or had been a citizen of Pakistan, Bangladesh or such other country as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, n]v cfn]v ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=, ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro pkfwoif >L 8Da/axfb'/ lnda", dlxnf ljefulo pkfwoif >LdtL ld/f cfªa'xfª, dxf;lrj >L /fhg lnda", ;lrj >L v'zl lnda", sf]iffwoif >LdtL sdnf lnda" / snf ;flxto ;+of]hsdf >LdtL nlnf ;]lnª dfaf] /xg'epsf] 5 eg] a]nfotsf ljlegg If]qx af6 If]qLo k ltlglwx klg /xg'epsf] 5. xfn;dddf ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof #%& /x]sf] 5. ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=n] lgdg p2]zox cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 M -!_ ljlegg sfo{qmdx sf] cfof]hgf ul/ lnda" efiff, ;flxto / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug'{. -@_ lnda" ;+s[lt ;DaGwL vf]h cg';gwfg ug]{ u/fpg] jf o;;dagwl r]tgf hufpg]. -#_ o"s]df a;f]af; ub} { cfpg'epsf lnda" bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx df cfsl:ds eok/l cfpg] ;d:of / b'mvx df ;xof]u k bfg ug{]. -$_ ;fdflhs snof0fsf/l sfd u/l :yfglo hg;d'bfo;fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{'. -%_ cgo ljlegg hftlo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx ;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /fvl k hftflgqs 9ª\un] cfˆgf] efiff / ;+:s[lt k :t't ug{'. -^_ nfu" cf}ifwlj?4df hgr]tgf hufpg'. -&_ ;fdflhs cgwljzjf;, s'/llt / lj;ª\utl x6fpg ljlegg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{'. -*_ dfgj clwsf/, hghflt clwsf/ tyf dlxnf / afn clwsf/sf] kifdf sfd ug{'. -(_ ;+;f/el/ 5l/P/ /x]sf cgo ofsy'ª r'dn'ªx ;Fu ;DaGw la:tf/ ug{'. specify, shall be eligible for registration as an overseas citizen of India." #= bf]xf]/f] gful/stf gllt cjndag ubf{sf ;sf/ftds / gs/ftds kifx gsf/ftds kifx M bf]xf]/f] gful/stf eggf ;fy} Ps} ;dodf b'o{ d'n'ssf gful/s xs, clwsf/ / st{jo jxg ul/psf] cj:yf xf]. bf]xf]/f] gful/stf cjndag ubf{ s]xl hl6ntfx klg cfokb{5g\. pbfx/0fsf nflu b]zk ltsf] akmfbfl/tfnfo{ lng ;lsg5. gful/stf u x0f ul/ps} b'a} d'n'salr tgfjsf] l:ylt jf o'4sf] cj:yf cfpdf lgh s'g d'n'sk lt jkmfbf/ /xg] < cjfudg qmddf s'g} Ps d'n'saf6 aflxl/fbf Ps gfd / Ps /fxbfgl k of]u u/l aflxl/g] / cgo d'n'sdf e d0f ubf{ cs}{ gfd / /fxbfgl k of]u ugf{n] cftª\sjfbl ultljlwx lgu/fgl ug{ d'l:sn kg]{ ;d:ofx /xg;s5g\. Ps d'n'sdf ck/fw u/l csf]{ d'n'sdf v'nf a;f]af; ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5g\. ;sf/ftds kifx M bf]/f] gful/stf k fljlws s'/f dfq gep/ o;n] b]zk ltsf] dfof / c;n efjgfnfo{ klg k efljt kfg]{ x'gfn] cfˆgf] lhljsf]kfh{gs} nflu d'n's TofUg'kg] { cj:yf x6\g] 5 / g]kfn;fusf] dha't ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw / uf}/jk"0f[ klxrfg sfod} /xg5. b]zdf ;Lk, k ljlw / nufgl leqg5. g]kfnsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ x'g5 clg cgo d'n'sx df :ytflkt g]kfnlx nfo{ cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ lg/gt/ sfod /xg5. cfˆgf] gftf uf]tfx ;Fu qmdzm ljr5]lbt x'fb} hfg] qmdnfo{ /f]sg ;lsg5. $= g]kfnsf] k rlnt sfg'gdf ul/psf] gful/stf ;DaGwL k fjwfgx g]kfnn] nfdf] ;dob]lv g} PsfTds gful/stf gllt cjndag ul/cfpsf] 5. g]kfnsf] gful/ stf n] g]kfnl gful/stfsf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. of] P]g clgtd df epsf] 5 / xfn} hgcfgbf]ng bf]; f]n] k'g:yf{kgf u/]sf] ;+;b\n] k'gm ;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu s]xl ;ª\sNk k :tfjx klg kfl/t u/]sf] 5. of] P]g ;+zf]wgsf nflu g]kfnsf] ljwflosfdf 5nkmn eo/x]sf] / xfn g]kfn /fhosf] k'g;{ +/rfg dfq xf]og goff ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu jx; rln/x]sf] x'gfn] bf]xf]/f] gful/stf ;jfn klg plrt ;dodf t}l/ spsf] 5, t/ª\lut epsf] 5. k rlnt s]xl P]gx df /x]sf k fjwfgx lgdgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M g]kfnsf] gful/stf o; P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] ls/ft wd{h:tf] ljzb, ljzfn Pjd\ uxg ljifoaf/] of] 5f]6f] n]vdf lj:t[t kdf pnn]vug{ g;lsg] epsf]n] o; wd{af/] ;f/f+zdf k sfzkfg]{ hdsf]{ ul/psf] 5. k frlg lxgb" wd{u Gyx j]b,pklgifb, :d[lt, k'/f0f, dxfef/t, /fdfo0fù h}g wd{u Gy :j]tfdj/ù af}4 wd{u Gy nlntlj:t/, d"n;jf{l:tjfbljgo;+u x, lqlk6sù czj3f]ifsf] a'4 rl/qù kl;{og d'l:nd wd{u Gy lhgb cfj]:tf, c/al /fkmgfdf, cfog] csa/lù O;fO{ wd{u Gy lb a's ckm ;fd'on, Go' lalansn P6nf;Ù lrlgof efiffsf l;go'sfo{, kf}of8/fhf kmf] k]g lxª\al, ;'ª\tfª\, xfgj+zsf Oltxf;Ù ltaatsf] >ª\rg\ udkf]sf] Oltxf;Ù ltaats} sfª\uof]/ tyf tfª\uof]/ af}4 wd{sf u Gyx df ;d]t k frlg Oltxf; af]s]sf ls/ftx sf] ljifodf pnn]v epsf] 5. k frlgsfndf ls/ft lxdjtv08 cyf{t\ s}/ftb]zn] kl/lrt g]kfndf %@) jif{ Ozfk"j{ uf}td a'4sf] g]kfn cfudgdf :jod uf}td a'4n]!#%) r]nf agfp. t/ ttsfnlg ls/ft /fhfnufot s'g} klg ls/ftn] af}4wd{ u x0f gu/] tfklg pglx n] af}4wd{k lt cfb/ / ;xgzlntf g} b]vfp. vf;u/ ]/ pglx rflxf cfˆgf k frlg wfld{s ljzjf;af6 ljrlnt geo{ cbfjlw cfkmg} ls/ftwd{df b[9 /x]sf] s'/f P]ltxfl;s tyo Pjd\ pglx sf] jt{dfg wd{ ;lxi0f' Jojxf/n] klg k'li6 ub{5. To;sf/ 0f ls/ft wd{ eg]sf] ls/fthfltsf] >[li6 epb]lv g} rlncfpsf] ljzjsf] ;a}egbf h]7f] wd{ xf]. ls/ft wd{ ;+:sf/sf ljz]iftfx M!= d"lt{ k"hg ul/gg -k s[lt j0f{ ljefhg/lxt ;dfh -afx'g IfqL, j}zo, z"b egg] j0f{ ljefhg x'fb}g_. #= 5'jf5"tsf] e]befj x'fb}g. $= lnª\u e]b/lxt ;dfh -gf/l k'?ifdf ;dfg Jojxf/ / clwsf/_. %= ;xof]uftds efjgfåf/f ;fd"lxs hgzlqm kl/rfng -;w}f ædæ gegl æxfdlæ egg] efjgfn] sfdug]{ hflt_. ^= d"n wd{u Gy d'gw'd. ls/ft wd{sf] d""n wd{u Gy sfjodol df}lns d'gw'd xf] eg] o; wd{sf wfld{s k 0f]tfx o]xfª, ;f]w'ª\u]g n]kd'xfª\, sfgb]g\xfª\,dfaf]xfª\ cflb!_ g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zl d'n'ssf] gful/stf k fkt u/]kl5 lghsf] g]kfnl gful/stf :jtm nf]k x'g]5. -#_ g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zl d'n'ssf] gful/stf k fkt u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, jf slxn] jf s;/l k fkt u/sf] 5 egg] k Zg p7]df tf]lspsf] clwsf/ln] k rlnt sfg'g afdf]lhd ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{5. bkmf!% em'7f] ljj/0f jf jofg lbo{ g]kfnsf] cª\uls[t gful/stf jf hgd jf j+zhsf] gftfn] gful/stf k fkt ug]{ u/fpg] JolQm jf ;f] ug]{ u/ fpg] p2]zon] hfglhfgl em'7f] aofg lbo{ l;kmfl/ ; ug]{ JolQm jf ;f] ug]{ p2]zon] em'7f] ljj/0f jf aofg lbo{ cfj]bg kq lbg] JolQmnfO{ kffr jif{;dd s}b jf bz xhf/?k}off;dd hl/hfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5. ol dfly pnn]v ul/psf sfg'gl k fjwfgx of] P]g ;+zf]wg gul/p;dd nfu" /xg]5. xfn} g]kfnl gful/ sx n] a]nfotnufot cgo d'n'ssf] gful/stf u x0f u/]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] k rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd pglx sf] g]kfnl gful/stf :jtm nf]k efo;s]sf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf pglx sf] bflotj, st{jo / clwsf/x sf] xsdf s] x'g] egg] k Zgsf nflu ;f]xl P]gsf] wf/f!! df lgdg Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/ssf] g]kfnl gfuls/tf ;dfkt epkl5 g]kfnsf] gful/stf /x]sf] avt lghn] u/]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] st{jo, bflotj / clwsf/ x lghsf] g]kfnl gful/stf ;dfkt epsf] sf/ 0fn] dfq nf]k epsf] dflgg] 5}g. w]/} u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnlx h;sf] g]kfnl gful/stf :jtm nf]k epsf] cj:yf 5 pglx sf] rncrn ;DklQ s] x'g] egg] k Zgdf g]kfnsf] d'n'sl P]gsf] cbnsf] dxnsf] # g+= df lgdg Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. g]kfnleqsf] s'g} crn ;DklQdf s'g} ljb]zl gful/ snfo{ ck'tfnl k of] jf c+z eof] eg] sf'ggadf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/stf k fkt u/l g]kfndf cfoa;]df afx]s ;f] ;DklQ lghsf] gfddf btf{ ug{ jf ;f] ;DklQsf] cfo:yf vfg kfpfb}g. s'g} g]kfnl gful/ sx nfo{ ;f] ;DklQ lalqm u/l jf c Joxf]/fn] xs 5f]8L lbg kfpf5. ;f] adf]lhd gu/l lbp lnpsf] ab/ u/l ;DklQdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ x'g]5. pk/f]qm sfg'gl k fjwfgn] g]kfnsf] gful/ stf nf]k eptf klg lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] rn crn ;DklQdf cfo:tf vfg] jfx]ssf cgo clwsf/ x sfod /xg5. cfˆgf] crn ;DklQnfO{ g]kfnl gful/s hf] s;}nfo{ gfd;f/l ug{ jf ljlqm ug{ ;S5 t/ goff ;DklQ cfˆgf] gfddf btf{ u/fpg 8 ls/ft wd{ d~h'n ofsy'daf ls/ft dxfk'?ifx x'g\. d'gw'ddf ls/ft hljg bz{g, k[yjl, cgtl/if, xfjf, kfgl, kz' kifl, emf/ hª\un, tyf dfgj >[li6sf ts{;ª\ut cjwf/ 0ffx pnn]v ul/psf 5g\. d'gw'ddf ;d:t ls/ftx nfo{ Ps;"qdf affwl ju{ljxlg hftlo ;dfgtf, cgo wd{k lt ;xgzlntf / pbf/tfsf] l;4fgtnfo{ cfuflnpsf] 5. d'gwdcg';f/ dfªú eggfn] lg/~hg, lg/fsf/, ;lrrbfggb, cljgf;l, ;j{jofkl, ;j{zlqmdfg, ;j{1ftf, cggt, clåtlo, cb[zo, dxfg\zlqm, d]ggldfª\, d]gwfdfª\ Psdfq O{Zj/ tfuo]/f lgª\jfk'mdfª\sf] k tls:j k kmfª\bfskf -gf}tn]_ ;fª\j] -b]jf;g, d08k_ df yfndfly lbof] tyf snz yfkl pgsf] k fy{gf ul/g5 eg] -;fddfª\_ eggfn] pg} tfuo]/f lgªjfk'mdfª\n] ;do, kl/ l:ylt / cfjzostfg';f/ dft[zlqm, lkt[zlqmsf] kdf qmdzm o'"df;fddfª\ tyf xfª\;fd y]af;fddfª\ / ;'ldgdf tyf kf?xfª\sf gfdn] ls/ftj+znfo{ pglx sf] cf/fwgf ;'gl cfkbljkbaf6 p4f/ u/l /Iffug] { sfd;d]t ub{5g\ egg] ljzjf; ul/g5. To;}n] ;fjfo]txfª\ ls/ftx df s;}n] o'df;fddfª\nfo{ tfuo]/f lgª\jfk'mdfª\ / s;}n] xfª\;fd y]jf;fddfª\nfo{ tfuo]/f lgª\jfk'mdfª\s} kdf dfgg]u/]sf] klg 5. jf:tjdf cf cfˆgf] dfgotfcg';f/ s'/f Pp6} xf]. cfˆgf] snof0f, ;'/Iff / ;kmntfsf] nflu ls/ftx lkt[b]jtf, Oi6b]jtf / ljlegg ;fddfª\x df k"hfcfhf / cf/fwgfu/l zlqm dfug] klg ub{5g.. ;fddfª\ Rofª\Ú eggfn] a]nfa]nfdf ls/ftj+zdf lj gjfwf, c8rg Nofpg] e"tk ]t, ;f]3f, ;'u't, ;l;s, k ]tftdf, ;];]Gq cflb clgi6sf/l ttjx nfo{ a'emfpf5. wfld{s / pksf/l cg'i7fgsf] yfngl ug'{cl3 tl lj gsf/l eg] ;Sb}g. xfn} hf] g;n] j]nfotsf] jf cgo d'n'ssf] gful/stf u x0f u/]sf 5\g oglx sf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] crn ;DlQ cfkm'n} rfx];dd cfkmg} gfddf /fvg ;lsg] cjzyf /x]sf] 5. cgodf M cf} F ztfabldf bf}l8/x]sf 5f} F / ljzj u fld0f cjwf/0ff k jn agb} upsf] 5. o'/ f]lkog o'lgogn] l;df etsfo;s]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn / ef/talr t nfdf] ;dob]lv g} l;dfgf v'nnf 5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] gful/stf cjndag ugf{n] ljlegg d'n'sdf /xl tl d'n'ssf] gful/ stf lnpsf jf lng of]uo g]kfnl / g]kfn b'j} kifnfo{ kmfobf k'ug]5. g]kfnsf] a9\bf] z}lifs a]/ f]huf/l / lbgk lt lbg cy{tgqdf /]ld6]g;sf] e"ldsf dxtjk"0f{ agb} hfg'n] of] gllt cjndag ug' { kg] cfjzostftkm{ Wofg lbg plrt b]lvg5. ljutsf] t'ngfdf ljlegg d'n'ssf] gful/stf u x0f ug] g]kfnlx sf] ;ª\Vof lbg k lt lbg a[l x' Fb} upsf] 5 / g]kfnlx sf] ljzjjofkls/0f eo/x]sf] 5. u}/cfj;lo g]kfnl ;ª\3 ljzjdf 5l/P/ / x]sf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnlx sf] k ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] kdf ljsl;t x'fb} upsf] 5. o; ;ª\3n] u}/ cfj;lo g]kfnlx sf] ;d:ofx nfo{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k of; ul//x]sf] 5. g]kfnaflx/ /x]sf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] cwofb]zdf kl/eflift u}/cfj;lo ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnln] a;f]af; ul//x]sf] d'n'ssf] gful/stf u x0f u/]sf] cj:yf /x] klg pnn]vo g]kfnlx n] a]nfot, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, c:6«]lnofsf] gful/stf u x0f u/]sf 5g\ / of] qmddf lg/gt/ a8f]q/ldf cfpg]5. o;sf kl5 /x]sf ptk ]/s ttjx df ;DalGwt d'n'ssf] prr cfly{s ljsf;, /f]huf/lsf] cj;/, ;dflhs ;'/ Iff, hgsnof0fsf ;'ljwfx / ljlegg d'n'sdf Jofkf/, Jo;fo ug{ k fkt 5'6n] gful/stf lng k ]l/t u/]sf] 5. clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] gful/ stf gllt cjndagdf s]xl hl6ntfx b]lvp klg tl ;do:ofx xn ug}{ g;lsg] cjzo klg 5}gg\. rrf{df Nofpg] ul/ph:tf] ef/taf6 x\jfq} hg;ª\vof lelqg] ;d:of / g]kfndf cgo d'n'ssf cfk jf;lx cf]ol/g] ;d:ofnfo{ xn ug{ u/}cfjf;lo g]kfnl ;DaGwL ljw]osdf kl/ eflift u}/cfj;lo g]kfnlx sf ;jfndf dfq bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;Lldt ug{ ;lsg5. g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; ljifodf uxg ljzn]z0f u/l ;sf/ftds gllt cjndag u/]df cjzo g} g]kfn / g]kfnaflx/ /x]sf u}/cfjf;lo g]kfnlx sf] enf] x'g]5. ;fef/ M Prs] g]kfn 86 sd ttjx nfo{ dg;fpg], k~5fpg] / wkfpg] ;+:sf/ ls/ftx df 5. ;/sf/l lyrf]ldrf]sf] sf/0f d'gw'dsf] k rf/k ;f/ x'g g;sf]n] :jwd{sf] gfd;d]t la;]{/ cfhsfn s]xl ls/ftx jfwotfjz cgo wd{sf] k efjdf kg' { Hofb} b'mvsf] s'/f xf] eg] d'gw'dnfo{ s07:tkf/ L arfo/fvgdf xfd f wd{;+:sf/sf ;fdaf, o]af o]df, k]mbfª\dfx, gfs5f]ªx, gfc;f]x / xfª\5fdafx sf] clj:d/0flo e"ldsf / of]ubfgsf] hlt k z+;f u/] klg yf]/} x'g5. hljgb]lv d/0f;ddsf sd{sf08x, rf8kj{x / wfld{s cg'i7fgx cf cfkmg} dft[efiffdf ls/ftx n] df}lvs kdf kmnfs]/ k/dk/fg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/cfpsf 5g\. tl ljwfx df xfn;dddf s}of}f lnlvt u Gyx klg k sflzt e};s]sf 5g / x'+fb}5g. ;do / kl/l:yltjz ;+/If0f Pjd\ cfjzostfnfo{ dx;';u/l xfn sxlfsxlf ls/ftz}nlsf dfª\lxd dfª\lvd -dlgb/ _ lgdf{0fug]{ k rngsf] yfngl klg epsf] 5. ls/ftsfnsf] Oltxf; 5n{ª\u gkf/];dd g]kfnsf] Oltxf; cw'/f] /xg5 / /x]sf] 5. ef]6 ad]{nl efiff kl/jf/sf hfltx sfut], vfd, u'?ª -td'_ r]kfª, -k hf_ 5GTofn, lh/]n, tfdfª, -d'dl{_ ysfnl, yfdl, b'/f, lwdfn, g]jf/, kx/l, Aof;L, du/, d]r], /fp6], /fhl, n]krf, n]fjf, ;]kf{, ;'/]n / ef/f]k]nl efiff kl/jf/sf s'dxfn, sf]r], -/fhj+zl_ yf, af]6], dfeml cflb ls/ft hfltleq kb{5g egl g/j+z tyf efiffzf:qsf cfwf/df ;dfhzf:qlx sf] wf/0ff /lxcfpsf] 5 eg] jt{dfgdf cfk"mx nfo{ ls/ft eggdf / egfpgdf uj{ug]{ hfltx df /fo{, lnda", ;'g'jf/ / ofsvfx kb{5g. g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;a}egbf nfdf] cjlw / ;a}egbf w]/} ## k:tf /fhoug]{ ls/ftj+zsf] df}lns d'gw'ddf cfwfl/t ls/ft wd{nfo{ æh;sf] l;tf vfpsf] 5 p;}sf] ultf ufpg]æ s]xl s'ttjn] cf]e]mndf kfg]{ b'ik of;u/] tfklg cj df}lns ls/ft wd{ s'g} xfntdf klg cf]e]mndf kg]{jfnf 5}g. cfˆgf] wd{sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu xfdl dl/ d]6g tof/ 5f}F. of] xfd f] b[9 c7f]6 xf]. ;fef/m tfg5f]kkf ;fktflxs, jif{ ^, cª\s $, laxlaf/!!, dgfrf j/s ofª\;lxfª plxno} plxno} ;fjfo]þtxfª\x sf] -cf7 / fhfx sf]_ kfnfdf jt{dfg!# y'd / ;ª\v'jf;ef lhnnfsf] ;ª\ud:yn tlgh'/] 8fF8f 5]p ædgfrf j/sæ -dfg5] vfg] kf]v/l_ df Pp6f /x:odo dfg5] vfg] hlj a;]sf] lyof] /]. Tof] /x:odo hlj s:tf] lyof] s;}nfo klg yfxf lypg. Tof] dgfrf kf]v/ldf kfgl vfg cfpg] s'g} klg hljhgt' of dfg5]x nfo{ cfxf/ f agfpg] /x:odo hljaf/] ltgh'/] 8fF8f jl/ kl/sf ;a}] ufpfn]x sf] ;Nnfx epkl5 Ps hgf zltmzfnl o]þaf -c;gt''i6 k ]tftdfx nfo{ tx nfpg ;dy{ lnda" k'/f]lxt_ n] To;nfO dfg{ b'd;lsf] sff8f, 3'ª\l/ª, rffksf] :ofpnl / dgq hk]sf] ciftf cfˆgf] ;fª\nfª\uf]af -o]þafsf] ;fyl, lzio_ nfo{ lbp/ eg]5 ca d Tof] / x:odo hlj;fu o'4 ug{ Tof] ulx/f] bxdf kmfnxffg5', Tof] kf]v/ldf b"w pdn]sf] b]vof} eg] of] ciftf kf]v/ldf ˆofFSg' t/ kf]v/lel/ /ut pdn]sf] b]vof} eg] ltdlx klg of] 7fpFaf6 efug' olb efu]gf} eg] ltdlx nfo{ klg Tof] / fif;n] cfxf/f agfpg]5 eg]/ Tof] ;flknª\u]s egg] zltmzfnl o]þaf cfˆgf] wfl/nf] km] -t/jf/_ lnp/ kf]v/ldf pk m]5. w]/} a]/;ddsf] leif0f o'4 epkl5 kf]v/ldf ;]tfdd} b"w pdn]sf] b]v]kl5 ;fª\nfª\uf]afn] hk]sf] ciftf / 3'ªl/ª kf]v/ldf 5l/lbP5. s]xl a]/kl5 ;flknªu]s gfdsf o] Þaf klg ylst / 3fOt] eo{ kf]v/laf6 lg:s]5. pxl /ft Tof] ulx/ f] kf]v/l laikmf]6 eo{ kffr efudf affl8p5. dgfrf kf]v/lsf] 5]pdf eg] bgtosyfsf] 8«]uf]gh:tf] Pp6f cb\e"t d[t hlj b]lvp5. o;/l dgfrf j/s kffr kf]v/ldf?kfgt/ epsf] nf]s syf Ps k':tfaf6 csf] { k':tfdf ;b} { cfpsf] 5.

9 { n]v cfn]v 9 a]nfotdf hghflt dxf;ª\3sf] cfjzostf lsg< ljzjf; blk ltu]nf z cfh Hofb} dxtjk"0f{ df]8df k'u]sf] sf] hgcfgbf]ngaf6 k fkt ax'bnlo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf;fu} g]kfnsf ptkll8t, zfl;t ju{ cflbjf;l hghfltx df To;a]nf cfpsf] r]tgf g} of] u0ftgqpgd'v cj:yfsf] cfwf/ dfgg ;lsg5. jiff} Fb]lv slyt prrju{af6 ;w} F zf]lift / zfl;t x'fb} cfpsf cflbjf;l hghflt, dw];l / blntju{x zf]if0fd'qm agg'k5{ egg] rfxgf / cfjzostfsf] h/f k To]s JolQm, ;dfh, ;d'bfodf Aofks km}ln;s]sf] cj:yfnfo{ ;'gf}nf] cj;/sf] kdf k of]u ug{ jul{o rl/qsf] bz{g af]sg] t/ tnf psngnfo{ e ofªsf] kdf hftlo ;jfnnfo{ cfufng] g]kfn sdo'lg:6 kf6l{ - dfcf]jfbl_ w]/}xb ;Ifd epsf] b]lvg5. hftlo e ofª\uaf6 plsn;s]kl5 Tof] e ofª la;{g] s'/ fdf rflxf zª\sf 5. lsg ls g]skf dfcf]jfblnufot cf7 bnsf] u7agwgdf /x]sf dwo] w]/}nfo{ klg hghflt, dw];l / blntsf] ;jfn c?rlsf uff; xf]. crfgf]sf] kl/ v's'/l - pglx _ nfo{ s] yfx < hftlo d'lqm cfgbf]ngsf] x'/latf;n] ;f/f;+;f/ p8fon}hfg nfubf. dg' {egbf ax'nfpg' lgsf] eg]em}f cyf{t\ xfjf4f/f kfgldf rng] 8'ª\ufnfO{ xfjf ax]sf] lbzftkm{ cfˆgf] 8'ª\uf cufl8 n}hfg' kg]{ x'g5 xf] To:t} g}} g]kfnsf sltko /fhg}lts kf6l{x n] hftlo cftdlg0f{osf] ;jfn, ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf / u0ftgq jf /fhtgqsf] ljjfb afwotfj; ul//x]sf 5g. sltko g]tfx b]zk ]dl 5g\ 5}g\g Tof] ljifo cfˆg} 7fFpdf 5 t/ w]/} g]tfx nfo{ ol s'/fx n] ubf{ lgb f cfpsf] 5}g. hª\unsf] af6f] x'b} knnf] ufpf lxf8]sf a6'jf uf]/]6f] k5\ofpg vf]hbfvf]hb} cndndf k/l jnnf] ufpfdf lg:sfbf gld7f] lrq a'emfpem}f epsf] 5 pglx nfo{. lsg ol lxf8\g] uf]/]6fx km]l/fb} 5g\ < jnnf] ufpf cfok'u]sf] dfg5] knnf] ufpfdf hfg5 ls hffb}g < klzrdb]lv k"j{ rn]sf] j]un] ss:nfo{ affsl /fvg ;S5 < ljk/lt lbzftkm{ lxf8\g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 ls 5}g < ol ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx ;d:of x'g\ ls ;dfwfg eo/x]sf] 5 < k/b]z k'u]sf] JolQmn] ;a}egbf w]/} ufpf, ;dfh / b]z u'dfpsf] x'g5. To;}n] xfdl ;du g]kfnln] ;DkGgtf u'dfpsf 5f}F. ;DkGg / ;Eo b]z agfpg ca s]s] ug'{k5{ < ol ofjt s'/fx sf] ljifodf hf] b]zdf xf]pg\ of ljb]zdf ;r]t ;a}n] ;f]rg'kg]{ HjnGt cfjzostf ag]sf] 5. oxff cgf}7f] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;f}do xfjfdf rª\uf p8fp/ cfggb lng] JolQmx sf] xftaf6 rª\uf r'l8p/ hffb}5. cflv/ of] j]usf] xfjf sxffaf6 rnb}5 < To;}n] cfh cfp/ a'em\g'kg]{ ljifo xf] hghflt dxf;ª\3 o;sf] k"0f{ gfd g]kfn cflbjf;l hghflt dxf;ª\3 xf]. cª\u ]hldf (Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities/ NEFIN) o; dxf;ª\3sf] :yfkgf lj= ;fndf epsf]1 xf] eg] o; dxf;ª\3;fu b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlqmsf] em08} &% k ltzt zlqm /x]sf] dfgg ;lsg5. g]kfnsf cflbjf;l hghflt, dw];l tyf blntx sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7gsf] kdf :yflkt 5 of] dxf;ª\3. of] dxf;ª\3;fu xfn %$ j6f hftlo ptyfg ;ª\3;ª\u7gx cfa4 5g\ tl ;+:yfx o; k sf/ /x]sf 5g\M ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª, ls/ft /fo{ ofof]vvf, ls/ft ofsvf 5'Ddf, ;'g'jf/ ;]jf ;dfh, td' /fli6«o kl/ifb\, g]kfn tfdfª 3]b'ª, g]kfn du/ ;ª\3, g]kfn ;]kf{ ;ª\3, yf snof0fsf/l ;fj, jf/ufpfn] ;f]l;on j]nkm]/ P;f]l;o;g, g]kfn j/fd P;f]l;P;g, g]kfn af]6] hghflt ;]jf ;ldlt, e'h]h ;dfh ;]jf ;ldlt, g]kfn af]6] ;dfh ;]jf, AofF;L ;fsjf ;dfh, g]kfn r]kfª ;ª\3, g]kfn 5GTofn ;ª\3, bg'jf/ hfu/0f ;ldlt, g]kfn b/fo{ ptyfg ;ldlt, g]kfn wfg's ;dfh, lwdfn hflt ljsf; s]gb, g]kfn 8f]Nkf] hghflt ljsf; s]gb, b'/f ;]jf ;dfh, g]kfn ugufo{ snof0f kl/ifb\, xfo" u'vftf s'n' kfª\bfsdl, g]kfn emffu8 p/fp sf]b/ld ;'wf/f, lh/]n ;ª\3 g]kfn, ls;fg ;d'bfo ljsf; k lti7fg, s'rjf8lof ptyfg ;ª\3, g]kfn s'dfn ;dfh ;'wf/ ;ldlt, n]krf 8]enkd]G6 kmf]/d, nfsl{ ;dfh snof0f s]gb, l;ª\;faf snof0f s]gb, nf]5f]w'g Nxf]kf ;ª\3, g]kfn dfeml ptyfg ;ª\3, dfkmf{ ysfnl ;]jf ;bg, d]r] ;dfh l;ljof/l ckmft, d'un hghflt ;dfh snof0f s]gb, g]jfm b]o\ b]a', g]kfn kx/l ljsf; ;ª\3, /fhj+zl ;dfh ljsf; ;ldlt, /fhl ;fnd ;dfh, g]kfn ;GTofn cflbjf;l ptyfg ;ª\3, l;of/ ;dfh snof0f s]gb, ;'/]n hflt ptyfg ;ª\3, tfhk'l/of ;dfh snof0f kl/ifb\, tfª\j] ;dfh ;]jf ;ª\3, ysfnl ;]jf ;ldlt, g]kfn yfdl ;dfh, y'bfd ;]jf ;dfh, tlg ufpfn] ysfnl ;]jf ;ldlt, tf]ks]uf]nf ;dfh ;]jf ;ldlt, jfn'ª ;]jf ;dfh / g]kfn ofndf] ;dfh ;]jf ;ª\3 /x]sf 5g\. o; dxf;ª\3sf] ljlegg %) j6f lhnnfdf lhnnf sld6lx alg;s]sf 5g\ eg] ljlegg $ j6f eft[;ª\u7gx /x]sf 5g\. g]kfn cflbjf;l hghflt ljbfyl{ dxf;ª\3, g]kfn cflbjf;l hghflt kqsf/ ;ª\3 -clgh_ / cflbjf;l hghflt o'jf ;ª\3 / cflbjf;l >d ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f epsf] 5. of] dxf;ª\3 ;o'qm /fi6«;ª\3 dftxtdf /xg] cflbjf;lx sf] xslxtsf] kifdf sfd ug]{ cgt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7g;Fu klg cfj4 eo;s]sf] 5. To:t} u/l hghflt 8fo:kf]/fdf klg hfkfgnufotsf ljlegg b]zx df dxf;ª\3 lgdf{0f x'g] qmd a9\b} upsf] 5. xfn o; dxf;ª\3sf] s]gb Lo g]t[tjsf] cwoif kf;fª ;]kf{ / dxf;lrjdf /fdaxfb'/ yfkfdu/ /x]sf 5g\. /fd f] sfdsf] yfngl l9n} ep klg ;'?jft eo;s]sf] cj:yfdf ca tkfo{ + xfdl klg a]nfotdf dxf;ª\3 lgdf{0f ug{ t'?gt u[xsfo{sf] yfngl ug] { xf] ls < sfdsf] ;'?jftk"j{ dxf;ª\3sf] af/ ]df cem :ki6 x'g' h?/l x'g5. hghflt dxf;ª\3 s'g} klg kf6l{;fu ;Da4 x'fb}g. o;n] ;f+;b lhtg]h:tf /fhg}lts r'gfjdf pdd]bjf/l v8f ub}{g. of] dxf;ª\3 ljz'4 hftlo ptyfg ;+:yfx sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf]. k To]s hghfltnfo{ ;r]t u/fpg' pglx sf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g] tyf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu bafa lbg', ;'emfj Pjd\ ;xof]u ug'{ dxf;ª\3 cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/l 7fGb5. of] dxf;ª\3 cfkm}df zlqm;dkgg 5. k hftflgqs k4lt / ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfsf] gd'gfem} F o; dxf;ª\3sf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] 5. k To]s sld6lsf] sfof{jwl ;dfktlkl5 k lt:kwf{tds g]t[tjsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ csf]{ hftlo ptyfg ;+:yf;fu ;Da4 JolQmx df lhdd]jf/l x:tfgt/0f x'g5. dw];lx klg zf]lift 5g\ / pglx k fom hghfltleq kb{5g\. To;}n] k To]s cflbjf;l hghflt o; dxf;ª\3sf] :jtm ;b:o /x]sf] dflgg5. o; cy{df hghflt dxf;ª\3 g]kfns} ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;+:yfsf] kdf lng ;lsg5. dxf;ª\3sf] ;+/rgfsf] ;DaGwdf cem ulxl/p/ x]g]{ xf] eg] b'o{ ;bgftds sltko b]zx df hftlo ;ef / ;+;b\ ;ef -cfcfˆgf] gfdsf] kfog5_ epem}f hghflt dxf;ª\3nfo{ hftlo;efsf] k"j{;+/rgfsf] kdf klg lng ;lsg5. g]kfnsf w]/} hghfltx sf] ;d:of k fom Ps} k s[ltsf] / jiff}jif{b]lv zf;sx n] zf]if0f ub}{ cfpsfn] hghflt dxf;ª\3 tl c;dembf/l, cdfgjlo lqmofsnfksf lj?4df ;lqmo x'fb} cfpsf] 5. k To]s hfltsf] efiff, ;flxto, ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt, wd{sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{ sl6a4 5. ^# ;kmn epsf]! jif{ ljlt;sbf klg hgcfgbf]ngsf] dd{ / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl hgtfsf] efjgf cg' k ;/sf/n] b]z / hgtfk lt ug' {kg] { bflotjk"/f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f xfn o; dxf;ª\3n] ljlwgg lj/f]wsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg;efdf cflbjf;l hghfltx sf] hftlo hg;ª\vofsf] cfwf/df k"0f{;dfg'kflts k ltlglwtj ;'lglzrt ug{sf] nflu / cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf cflbjf;l hghfltx sf xs, clwsf/ tyf efjgf / dd{ ljk/ltsf wf/f pkwf/fx vf/]h ug{ g]kfnsf] cgtl/d z+;f]wgsf] lgldq cem yk cfgbf]ng ;zst kdf n}hfg k lta4 5. b]z clxn] alnof] 3/sf] hu xfng] cj:yfdf 5. of] ;do / cj;/ ;w}f /lx/xfb}g. csf]{k6s ;+ljwfg agfpg] cj;/ ;of} F jif{kl5 dfq cfpg ;S5. To;}n] alnof] 3/ agg'cl3 xfdln] ;f]rg' kb{5 ls Tof] ag]sf] 3/ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg_ leq kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox c6fpg ;sf];\. kl/jf/ sf ;a} ;b:ox v'l;ofnlk"j{s ;w} F;w} F Tof] 3/ df /Dg ;s"g\. Tof] 3/ lgdf{0fdf xfdl ;a}sf] ;xeflutf xf];\. of]ubfg /xf];\. sfd ug'{ / egg'df lglzrt kdf km/s x'g5. To;}n] b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fldf /x]sfn] ulnt u/]df xfdln] va/ bf/l ug'{ kb{5. h'g sfd hghflt dxf;ª\3n] k6sk6s g]kfn agbnufotsf afwoftds lj/ f]wsf sfo{qmdx u/]/ va/bf/l ul//x]sf] 5. / fhg}lts dxtjsfª\iffljgf :j:y tj/n] va/bf/ L ug]{ cfgbf]ng/t kifdwo] hghflt dxf;ª\3 Ps xf]. 7Ls lj/fdl eo/x]sf] a]nf cf}iflw v'jfpdf lj/fd lgsf] x'g5. c?a]nf Tof] cf}iflw VjfPdf ljif klg x'g ;Sb5. xf] 7Ls oxla]nf hghflt ;fjfoþ]txfª\ -vfdaf]ª\;f, n'ª\af]ª;fm ;';'jf ln dln d ;fmx k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv 9'ª\uf df6f];fu} lnda'jfgdf hgd]sf elgg] /}yfg]_ cf7 / fhfx sf] ofsy'ª nfh] bz lnda'jfgdf affl8pkl5 lahok'/sf ;]gj+zl /fhfx / zfxj+zsf zf;sx af6 ljlegg ;dodf :jfoq zf;g / lsk6 k yfsf] clwsf/ lbp/ cfk;l ;DaGw bx f] agfpfb} cfˆgf] / fho la:tf/ u/]sf lyp. lnda" efo ef/bf/ x nfo{ :ofdf]x/ -;]gdf]x/_, nfndf]x/, tfd kq, s:o?ssf, Ol:txf/, v8\u lgzfg / ;gb ;jfnh:tf cflwsfl/s ;lgw kqx af6 lnda"x nfo{ /fho ;~rfngdf ;xeful u/fopsf] lyof]. lj=;!*%@ ;fndf lnda'jfgsf sf]/fl;+ lnda"nfo{ lbopsf] s:o?ssfsf] gd'gf ;Ssngadf]lhd gssn ptf/ ul/psf] 5. :jl:t >L lul//fh rqmr'8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]toflb lalaw la?bfjnl la/fhdfg dfgf]ggt >L >L >L dxf/fhflw/fh uljf{0ff o'4 ljqmd zfx b]j s:o?ssf cfu] sf]/fl;+ lnda" /fo{ ;lh uf];'jf -sf];'jf_ / klzrfd kfxf vf]nf k"j{ cfxfn] d]x] pq/ l;v'jf - lkn'jf <_ vf]nf blif0f olt leqsf huuf hldgdf /l:t rnfo{ al:t a;fo rnfg ug'{ xflq bfft dxf;ª\3 lgdf{0f u/]/ xfdln] sffwdf sffw lbg ;Sof} eg] kmnbfol x'g ;Sb5. xfd f] of]ubfgsf] ef]ln ;don] klg cjzo d"nofª\sg ug]{5. xfdl g]kfnlx sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ hf]8]/ a]nfotnfo{ klzrdsf] g]kfn cyf{t\ bf]; f] g]kfn egg ;lsg5. oxff nfvf}sf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnlx lelq;s]sf 5f}F. To;dWo] klg g]kfnsf cflbjf;l hghfltx sf] afx'no /x]sf] 5. a]nfotdf xfn # bh{gegbf a9l g]kfnl ;ª\3;+:yfx 5g\. tldwo] a]nfotdf cl:ytjdf /x]sf] ;ª\3;+:yfx 5g\ eg] tl x'g\ hftlo ptyfg ;+:yfx h:t}m g]kfn du/ ;ª\3, g]kfn tfdfª w]b'ª, ls/ft /fo{ ofof]svf, g]kfn ;]kf{ ;ª\3, ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ªnufot. o;/l ;/;lt{ x]g]{ xf] eg] zlqmzfnl ol % j6f hftlo ;+:yfx nufotsf] a]nfotdf dxf;ª\3 agfpg ;lsg5. ef}lts ljsf; / ;Eotfsf] pkef]u ug]{ a]nfotaf;l cflbjf;lx dfly hghflt dxf;ª\3 a]nfot lgdf{0f ug]{ uxg lhdd]jf/l cfpsf] 5. o;nfo{ xfdl cfh}af6 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfcf}f. ef]ln nug kl5sf] kf]t] gxf];\. Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg ef/tdf a:g] g]kfnlx n] g]kfnsf] lgldt j]nfavt lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfog5. cfo/ NofG8sf] ;DaGwdf klg cfo/nofg8 d"nsf cd]l/ slx sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] kfog5. To:t} ul/ Oh/fonsf ox'bl / cd]l/sg ox'blsf] ;DaGwnfO{ /fd f] kf7sf] kdf lng ;lsg5. g]kfnsf] /fhglltdf pk]lift hghfltx a]nfotl /fhglltdf /fd f] x}l;ot /fvg] eo;s]sf 5g\. a]nfotdf :yfol a;f]jf; ;'?jft u/]sf g]kfnlx sf] dfemaf6 a]nfotsf] :yfglo lgjf{rgdf wg u'?ªn] kms:6f]g 6fpgsf] sfplg;n/h:tf] dof{lbt kbdf r'gfj n8]/ lhtg'egbf uf}/j xfd f] nflu c? s] x'g ;S5 < xfdln] cfkm}nfo{ klg lrgg' kg] { ;do cfpsf] 5. of] goff ;fotsf] goff lbgdf lxhf]egbf cem w]/} dft[e"ldsf] nflu s]xl ug{ sdd/ s:g] xf] ls < ;+ljwfg;efk"j{ g} /fd f] ;fot :jlsfb}{ xfd f] cfˆgf] b]zsf] lgldt of]ubfg k'ug] u/l, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf xfd f] klg ;xeflutf /xg] u/l t'?gt s]xl g s]xl sfd ug]{ j]nf epsf] 5. wd{ lg/k]if /fho 3f]if0ff eo;s]sf] ;Gbe{df, ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] k lta4tf cfo;s]sf] cj:yfdf, ldl>t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k 0ffnL ckgfpg] sfg'g alg;s]sf] cj:yfdf sf]xl cfuf] x' Fbf sf]xl kfgl agg' kb{5. ;a} cfu}cfuf] epsf] v08df s:tf] cj:yf leqg ;S5 < hftlo ;jfnnfo{ ;ª\sL0f{ b[i6lsf]0fn] x]g{' x'fb}g. oblk cfuf]sf] 5]pdf k/fnsf] y'k f] nfpg] sfd klg s;}n] ug'{ x'fb}g. s'g} lbg b'3{6gfj; k/fndf cfuf] ;Nsg ;S5. To;a]nf sof}f dfofddtfn] ;lhpsf 3/x hn]/ gi6 x'g ;S5g\. o;y{ hftlo ;ª\3;+:yfx nfo{ :j:y tj/n] ;~rfng / ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf Psfkl 5 eg] csf]{lt/ goff ;+ljwfg agfpgsf] nflu cfufdl ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf r'lgg] hgk ltlglwx k lt 7"nf] zª\sf 5. ;+ljwfg;efnfo{ gf6ssf] kdf x]g'{kg]{ csf]{kf6f] klg l;ª\u} 5. of] a]nf dfgf] vfp/ d'/l pahfpg] j]nf 5. kfsg nfu]sf] kmnsf] /fd /L x]/rf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5. cgoyf kmndf ls/f nfug ;S5. kmn rf]l/g ;S5. kmndf ljif;d]t ld;folbg ;Sb5. ;du df ;a} s'/f yfftl /fv]/ ;+ljwfg;efdf s]lgb t x'g'kg] { cj:yf 5. ;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu lqmofzln /xg] cfwf/ eg]sf] hghflt dxf;ª\3 xf]. of] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnlx sf] nflu ;'gf}nf] cj;/ klg xf]. b]z xfd f] xf], xfdl ;a}sf] xf]. lxhf]sf] Ps b]z Ps e]ifh:tf gf/fn] IftljIft epsf] xfd f] /fi6«efjgfnfo{ sbflk lg/gt/tf x'g lbg'x' Fb}g. goff agg] ;+ljwfgn] xfdl ;a}nfo{ c6fpg ;sf];\. a]nfotsf] e"lddf a;f]jf; u/] klg cflv/ xfdl g]kfnl xf}f. xfdlnfo{ xfd f] ufpf, ;dfh g} Kof/f] nfu5. ;'Gb/ b]zsf] ;+ljwfg klg ;'Gb/ agfpg cfh}af6 ;xeful agf} F. agg nfu]sf] goff ;+ljwfg ck"0f{, ckfª\u agg glbg kx/]bf/ ul//x]sf] hghflt dxf;ª\3df ;dflxt agf}f. Ps y'sl ;'sl, xhf/ y'sl gbl eg]em} F dxf;ª\3nfo{ ;zst agfcf}f. ;dod} a'l4 k' ofp ef]ln tfn'df xft / fvg'kg]{ 5}g. Gofp/L df/l k5'tf] x'g] 5}g. -n]vs w/fg ax'd'vl SofDk; OsfO{ ljbfyl{ dxf;ª\3sf k"j{ ;+of]hs x'g'x'g5._ (Footnotes) 1 lh=k =sf= sf7df8f} dxf;ª\3sf] btf{ gda/ xf] eg] ;dfhsnof0f kl/ifb\df o;sf] btf{ ;=s= df epsf] xf]. :ofdf]x/, nfndf]x/, s:o?ssf, Ol:txf/, v8\s lgzfg / ;gb ;jfn u}f8f vfu uf}l/ ufo{sf] l;+u arrf ;d]t / p8+tf u+8tf /xtf axtf bf]kfo rf}kfo c f glhssf e/bf/nfo{ a' fo{ lbg' Hofg hftsf] s'/f c fdf bflvnf lbg' b''af] 9'ª\uf] k+rvt dfldnf b08 s'08 cfˆgf hldg leqsf] ul/ vfg' cfˆgf s'6f sf]bfnf]n] la/fpsf] v]t kmf]s6f kmf]s6l la/ fo vfg' ;/sf/sf 8f]sf] af]sf] cfˆgf lhddf leq 9fs ] al:t eof] cfˆgf /fo{ u+8l? # sf lx;fan] ;/sf/sf] lt/f] e/f] 9fs ] 3/nfO{ u+8l?!! f/ u+8l?! b/n] / u+8l?! f/f?! sf b/n] xn kf6] sf]bfn]sf lx;fan] c;'n txl;n ul/ ;fn a;fn a' fo{ /l;b lng' ;/sf/af6 afflw lbpsf] lthf{ k'hf{ adf]lhd lt/f] ltg'{ ltt] df5f dxle/ s'x]sf] d'9f] auof] kfgl?jf d?jf d/f] ck'tfn rfs rfs'o{ cfkm'n] vfg' h+unsf] d+un ul/ vn+ªuf / ;/sf/sf] lgd]ssf] ;f] f] lrtfo{ vflt/ hfdf ;+ld asof} + egof xfdlaf6 df]x/ ul/ as:ofsf 5f}+ Olt ;+Dat!*%@ ;fn ldlt sflt{s jlb ( /f]h! ;'ed affof kl 58\s]df n]lvpsf] x/km ;Ssn adf]lhd gssn b'?:t 5 elg ;lx5fk ugof{ sf]/fl;+ lnda". ; f]t tyf ptf/ M 6ª\s jg]d lnda".

10 ' { JolQm JolQmTj Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªsf] d[b'n kbdsf] ;dliff ;ª\lIfKt hljgl cogb ;'Gb/ g]dafª Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ª ls/ft hfltsf lje"lt x'g\. pgl ls/ftl efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf ljz]if1 x'g. Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªsf] hgd ef/tsf] klzrd aª\ufnsf] bflh{lnª lhnnfcgtu{t sflndkf]ªsf] l/ª\s]a'ª egg] ufpfdf ;g\!()$ hgj/l! tfl/s epsf] lyof]. :jul{o d]3j/l; r]dhf]ª / :jul{o bfjfk'xfªdfsf] sf]vaf6 hgdg' epsf Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªn] lgªjfkm'df -k/dftdf_ sf] eltm ug]{ 1fg afnosfndf cfdfåf/f kfpg' epsf] lyof]. cwoogsf] nflu sflndkf]ª prr ljbfnodf ;g\!(!! ;]K6]Da/df egf{ x'g' epsf] lyof]. Tolx :s'naf6 ;g\!(@^ df Dofl6«s kf; ug'{eof]. To;kl5 ;g\!(@^ df prr lziff xfl;n ug{nfo{ snstfsf] ;]G6 h]lao/ sn]hdf egf{ x'g' eof]. pxffn] ;]G6 h]lao/ sn]haf6 ;g\!(@* df cfo{=p= kf; ug'{eof]. la=p= cwoogsf] l;nlnfdf pxffsf] lktfsf] :juf{/f]x0f x'g' epsf]n] la=p kf; gul/sg} ;g\!(@* df sflndkf]ª kms{g'eof]. sflndkf]ª kms]{kl5 afnosfnd} l;s]sf] ls/ftl lnlk ctogt} k5fl8 k/]sf ls/ftlc?nfo{ l;sfpg] lgwf] ug{ 'eof]. pxffs} lgh bfh' a'l4dfgl;+ r]dhf]ª / :yfglo b'ª\u f hgf k+r enfb\dl a"9fkfsfx ;Fu ;Nnfx u/l ls/ftl cif/ k9fpg] 5nkmn x'fbf ;a}n] rfv lnpsf] x'gfn] ls/ftl lnlk l;sg] l;sfpg] lgwf] eof]. t/ klg cln a[xb kdf a"9fkfsfx nfo{ af]nfp/ ;ef a;l ;a}sf] ;xdlt lng' kg]{ epsf] x'gfn] ;/bf/ d}tl;+ y]ludsf] 3/df ;g\!(@% tfl/ vsf] lbg Pp6f ;ef a:of] h;df ;'j]bf/ >L xs{bn dflvd, b/ªuf wg/fh km]gb'jf, d08n >L lhtaxfb'/ y]lud, d08n >L xª;/fh y]lud, >L s'nxfª r]dhf]ª, >L lgd{n ;b]daf cflbsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof]. ;efdf a[xt\ 5nkmn eof] a"9fkfsfx n] cf cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fv], ls/ftl cif/ k9\g] s'/fdf ljzb\ 5nkmn ax; eof]. ;a}sf] 5nkmn ;'lg;s]kl5 Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªn] k'/fgf] x:tlnlvt k':ts lgsfn]/ pkl:yt a"9fkfsfx nfo{ b]vfpg'eof]. of] k':tsdf n]lvpsf s'/fx t d a' \lbg k9\grfflx ;S5' egg' epkl5 k9]/ ;'gfpg cg'/f]w u/]. k':tsdfn]lvp adf]lhd k9]/ ;'gfpg' eof]. of] aif{b]lv lgªjfkm'df -k/dftdf_ sf] kfp ;dfp/ eltm ug'{k5{, dg'{ affrg' pxffsf] v6g xf], ls/ftl ljbf k9\g' eg]/ dnfo{ k9]/ ;'gfpg' eof]. ;'lg ;s]kl5 pkl:yt ;a}n] Ps} :j/df eg] of] sfuhdf n]lvpsf s'/fx ls/ftl efiffsf] xf]. xfd f] ls/ftl cif/ k9\g' eg]/ ;kgfdf lgª\jfkm'dfª cfo{ egg' epsf] /x]5. a"9fkfsfx n] lh1f;f /fvb} gfgln] of] sfuh sxff kfpg' eof] egl ;f]wgl ubf{ pxffn] d]/} 3/}df lyof] eg]/ hafkm lbg' eof]. pkl:yt ;a} a"9fkfsfx n] ;'g]kl5 cfˆgf] ls/ftl efiff l;sf+}fl;sf}f nfuof]. cfˆgf] efiff k9f}f k9f}f nfuof]. stf stf cfˆgf] efiffsf] km/s efiff lnlk epsf]df uj{ klg u/]. Tolta]nf lnlk hfgg] Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ª dfq x'g' epsf]n] ;a}n] ls/ftl cif/ k9\g n]vg xfdlnfo{ klg l;sfpg' xf];\ egl cg'/f]w u/]kl5 ls/ftl cif/ n]vk9\ ug]{ qmdsf] ;'?jft epsf] b]lvg5. Tof] a]nfdf ;Dea epsf a"9fkfsfx ugodfgo lnda"x sf] pkl:ylt lyof]. Tolx pkl:yt epsfx n] 5nkmn ul/ r'dn'ª vf]n] To; r'dn'ªsf] gfd ofsy'ªxfª r'dn'ª /Xof]. To; r'dn'ªn] rgbf ;ª\sng ul/ ls/ftl cif/ n]vk9 ug{ / k'/fgf k':tsx ;ª\sng ug{nfo{ l;lssd, g]kfn, e'6fg, ef/tsf ljlegg 7fpF b]x/fb'g, k~hfa, snsqf, wd{;fn, sf]o6f, rdg, adf{, cflb 7fpFx df kq k7fp. ls/ftl cif/ n]vk9 / lasf;sf] nflu yflnpsf] z'e sfo{df rf/} lt/ sf ls/ftlx n] v'zlsf ;fy ;/;xof]udf h'6],/ fd f] sfddf nfu]sf r'dn'ªk lt ;xdlt hgfp. ls/ftl cif/ k9\g'k5{, To;sf] cg';gwfg ug} k5{ eg]/ y'k } lrýlx r'dn'ªdf k7fp. nf]k x'g nfu]sf] w]/} k'/fgf x:tlnlvt k':tsx klg ;ª\sng eof]. sflndkf]ªdf a"9fkfsf cfodfo{ s]6fs]6l ;a}n] ls/ftl cif/sf] cwoog ;'? u/]. of] qmd sflndkf]ªdf dfq l;ldt /x]g g]kfn, l;lssddf ls/ tl cif/ k9\g] k9fpg] qmd cl3 a9\of]. l;lssdsf] u]lhª, /]l;ª, gfldr, lxufpf, sfn'sdf cflb 7fpFx df ;'j]bf/ afhal/ ynªn] ljbfno v'nfpg'eof]. >L afhal/ ynªn] ;g\!($@ df u]lhª ljbfnoaf6 Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªnfo{ prr ljbfnodf nfg' epsf] lyof]. l;lssddf /xg' x'fbf ls/ftl cif/sf] k rf/k ;f/ dfq gep/ ls/ ftlx sf] Oltxf; ulx/f] cwoog klg ug'{ eof]. oxl l;nl;nfdf ;a{k yd pxffn] ;g\!($* df >L dgaxfb'/ vfdbfs,;gtal/ vfdbfs,kbdl;+ g'uf] cflbnfo{ ls/ftl c\if/ n]vk9 ug{ l;sfpg' epsf] lyof]. pxff ls/ft cif/ dfq gep/ nfkr] efiffsf] klg 1ftf x'g'x'gyof]. To;}n] l;ssddf /xg' xf'bf nfkr] gfglx nfo{ nfkr] efiff n]9k9 ug{ klg l;sfpg' epsf] lyof]. kl5 pxffn] nfkr] g]kfnl cª\u ]hl zabsf]if;d]t lgsfn]/ nfkr]x nfo{ C0fL agfpg'eof]. l;lssddf Oltxf;sf/ :j= Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ª l;ssd ;/sf/n] Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªnfo{ /]e]go" OG;k]S6/ kbdf lgo'lq u/]sf] lyof]. /]e]go" OG;k]S6/ kbdf /xl sfd ug'{ x'fbf y'k } ls/ftl ufpfx sf] e d0f ug'{epsf] lyof]. ;g\!(%@ df g]kfn knnf] ls/ft lnda'jfg k b]zsf v8\uaxfb'/ g]dafª, g/axfb'/ g]dafª, b]pdfg cfªb]da], xs{k ;fb cfªb]da], s'naxfb'/ nfjtl, dgaxfb'/ nfjtl, dgaxfb'/ r]dhf]ª, hutaxfb'/ r]dhf]ª, xfªt'dofª ;ªafªkm], s[i0faxfb'/, zdz]/axfb'/ t'dafxfªkm], xs{ km]gb'jf / k ]daxfb'/ r]dhf]ªx sf] cg'/f]wdf Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ª l;lssd 5f8L g]kfn cfpg' eo{ r'dn'ªsf] ;efklt r'lgg'eof]. ;efklt x'fbf lnda'jfg k b]zsf] ljlegg 7fpFdf 3'Db} ls/ftl efiffsf] k ;f/k ;f/ ug'{eof]. lnda'jfg k b]zsf] lalgg y'dy'ddf 8'Nbf 3'Dbf y'k } ls/ftl P]ltxfl;s tyox lsdabgtlx r]dhf]ªn] kfpg' eof]. o;/l e d0f ubf{ ls/ftl cif/ n]vk9 ug{ ufpf ufpfdf l;sfpg' epsf] lyof]. Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ª lnda'jfg k b]zsf] k ltlglw x'g' eo{ ;g\!(%# df g]kfnsf] / fhwfgl sf7df8f} F hfg'eof] / ttsfnlg /fhf lqe'jfgnfo{ e]6l knnf] ls/ft lnda'jfgsf] lylt /Lltsf] ljifodf lalgt r9fpg'eof]. efiff ;flxtonfo{ cfw'lgs agfpg pxffn] cys k of; ug'{eof]. o;} qmddf ;g\!(%( df k'gm sf7df8f}f up/ lnda" g]kfnl cª\u ]hl zabsf]z n]v]/ tof/ cgwsf/do ls/ftlx sf] r]tgfnfo{ phofnf] 5g] { dxfg\ sfo{ ug' {eof]. ls/ft hfltsf] efiff tyf ;flxtodf ug' {epsf] of]ubfgn] ubf{ l;ª\uf] ls/ft hfltx C0fL 5g\. ug'{eof]. To:t} u/l ;g\!(^! Dff ls/ft d'gw'd\ -ls/ftl j]b_ b'o{ xhf/ k lt 5kfpg' eo{ lat/0f ug'{ eof]. ;g\!(^& df ls/ft Oltxf; n]vg' eo{ lat/0f ug'{eof]. o;sf] cltl/qm pxffn] y'k } lstfax n]vg' epsf] 5. sltko k sflzt 5g\ eg] sltko ck sflzt 5g\. ltglx dwo] k':tsx sf] ;"rl tn /flvpsf] 5. ;f] lstfax g]kfnsf] ljlegg 7fpFdf lalqmlat/0f x'g'sf] cnjf l;lssd, cf;fd, adf{, ef/t, l;ª\ufk'/, cd]l/ sf, ng8g cflb 7fpFx df lalqmlat/0f eof] h;n] ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lqe'jfg ljzj ljbfnodf ls/ft efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf ljz]if1sf] kbdf ;g\!(%! Dff lgo'lqm u/]sf] lyof]. pxffn] ;f] kbdf ;g\!(&% -lj= ;+=@)#@ j}zfv!# ut]_ ;Dd sfd ug'{ epsf] lyof]. pxff lq=lj= df ljz]if1 x'g'x'fbf ;o'qm clw/fho -o's]_ sf] / fhwfgl ng8gdf klxn] n]lvpsf] ls/ftl cif/ epsf] d'gw'd\x l sfpg' eo{ ls/ftx nfo{ l;sfpg'eof]. ToxL j]bsf] cfwf/df ljlegg lstfax klg n]vg'epsf] lyof]. a[4 cj:yfdf cztm eo{ sfd ug{ c;dy{ x'g' epsf]n] ;g\!(&% df ptm ljz]if1 kbdf sfd ug{ ;Sg'ePg / bflh{lnª kms{g'eof]. bflh{lnª a:g'x' Fbf w]/} lstfax n]vg'epsf] 5. o;/l cfˆgf] lhgbul g} ;dk{0f u/l ls/ft hfltsf] nf]k x'g} nfu]sf] ls/ft efiff tyf lnlksf] vf]h cg';gwfg ug'{eof]. cgwsf/do ls/ftlx sf] r]tgfnfo{ phofnf] 5g] dxfg\ sfo{ ug' {eof]. ls/ft hfltsf] efiff tyf ;flxtodf ug' {epsf] of]ubfgn] ubf{ l;ëf] ls/ft hfltx C0fL 5g\. lg:jfy{ ;]jfsf] efjgfdf ls/ft lnlksf] Ans agfpg] sfddf Ao:t x' Fbfx' Fb} ;f] sfo{ k"/f x'g gkfpfb} ;g\!(&^ cs6'a/ * -lj= ;+=@)## df ef/tlo ;do cg';f/ a]n'sl &=%) ah] bflh{lnªsf] :yfglo KnfG6;{ c:ktfndf d'6'sf] Aofyfn] pxffsf] d[to' eof]. Odfgl;+ r]dhf]ªåf/f lnlvt k sflzt s[ltx!= ls/ft Oltxf; k yd ls/ft Oltxf; bf]>f] ;+:s/0f #= ls/ft ;flxtosf] Oltxf; $= ls/ft bgt] syf g]kfnl efiff %= ls/ft d'gw'd\ ^= lnda" g]kfnl cª\u ]hl zabsf]if &= ls/ft d'gw'd\ vfpg *= ls/ft Oltxf; tyf ;+:s[lt -cª\u ]hl_ (= ls/ft bz{g ;f/f+z!)=nfkr] g]kfnl cª\u ]hl zabsf]if!!=ofsy'ª x'kkfgmg!@=alnxfª tª\gfd!#=afgtjf g]kfnl cª\u ]hl zabsf]z!$=ls/ft k fylds kf7\ok':ts # / $!% t'd ofsy'ª lgªjfkm' ;fknf cflb. xflb{s awfo{ Û kmf]s:6f]g 6fpgsf] sfplg;n/h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g' epsf]df >L wg u'?ªho"nfo{ xflb{s awfo{sf ;fy} jxffsf] sfo{sfnsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf. ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's] kl/jf/ oxff ;fdu L /fvg affsl 5

11 Þ M M M ylaf M]I ofsy'iaff[ cfgftt'daf ;fdnf]xfc xfffdls;f] d[bfm]sg[gn mfccfi m'igfjf ;fdnf] ;fdnf]df kf M]I. x[ss]nn[ cfgp]g dfiafnf dm]svld s[hf M]Skf kfhfclafxfiifi mtrf s[bfdf n'knl g' jbigfxfidf jo[pl. sgxfc ;f]w'xfi n]kd'xfin[ s';f kfhfclaf of;'u[g ru[gxfin[ s';f jbixfidfgg' t[gwfd_dm]svld rf]u[;lnn[ clf[f[ clw'n'igf tlibli gfx[tt';l. x[ss];fi f f f ;fds[nf] s]jfm'idfin[ m'igfjf ;fdd[tt'cfi cfglc ofsy'i slfft ;fjf o[txfi n'ddf] csv]bfiaf rfdhls d'gw'd jfc_cfsv[g ofgn[ dfiv nfv gfdv tfsv cls;fv n]kd'xficcf] o[ M;lcfI kfhfclaff[ s'xlddf] saqlisaqli d[ua'. yf];';fi;li s] of];'xfi;li s] g' ys yfdyfd ncfls x[ss]nnfo cfdalv yfsk'ff kfclgv s'a'ff kfclg tf M]Ih'Dd' nfcf[cfiv tf M]Iofd' nfcf[cfi tlibli gfx[g o[kt'. x[ss]nn[;f v[g clsskm[nn[ cfglc m'i gfjf ;fdd[kdfcfi gfx[g o[ddf kfm]iaf kfm]sv[o[. cfnn rmtv s]hiv dlv xm]ggfixm]ggfid' s] d[xlkt'f d[nfs;[. ou'd' ;[Oa]V s'hid' ;[Oa] v[ggfi cd[tt'dgf(m'igfjf ;fdnf])_ xf]mkt[. of]uf of]d' xfm]kt[v yf]uf v[xfm]kns ktp[v x[ss]nn[u d'xinli v[xinlins g[;-;[. cfnn x[ss] ncfls cld] nf]s;[nn] V v[g cld] n'dd]fg'd' cfh'gl cfn]vf s]hi ;'FlT dfid' kfm]s;[. ;fddfi g' dfi ylsd' kfm]s;[. cfnn cfh'gl mf];fid' vlhf]ff d[ghf]ff dfid' kfm]s;[. cfnn vlhf]ff d[ghf]ff s'ef];fi tfu[ff glijfm'dfi kf M]S;[. cfnn tfu[ff glijfm'dfi mf];fi s'ff]tl s'dftlv yf]sk'ff s'a'ff dfi kfm]s;[. cfnn sg dfi g' ;fsdfixfc ;fds[nf]afs]jfm'iaf dfin[d' ymss] ysgf yfdf rfdhls d'gw'd t'a'f ;fdnf]f[. x[ss]nn[;f ;fdnf]df kf M]S;[ o[afff] s[ncaf cfglc d'gw'd jfc. cfnn ysgf yfdf ;fdnf] scof] ylsg[tpl tfm]gb'i. sg ;fdnf]clg xfskfffo kfmgp]sjf nfdaf tfm]gb'iifi jfc. c]vvvc]vvv clsg'fl m'in[v cfgpm]ggfi cfgpm]g ;fd s[nf]_s[nf]v s]jf m'i dfin[ ;fd d[tt' cl;lsv ;fd d[tt'dnf] c]vvvx'vvvx'vvvksgb]vvvvvvvvvvvv. c]vvvc]vvv x[ss]nnfo cfdalv yf]sk'ff dfclgv s'a'ff dfclg clu]gl ;ldff[v clh'dgl ;ldff[ k'o[tpf k]f MS;[a]V ;fo[tpf kf M]S;[a] x[ss]nnfo cfdalv r'ihlgl kfm]id[gv o[tpfgl kfm]id[g cldalu d[mgnf]v s';iu d[mgnf] cfgp]ggfi cfgp]gv yf]sk'fff kfnfv s'a'ff kfnf s[sr'a[g yf]s;[v cfgp]gg' kfm]s;[ c]vvvdsjf dssgb]vvvvvvv p'clvvvp'clvvvkssgb]vvvvvvv. c]vvvvc]vvvv dfs;lda'i ogb[v dfiofkdl ;f;] y];lia'i ogb[v y'iofkdl ;f;] s'bf M]Kdf cfinv v[k;fddf] cfnn tfblaf o[duv cfgp]gcfgp]g nfvlof] kfnfv gfdvlof] kfnf sfkof]gn[ ;Dwf]Vof]afF[ ;Dwf] ;liof]sn[ klafv d'b[gpf] klaf kfhfcl xfiafv t[gb'dofi xfiaf gfnld' o[a[cfiv yfia[gd' o[a[cfi t]d[gbli klafv jnicfi klaf n'knlof xfidfv jbigf xfidf d'xf M]K v[xf M]KnfDdf] ;fjfo[ssk k]ulff] kfhfcl xlddf]v t[gbdofi xlddf] ;l;ld' o[o[cfiv d[gplgd' o[o[cfi cfnn sg ;fdnf]clg sdefon[fs r'f[af mfccfi d[clf[. x[ss]nn[ ;fddm]ts]hi d'ymss] yss]v ysgfd' y[ocfi t[gwfdd'nu'a[v dm]svldd' nu'a[ d[ MGb'SV ;'DofG yf MNnlS yf'. ofdd' cfnn yst[cfi ;fddm]ts]hi ;Dwf] ;lplfl d'o[ss] o[ss]v o[dgfd' y[ocfi x[ss]nfo cfdalv yfd] df MG ;ldff[ dfo[tpf kf M]S;luV r'ihlgl vlo]pf dfid' g[;li. cfnn ;lo]pf x[ss]nn[ cfdalv ;fd s[nf]_s[nf] clw'n'i xfidfgv jbigf xfidfg kf M]S;lu. kfhfclaff[ ofi;li dfiu[ggfdf ylo]pf;dwf]d' d'ff]n'iv[ff]n'i dfi g[;li s]jfm'i dfin[vrfdhldvfc tff'cfv tliblid' nf];[a[v gfx[gd' nf];[a[ clf[f[ clw'in'id[g g[ttl m'in[ n[kt'nn[. cfnn d'ff]n'iv[ff]n'i;dwf] d'tfsn'i d'gw'dd' tff'cfiv d'ysd' tff'cfv x[ss]nfo cfdalv cfa' s';fxfc yfd]df ;ldff[ r'ihl o[tpf v[tfsn'i dfi tfsmf g[;li. cfnn v[ysd' tff'cfv nfcl;lscl;ls ;fds[nf] s[nf]v s]jfm'i dfin[ kf M]S;[plaf clg' t'sv]jf ;fdnf]ff] sg_ s]hi;'flt ;Dwf] yf]sk'ff s'a'ff dfi gfdcl;ls cl;lsv vfdalfl alfl g[ttld' ;fdd[tg'v s'm'id' ;fdd[tg' s'eff n'i;]v g't'ddfoi xfi;] clidl;f]t[efc nfk;f]f[ oief ktp[. ;fd d[tt'dnf]v rfihfi ncfls mf]v'dnf] tliblid' cm]kt'a[vgfx[gd' cm]kt'a[ ;d[gnf g[svf]v ofiofiaf g[svf] c]vvvdsjf dssgb]vvvv nfcl;ls cl;lsv gfdcl;ls cl;ls yf]sk'ff s'a'ff dfin[ yf]sk' s'a' o[afclg ymfgnv v[k;[ddf] cfnn x'vvvx'vvvkssgb]vvv. tlibligl d'sv gfx[ggl d's xfm]daqlsjf y[ocfi d'ff]sn'i cfgp]ggfi cfgp]gv c'gfof] o[ddf] v[ff f]sn'i;dyf] t'ijffs kf M]S;[. cfnn cfglc ;fdnf] nsylsns d[jfcg[gv ofls nfi;f]f[ cm]kt'dv x's;f]f[ cm]kt'd tlnlf[ ;fdnf]v o'sm'in[ ;fdnf] t'ijffs;dyf] yf]sk' s'a'dfi nfk;f] k[xlkp[nn[ ;[GbfInfxl y[ocfi t'iu' jfs ;Dyf] x's;f]tfi[ r'st[cfi n'ihlfl n'ixls vfdhlfl vfdxls tfsjf kf M]S;[. cfnn csv] ncfls cls;fvfdam]s kf M]S;[cfI cfnn cls;f vfdam]syf] ;fddfi s'dfi yf]sk'ff s'a'ff mf];fi kf]ff]sdl odefdl dfi kfm]s;[. cfnn kf]ff]sdl odefdl mf];fi ;f]w'xfi n]kd'xfi dfi kf M]S;[. cfnn ;f]w'xfi n]kd'xfi dfin[ cfa' s';f d[gbl kfhfcl t[gbd ofiaf kfm]s;[. cfnn sg kfhfcla[g gfjf rixld rf]u[nn[ d[jfc. cfgp]g ;';'nfnfxfi slfft dfin[ mf]ulof dfsvlof k'xfc clu]clh'd o'i[plnn[ tf]in[ cfa'nn[ yf]sk'ff k'clg ;[OclNn[ yf]sk'ff s'a'ff dfiilg clu]clh'd v[st[cfi k'v[ms ;fv[msv k'o[tpf;fv k't'sv]v ;ft'sv] kf M]S;[. sgglgpf k'v[ MS ;fv[ MS kf M]Idf clg' t'sv] ;fdnf]df ;fdd[kdf cfd[ MTt'DafFf] nfhlcfi kfst[v;lda'iifi kfst[ nfvlof] kfnfv gfdvlof] kfnf yb'ff ;fdwf]v s[gb'ff ;fdwf] mfulof k'xfcv dfvlof k'xfc kfhfcl dfin[v t[gb'dofi dfin[ ofi;liu[g dfiu[ggfv ;Ijfd[G clf[f[xfid[gv clw'n'i xfid[g g[ttlf[ n[kt'cfiv s'e'in[ n[kt'cfi ou'd' ;[Oa]V s'hid' ;[Oa] x[ss]nnfo cfdalv clf[f[ ;fxfcv clw'n'i ;fxfc yfd]ff ;ldff[v dfg'cf ;ldff[ r'ihld' kf M]S;[plV o[tpfd' kf M]S;[pl x[ss]nnfo cfdalv r'ihlgl kfm]idfd[gv c[tpfgl kmf]idfd[g cldalu d[ MGnf]Vs';Iu d[gnf]vv. c]vvvx'vvx'vvksggb]vvvvvvvvv. cfnn cfglc ;Ih'Ddf]V kfih'ddf] cfh'ddlnn[af ;fdnf] yls tf M]Gb'Inf]VcfIufC sfkkf]f[ nfdg'v s'g'kmfqidf] _ c]vvv;lblf[ vfgfdv d[gvf]df xfi;] dfblf[ vfgfdv d[gbfdf xfi;] cf]knffl c]fk;fiv y] n[df xfm]k;fi ;fdnf]ttl kf MGnf]VofSy'Iaf ;fdnf] cfofssf] ;fonf]v sf] kf MTt'IyfInf] klkd[gbfskdfvcfxlin ;Kdf tfi;fiwf] ;]FlV kffl c]fl xlsnfclg yfiwfiv k[f[ff] ;ffls gfjf rixlddf] dyss] ysgf y[ocfi clu]d' o'i[;la[v clh'dd' o'i[;la[ dlscf]af dlsjfgvd[ MGx]c] tffls cfglc cf;l cfdfclnn[ csv] ncfls clg' gfjf rixld of[. x[ss]nn[;f dlys] x[ss]nnfo cfdalv gfef]ghl koi jafsslg d'gb'd t'sv]jf ;fdnf] ;fdnf]df kfm]i. sg ysgf s[yfaf ;f]w'cfi n[kd'xfin[ s'g;f ;';'xfi dfin[vv nfnfxfi dfin[ cf;lgluf ;ld'jf d'gw'd ;fknf]clg glofg s[bmskf jfc. ;fds[nf] s[jfm'iaf dfi g' s] s]nfi tfud' r'st[cfiv tfsdlsd' r'st[cfi cfxliglufxlid'jf d'gw'dvvvc]vv. nfib[gm'ib[gxfiaf dfixfc ;f]w'xfi tm f]ih'dd' yf;'d'v tfm]iofd' yf;'d' cnn d[svld yld rf M]Sdf tlibli gfx[g THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KIRAT... - Vice-Chairperson. The Vice-Chairperson will preside over the CEC in the absence of Chairperson and also represent the KYC as and when required as per the KYC Constitution 2003 rules. - General Secretary. The General Secretary will act as the spokesperson of the YKC. He/She will convene the meetings of the CEC to implement the decisions of Executive Committee and act as the chief functionary as per the KYC Constitution 2003 rules. - Treasurer. The Treasurer will remain responsible for fund raising, maintaining accounting records, and funds and financial of the KYC as per the KYC Constitution 2003 rules. Meeting of the Central Executive Committee (CEC) The meeting of the CEC will be held at least twice a year. The interval between each CEC will normally will not be more than six months. The CEC will have the provision of convening extraordinary meetings in the event of any emergency as may arise from time to time. The resolutions of such an extraordinary meeting will have to be ratified by the CEC in its next meeting. Quorum: Quorum for the meeting of Executive Committee will be 60 per cent and that for the Congress will be 50 per cent. Advisory Committee (AC): The AC will be elected by the CEC with a minimum membership of a minimum of 3 persons or a maximum of 5 persons who will meet at least twice a year and as and when necessary to facilitate various programmes of the YKC. The quorum for the meeting of AC will be 60 per cent. ;fk;s cls;f d'gw'd;faf b'uufkq;fb mf]kfxfi Area Representatives (ARs): These are the intermediary implementing committees of the organization. They are responsible for coordinating the activities of their area committees. DISQUALIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF CEC, AC AND ARs The Office of a Committee Member shall be vacated if: - He/she shall for more than 12 consecutive months have been absent without permission of the Committee from meetings of Committee held during that period and the Committee resolves that his or her office be vacated. - The Congress passes a vote of no confidence in that Committee member or the members of the committee as a whole. - He/she ceases to be a Committee member by virtue of any provision of the Act or he becomes prohibited by law from being a Committee member. - He is, or may be, suffering from mental disorder and either: He/she admitted to hospital in pursuance of an application for admission for treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983 or, in Scotland, an application for admission for treatment under the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960, or an order is made by a court having jurisdiction (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) in matters concerning mental disorders for his detention. SOURCE OF INCOME Membership subscription, individual, organisational, national and international grants, donations, aid and etc. will be the source of income of this institution. The organisation can also fix certain subscription (levy) for its members. The organisation zs\ x'<l;ª\df/f] -lnlk l;sf}f_m M M!= s'a'ª\ zs\ -:j/ j0f{_ c cm cf cf cl cl c' c' c cm cf cfm O OM p pm c] c} cf] cf} c{ c[ c[ P P] cf] cf} c PÞ P Þ M efiffljb\x sf cg';f/ lnda" efiffdf hddf!@ j6f :j/ j0f{ x'g5g\. (c}, cf},c){ k"/fgf] j0f{dfnfdf kfop tfklg efiff lj1fgsf cfwf/df tl j0f{x lnda" :j/j0f{df e]l6+b}gg\. c] / cf] afx]s c? ;a}df x Zj / bl3{ x'g5g\. tfklg oxff k/dk/fut :j/ j0f{x (c}, cf},c{) nfo{ klg ;dfj]z ul/psf] s'ys\ ;s\ -Jo~hg j0f{_ s v u P i r p h t y s v u 3 ª r 5 h t y b w g k m a e d o F b w g k km a e d o / n j ; x C n j ; x d'sk m]ª\ lnda" efiffdf hddf!^ j6f Jo~hg j0f{ / ( j6f ;Dj0f{ x'g5g\. Wjlgs lrgx dflgb} cfpsf] d'sk m]ª klg Jo~hg j0f{ epsf] k'i6\ofof epsf] 5. M #= = ;s\gfdkmg\ -afx v/l_ s sm sf sf sl sl s' s' s sm sf sfm ls lsm s' s'm s] s} sf] sf} s{ s[ s[ s] s} sf] sf} s s] sþ]m $= vflgg\ -cª\s_ # $ % ^ & * (!) xf]k\ lys\ g]t\ ;'d\ ln ªf t's\ g' o]t\ kmfª\ lyaf]ª\ -;fwf/0ftof bzb]lv tl/sfn] k9\g] ul/g5. h:t}!! nfo{ lyaf]ª\ lys\ jf lys\ lys\,!@ nfo{ lyaf]ª\ g]t\ jf lys\ g]t\_ %=s'z]s\ zs\ -Wjlgs lrgx_ :j/ j0f{sf lrgx afx]s c? klg æs'z]s\ zs\æ gfds b'o{ lrgxx? 5g\. ltglx lagf slt lnda" zabsf] k"0f{?kdf prrf/0f x'g ;St}g. tl Wjlgs lrgxx? o; k sf/ 5g\. -s_ - M_ s]dk m]ª -v_ - -_ ;O{ -s_ - M_ s]mdk m]ªn] lnda" :j/j0f{sf] bl3{tf hgfpf5. To;}n] s]mdk m]ªn] cif/sf] Wjlg ;fwf/0ftm nfdf] x'g5.n[ MIdf n]mª\df lrlkng' sf MSdf sfmsdf gf3\g' -v_ - -_ ;Osf] g]kfnlsf] xngt h:t} xf]. of] lrgx slxn] klg zabsf] klxnf] cif/df k of]u x'fb}g. cf];-ug' cf];\ug' xf] t lg sfy-dfgb' sfy\df0b" sf7df08" cl;-;m]i O:;]Mª ;Unf], dfq ^= r'szs\-cfwfcif/_ S I G T K D U N s\ ª\ g\ t\ k\ d\ /\ n\ &= P]st'd zs-;+o'qm cif/_ O q J o / j lnda" efiffsf Pst'd cif/x k"0f{prr/0f x'g5g\. t/ Pst'd cl3sf] cif/ cfwf dfq prrf/0f x'g5. vfoaf_vofaf s's'/, rfj_rjf kfgl -; f]t k f1 j}/ful sfofnf / 8f= dfwj kf]v ]n_ may conduct the programmes on special occasions and the KYC may raise funds from individual, organisational, national and international, or any other sources. METHODS OF FUNCTIONING The CEC, AC, AR and all the office bearers will function according to the rules and regulations as laid down and amended from time to time by the Congress. ANNEX B TO INCOME SOURCE : INCOME SOURCE The major source of financial income of KYC UK is from its members and from any national and international aid, bequeaths, or donation. To sustain the organization, it may be necessary to levy a subscription to support the fund. In general, the KYC UK's fund shall arise out of: - Donations from individuals or organizations who wish to see the organization prosper and flourish. - Levy a small monthly or annual subscription on its members. This is to be passed at a General Congress and reviewed annually, if applied, to recommend its feasibility and continuance. - Profit income from Annual Function or any other social or sporting events. - Donations or funds from national or international organization that support Kirat Yakthung Chumlung. - Organise social events i.e. Nepali film nights, invitation and performances by well known Nepali artistes, actors, actresses or comedians to generate profit to bolster the fund. These are just some of the principles that KYC-UK aims to sustain and bolster its fund and viability. The procedures are to be reviewed annually.

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Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] u7g, ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ dgqfnosf] aff8kmff8 / cgo y'k } Jojxf/x af6 o:tf] b]lvpsf] 5. clxn] ;/sf/åf/f lgo'qm ul/g] ljlegg kbx VffnL 5g\, To;df s;}sf] s'/f ldnb}g. cf cfˆgf] dgqfnodf kg]{ lgo'qm ul/g'kg]{ kbx df ls cfkm"cfkm" ug] { gllt agfpg' ls t * kf6l{x n] ;xdltsf cfwf/df Ps}rf]l6 lgo'lqm ug'{. t/ To:tf] 5}g, g]kfnl sfª\u ]; / g]skf dfcf]jfbl cfkm"cfkm" sfd u5{g\, t/ g]skf Pdfn]sf] dgqfnosf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ 7fFpx df rflxf eoª\s/ x:tif]k ul//x]sf 5g\. ToxL sf/0f z}lifs If]qdf lgo'lqm x'g] sfd cem} ;lspsf] 5}g. ljutdf To:t} Jojxf/sf sf/0f xfdln] xfd f] nf]stgq u'dfof}f To;sf] d"n lhddf Oltxf;df g]kfnl sfª\u] ;n] kfpsf] x'g'k5{. ;a}sf cf cfˆg} bf]if 5g\ t/ sda];l dfq 5g\. ;du tfdf g]kfnsf /fhgllts bnx sf] cb"/blz{tf, ckl/ksjtf, c;ifd, :jfyf{gwtf cflbdf c8]sf sf/0f xfdl cem} kl5 kl//x]sf 5f}F. To;afx]s klg clxn] b]z goff ;d:ofdf cnem]sf] 5. ljut k~rfot sfndf phfu/ x'g gkfpsf] hftlo ;d:ofn] cfh kof{kt rrf{ kfpsf] dx;'; ;fnsf] hgcfgf]ngåf/f :yflkt nf]stflgqs sfndf o; ;jfnn] ;fdfgo rrf{;dd kfpsf] lyof]. t/ nf]stflgqs kf6l{x sf] lbdfudf hftlo ;d:ofnfo{ udel/ 9ª\uaf6 lng'k5{ egg] s'/} k;]g. /fho ;~rfngdf jlxis/0fdf k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ hfthfltx sf nflu ;dfj]zls/0fsf] ljzjjofkl xnnf rrf{n] ;d]t g]kfnl ;':t dgl:yltsf /fhg]tfx nfo{ 5f]Pg. To; nf]stflgqs sfndf hftlo ;d:ofnfo{ a]jf:tf ul//x]sf g]kfnsf /fhgllts bnx n] ^# sf] hgcfgbf]gkl5 klg blnt, hghflt, dw];l, dlxnf cflbnfo{ xs / clwsf/ lbg grfx]sf] b]lvg5. ca eg] egg}k5{ nf]stflgqs sfndf To;f] ul/g' / jt{dfgdf klg cem} pxl qmd hf/l /fvg' ;fdk bflostfsf] r/d gd"gf xf]. gq loglx sf nflurflxf dfq ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g klv{g' gk{g] ^# sf] ;fnsf] egbf km/s o; sf/0f ls o; cfgbf]ngdf klxn] gp7]sf hftlo ;d:ofn] dxtj kfof]. ;a}sf] lbdfudf k of] ca hftlo ;d:ofnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug}{k5{. t/ hgcfgbf]ngåf/f k'g:yf{lkt k h]7 $ sf] 3f]if0ff ljk/lt cyjf egf}f ^# sf] efjgf ljk/lt jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ag]sf] 5. of] ;+ljwfg klxn]egbf cu ufdl x'fbfx'fb} klg ;fdk bflos / c;dfj]zl 5. hftlo ;jfndf ;dosf] t'ngfdf k ltufdl 5. o;sf lj?4 g]kfnsf dw];l / cflbjf;l hghfltx clxn] klg cfgbf]ngd} 5g\. t/ /fhosf] jfu8f]/ ;dflt/x]sf ;fdk bflos g]tfx eg] To;tkm{ Wofg lbo/x]sf 5}gg\. dw];lx sf] rsf]{ cfgbf]ngn] ;/sf/nfo{ jftf{ ug{ afwo u/fof]. t/ dw];lleqs} nf]elnfnrlx / unt lgotsf g]tfx sf sf/0f To; cfgbf]ngn] ;xl af6f] kfpg ;s]g. clxn] klg dw];l / kxf8lofsf] efjgf h:tfsf] t:t} kdf ljeflht 5. h'g /fhosf] Jojxf/sf] sf/0f a9\bf] 5. To;} u/l If]qL afx'g / cgoalr klg ;DaGw lauf b} uo/x]sf] 5. olb oxl 9ª\un] /fhon] hftlo ;dfgtfsf nflu nl8//x]sf hghflt / dw];l ;d'bfok lt o:t} Jojxf/ sfod /fvg] xf] eg] To;n] /fd f] kl/0ffd a}zfv!@ b]lv If]qL afx'gx n] h'g /fhgllts d'lqm / clwsf/ pkef]u ul//x]sf 5g\, ToxL / Tolt g} d'lqmsf] cg'ej / clwsf/ hghflt / dw];lx n] kfpsf 5}gg\. ut]b]lv g} o;sf] la?4df blnt, hghflt / dw];lx cfgbf]ng ul//x]sf 5g\. o:t} cj:yfnfo{ ttsfn ;DxfNgsf nflu plrt k otg ug'{sf] ;f6f] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfwfg ;+ljwfg;efn] lbg5 eg]/ ptf b]vfog5. o; cgtl/dsfndf ol hfltx nfo{ ;dfgtfsf] xs / clwsf/ lbg} gkg]{h:tf] u/]/. ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg epkl5 klg To;n] jif{kl5 dfq goff ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u5{g\ -gq c9fo{ jif{df dfq_ To;kl5 dfq loglx nfo{ ;dfgtf rflxg5h:tf] u/]/. To;}n] If]qL, jfx'g h;/l g} ttsfn clwsf/ k flktsf nflu hftlo cfgbf]ng rls{g] cj:yf 5. ca tf]lspsf] dª\l;/ ^ d} r'gfj eof] eg] klg jlxis[t hfltx sf nflu cfjzos ;+ljwfg@)^# j}zfvb]lv lx;fa ub{ $ jif{kl5 dfq agfolbg]ep. r'gfj epg eg] ToxL klg clglzrt x'g]eof] lsgls olg} /fhg]tfx af6 g} kl5 klg lg0f{o ul/g]5 hf] clxn] tof/ 5}gg\ kl5 s;/l tof/ x'g ;Snfg\ egg ;lsgg. t/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg tf]lspsf] ;dodf x'g] ;Defjgf 5}g. ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg grfxg] ttjx n] o;sf lj?4df jftfj/0f tof/ ul//x]sf 5g\. ;+;b\df ;d]t /fhtgqnfo{ ;d"n gi6 ug{ grfxg] ttjx sf] ljuljul 5. o:tf] s'/f] ev{/} ;+ljwfgsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgsf] a]nf k i6 epsf] 5. s'g} sf/0fn] cfjzos 5}g egg] nfu]df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg cufj} /fhtgqnfo{ x6fpg ;lsg] sfg'gl k fjwfg ;+ljwfgdf /fvg'k5{ egg] ts{sf lj?4df ;+;b\df ax'dt b]lvof]. ca Joj:yflksf ;+;b\n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj?4df af]n]df dfq /fhtgqnfo{ x6fpg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 gq ;+ljwfg;ef;dd /fvg] g} eof]. olb la;f}gl ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'fb} epgeg] /fhtgq / lx/xg] eof]. o; dfdnfdf g]skf dfcf]jfbl;d]t k"0f{ kdf ;xdt b]lvof]. ;a}sf] ts{ lyof] /fhf s'g} lgx'fdf ;lqmo ep klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] la?4df ;lqmo eof] egg] cf/f]k nfp/ x6fpg ;lsg5 t/ /fhfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] kifdf af]nb} cnf]stflgqs sfdsf/afxl ub}{ updf s'g sfg'g NofP/ x6fpg], sfo/afxl ug]{ o;tkm{ s;}sf] Wofg upg slgeg] 3'dfOlkm/fO /fhfnfo{ l6sfpg]x n] g} ljho k fkt u/] To;tkm{ hfgla'eml Wofg glbp/. sfg'gnfo{ rfxfof] eg] hlt klg aª\uofpg ;lsg5 clg To;j]nf;Dddf sfg'gl cfwf/nufotsf cg]s cfwf/ vf]hg]x k z:t lglsn;sg]5g\. kl/l:ylt emg\emg\ ck7]/f] agb} hfg]5. /fhfnfo{ ;+j}wflgs agfp/ /fvg rfxg5 g]kfnl sfª\u ]; lsgls g]kfndf a9\b} upsf] jfdkgyl zltmsf lj?4df p;nfo{ ;xof]ul zltm /fhtgq rflxg5. To;}n] g]kfnl sfª\u a}zfv!@ b]lv If]qL afx'gx n] h'g /fhgllts d'lqm / clwsf/ pkef]u ul//x]sf 5g\, ToxL / Tolt g} d'lqmsf] cg'ej / clwsf/ hghflt / dw];lx n] kfpsf 5}gg\. ut]b]lv g} o;sf] la?4df blnt, hghflt / dw];lx cfgbf]ng ul//x]sf 5g\. klxnf] j}7sn] g} /fhf kmfng] ;+ljwgf;efsf] lgjf{rg rfxfb}g. To;}u/L lxgb" cfltjfblx ;+;f/ s} Psdfq lxgb" /fhf ;dfkt epsf] rfxfb}gg\. g]skf dfcf]jfblx Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df /x]sf] jt{dfg ;ª\Vof *# casf] r'gfj x'g] lalqs} u'dg] 8/ / o:t} cl:y/tfd} cfˆgf] k efj lj:tf/ sf] nf]en] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdfkm{t :yflkt x'g] l:y/tfsf] kifdf 5}gg\. ef/tsf cltjfbl lxgb"x sf andf cfgbf]ng xffls/x]sf dw];l g]tfx nfo{ klg lxgb" /fhfsf af/]df lg0f{o ul/ xfng] ;+ljwfg;ef rflxpsf] 5}g. /fhtgqjfbl hghfltx klg hftlo ;dfgtfsf] alnof] / tfls{s cfjfhnfo{ cl3 ;f/]/ rsf]{ cfgbf]ngdf xf]ldg] ;Defjgf 5. /fhtgqjfblx To;} klg dw];l / hghfltsf cfjfhdf leqleq} k j]z u/]/ r'gfjsf] jftfj/0f agg glbg] kifdf 5g\ g}. ljlegg gfddf dw];l ;ª\7gx / g]skf dfcf]jfblalrsf] n8fof a9\bf] 5. o:tf] ctogt hl6n /fhgllts jftfj/0fdf unt / cnf]stflgqs JolQm, ;d'bfo / kf6l{x nfo{ lgx'f glbg' kg]{df g]kfnsf /fhgllts bnx / To;leqsf a fxd0fjfbl lg0ff{os g]tfx n] tn -issues_ lbo/x]sf] 5g\ h;n] lglzrt kdf lgjf{rg /f]sgnfo{ d2t ub{5. To;f] ep s] xf] t ol ;asf] ;dfwfg < w]/}n] eg5g\ o;sf] Pp6} dfq ;dfwfg ;+ljwfg;ef xf]. t/ s'/f ;+ljwfg;efn] dfq 6'ª\uf] nfub}g. ;+ljwfg;efdf klg kf6l{x sf olg} g]tfx lht]/ cfpf5g\ / ltgn] o;/l g} oxl Jojxf/ sfod / fv] eg] To;n] klg xfdlnfo{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq lbfb}g clxn]s} h:tf] gfdsf] ;dfj]zl t/ sfdsf] c;dfj]zl / ;fdk bflos sfg'g / Jojxf/ ef]ufpf5g\. To;sf/0f d'vo ;dfwfg eg]sf] /fhgllts bnsf g]tfx k"0f{t nf]stflgqs, Jojxf/d} ;dfgtfjfbl, lg:jfy{, kl/ksj / b"/ bzl{ x'g' g} xf]. unt ttjx nfo{ s'g} To:tf] d'2f lbg'x'fb}g h'g /fhoåf/f ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ vfnsf 5g\, h;n] ax';ª\vos hgtfsf] dg lhtg ;S5. To;}n] ;dfwfg j}rfl/s kfgt/0f dfq xf] ;+ljwfg;ef xf]og Kff]u'u]g s'rf -lnda" vfgf_ Vf/] Þª agfpg] tl/sf Kf frlgsfndf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;a} egbf nfdf] cjlw / ;a}egbf a9l ## k':tf;dd /fho ug] cflbjf;l ls/ft j+zlo lnda"x sf] k/fk"j{sfn b]lv cfˆg}kg / lsl;dsf] vfglkg 5g\. o;} ljifonfo{ lnp/ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t hfgsf/ L lbnfpg] p2]zon] ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ªn] ælnda" vfgf / k]o kbf{yx?æ gfds k'l:tsfsf] k sfzg u/]sf] 5. o;} k':tsdf ;ª\sng epsf kf]u'u] Þg s'rf -vfgf_ / k]o kbf{yx sf] af/]df qmdzm kf7sx nfo{ hfgsf/l u/fpb} nfg] p2]zon] of] cª\sdf æv/] ÞªÆ /f]6l agfpg] tl/sf /flvpsf] 5. ljlegg cggsf] lk7f]af6 tof/ ul/g] /f]6lx g} lnda"x n] agfpg] v/]þª xf]. v/]þªnfo{ ljz]if u/l lnda"x n] vfhfsf] kdf vfg] u/]sf] kfog5. s'g cggsf] lk7f]af6 agfopsf] v/]þª xf] ;f]xlcg';f/ lnda"x n] v/]þªsf] gfdfs/0f ug]{ ub{5g\. o;/l d'votof k]gfm v/]þª, dfsl v/]þª, rfª v/]þª / Sofaf] v/]þª lnda"x n] vfhfsf] kdf lng] /f]6lx x'g\. agfpg] tl/sf lnda"x n] v/]þª d'vo u/l b'o{ tl/ sfn] agfpf5g\ -s_ tfjfdf ksfpg] /f]6l, / -v_ e'k f]df kf]n]/ tof/ ul/g] /f]6l -s_ tfjfdf v/]þª ksfpg] tl/sf!= /f]h]sf] cggsf] kl7f]nfo{ kfgl /fv]/ d'5\g]. d'5]sf] lk7f]sf t/ntf xftdf lnfbf aug ;Sg] k sf/sf] n]bf] d'l5psf] lk7f]sf] n]bf]nfo{ tfjfdf cfjzostfcg';f/sf] ;foh agg] u/l /fvg] / ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª g]kfn s]gb Lo ;ldltsf pkfwoif >LdtL g/s'df/l lnda"n] xfn} Ps ;df/ f]xalr ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf] j]a ;fo6 8An' 8An' 8An' 86 r'dn'ª o"=s]= 86 sdsf] pt3f6g ug'{eof]. cf:kmf]8{ s]g6df, r'dn'ªsf If]qLo k ltlglwx sf alr epsf] pst pt3f6g ;df/f]xdf ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"s]sf cwoif >Lk ;fb lnda"n] pkfwoif lnda"nfo{ km"nsf] u'r5f lbp/ :jfut ug'{epsf] lyof]. pkfwoif lnda"n] ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª g]kfnsf] ultljlwsf] ;Gbe{df 5f]6sf/Ldf k sfz kfg{'sf ;fy} r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf] pgglt / k ultsf] sfdgf ug{'epsf] lyof]. kmf]:6g sfplg;nsf] ttjfjwfgdf ;]kmj]df cfof]lht dln6snr/n ;f]mdf r'dn'ª o"=s]=n] klg pt;fxjw{s ;xeflutf hgfpsf] lyof]. xfn} h'g!^ lbp;f] epsf] pst ;f]mdf r'dn'ªsf] tkm{af6 >L 8Da/ l;ª\us lnda"sf] k ltlglwtjdf upsf] Ps ;f+:s[lts 6f]nLn] lnda"x sf] k rlnt gffr Rofa' ª gffr k bz{g u/]sf] lyof]. 6f]nLdf ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=sf snf ;f+:s[lt ;+of]hs >LdtL b'uf{ lnda" klg ;xeful x'''g''x'gyof]. 9sgLn] 5f]Kg]. Psb]lv ;f9] Ps ldg]6kl5 v/] Þª kfs]kl5 lgsfng] o;/l v/] Þª tof/ x'g5. -v_ e'k f]df v/]þª agfpg] tl/sf! /f]h]sf] cggsf] lk7f]nfo{ yf]/yf]/} kfgl nfpb} lunf] 8Nnf x'g] u/l a];f/ of ef]nf{sf] xl/of] kftdf kftsf] cfsf/ n] lbpsf] cfsf/cg';f/ d'5]sf] kl7f] /fv]/ ;a}lt/ ;dfg afsnf]kg x'g]u/l lyrb} ldnfpg]. To;kl5 dflyaf6 kftn] 5f]Kg] #= To;/L rf/}lt/ kftn] 5f]k]sf] sffrf] v/]þªnfo{ e'k f] an]sf] sf]onf / v/fglleq /fvg]. sl/ a %, & ldg]6kl5 ;f] v/]þªnfo kn6fpg]. csf]{ $, % ldg]6df v/]þª tof/ x'g5. e'k f]aflx/ lgsfn]kl5 rfngl of gfª\nf]df / fv]/ 89]sf] kft / v/fglnfo{ x6fpkl5 v/]þª vfgsf] nflu tof/ x'g5. ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª o's]sf] j]a ;fo6 pt3f6g sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkgkl5 r'dn'ªsf ;b:ox ;Fu pkfwoif lnda"sf] :jfutfy{ /fql ef]hgsf] cfof]hgf ul/psf] lyof]. uf]vf{ skdf r'dn'ªsf] d]df epsf] td'wl uf]vf{ km'6an skdf ls/ft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª r'dn'ª o"=s]=n] klg ;xeflutf hgfpsf] lyof]. cn8/;6df epsf] ;f] km'6an k ltof]lutfdf r'dn'ªn] nuftf/ b'o{ l6dx ;Fu a/fa/ldf k lt:kwf{ u/l t]; f] v]ndf km:6 ;]s]g8 n] k/flht epsf] lyof]. e"=k" Sof= adaxfb'/ lnda"sf] k ltlglwtj /x]sf] r'dn'ªsf] ;f] l6ddf ;'jf; ha]u", xl/ t'dafxfª\km], /fh]gb g]dafª, elstxfª g]dafª, v]daxfb'/ lnda", ;}n]gb lnda" / 6]sdfg lnda" cflb v]nf8lx /x]sf lyp. dln6snr/n ;f]df r'dn'ª o"=s]=