lbuf] s[lif / g]kfnsf] efjl s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt

Transcription

1 lbuf] s[lif / g]kfnsf] efjl s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld ælbuf]æ zabn] gnqlosg cljrlnt kdf lg/gt/ cufl8 al9/xg] cl:ttjsf] ljz]if0f hgfpf5. of] cfkm} +df cl:ttj gep/ s;}sf] u'0f jf sfo{ut Ifdtf;Fu uffl;p/ cfpg] ljz] ]iftf epsfn] o;nfo{ c j:t' jf k 0ffnLsf] sfo{z}nlsf] lg/gt/tfsf] ;"rs dflgg5. o:tff] kl/k] Iodf s] lbuf] x'g' k of] < jf s]sf] lbuf]kgf < egg] k Zg p7\g' lgtfgt :jfefljs x'g cfpf5. ;fwf/0ftof lbuf]kgfnfo{ dflg;n] k fkt u/]sf ef}lts / ;fdflhs pknlawx, h;nfo{ xfdl ljsf; egg] u5f} +, sf] Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ ljz]iftfsf kdf lrq0f u/]sf] x'g5. To;}n] bf]; f] ljzjo'4 kl5sf] 5f]6f] sfnv08df ljsl;t b]zx n] u/]sf] b "tt/ / rfdtsfl/s ljsf; lbuf] xf]nf t egg] sf}t'xntfn] ;DalGwt lj1x nfo{ ;g\!(&) tfsf b]lv g} ;tfo g} /Xof]. tl clws ljsf; k of;x k[yjlsf ;Lldt ; f]t / ;fwgsf] ctolws bf]xgdf cfwfl/t epsfn] lbuf] x'g g;sg] ts{n] :yfg kfpfb} uof]. ltglx s} sf/0f ; f]t ;fwgsf] :vng, jftfj/0f k b"if0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf k[yjls} cl:ttj ;+s6df kfg}{ vfn] ljgfzsf/l ;d:ofx cfpsf x'g\ egg] tyout cfwf/x klg xfd f;fd' b]lvfb} up. tl ;d:ofx ;Fu h'wb} } ljsf;sf] ultnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg] hdsf] { :j k ljzj ;d'bfon] 7"n} wg/fzl / dg/fzl vrof] { / vr{ +b} 5. o;sf nflu ;g\!(^* sf] ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3lo afof]:km]o/ ;Dd]ng ;fy} ;g\!(&@ sf] :6sxf]d ;Dd]ng b]lv ljlegg ;dodf cfo]lht k[yjl lzv/ ;Dd]ngx x' Fb} cfpsf 5g\. ev{/} ;DkGg l/of]±@) ;Dd]ng klg To} hdsf] {sf] z[ +vnfa4 sl8 xf]. clxn] ljzjjofkl kdf k rfl/t æxl/t cy{tgqæ lbuf] ljsf;nfo{ d"t{ k lbg] k of;sf]] Pp6f k"/s kfonf] dfgg ;lsg5. ljsf;sf] k of;n] s[lif klg c5'tf] /x]g, cflv/ v]d/fh bfxfn 1 vfg t ;a}nfo{ rflxof]. Tolt dfq gep/ ptkfbgdf j}1flgs pknlawx, Vff; u/]/ afnldf w]/} kmng] hft / ltgsf z'4 clg ;Ifd alp / ljljw s[lif /;fogsf] ;kmn k of]udfkm{t s[lifnfo{ cfly{s pggltsf] bl/nf] cfwf/ klg agfp ljsl;t b]zx n]. sltko cljsl;t b]zx vfbdf cftdlge{/ dfq x}g lgof{tstf{ klg ep. s[lifdf epsf] /;folgsls/0f, cg'jf+lzs kl/dfh{g ;fy} cgo cfw'lgs k ljlwx sf] k of]udfkm{t s[lifsf] cf}bf]lusls/0f u/l clwstd ptkfbg lng] rfxgf lg/gt/ kdf k"/f x'g g;sg] cyjf of] tl/sfn] s[lif ptkfbgsf] lg/gt/tf ;Dej 5 egg] s'/f t To; e]ss} ljj]szln dflg;n] To;} a]nf klg OlËt gu/]sf t xf]ogg\. t/ pahgl a9fpg' lyof] h;/l ep klg / vfg k' ofpg] s'/f dfq gep/ vfbdfkm{t /fhgllt klg ug' { lyof] ToxfF. cem, 7"nf ax'/fli6«o sdkglx sf] lbgfg'lbg a9l egbf a9l sdfpg] :jfy{ t lyof] / 5 g}. cem xfdln] klg wfgg} g;sg] u/l Tof] cf}bf]lus s[lifsf] l;sf] u/l xfd f] kl/j]zdf To} k}dfgdf gssn ug{ 7"n} as{t nufof} +, df}h'bf kl/j]z Tof] vfn] s[lifsf nflu pko'qm 5 5}g egg] x]ss} g/fvl. Tof] æ;tsfo{æ df ljsl;t b]zx sf] klg oy]i6 of]ubfg /Xof] h'g oyfjt 5 lgs} xb;dd. To;n] s[lif ptkfbgdf s]xl xb;dd j[l4 t Nofof] ;fy} sfnfgt/df df6f]sf] ljrng, jftfj/0f k b"if0f, ljiffqm vfgf clg a9\bf] k/lge{/tf h:tf ljs/fn Pj+ bl3{ k s[ltsf ;d:ofx Kflg xfd f cufl8 y'kfl/lbof]. /f;folgs dn / s[lif ljiffbl ljgf t v]tl g} c;dej 5 egg] xfd f ls;fg ldqx sf] dfgl;stfdf cfpsf] kl/jt{g cem eofjx 5. ca cxd\ k Zg s] 5 eg] o:tf] s[lifnfo{ xfdl lg/gt/ cufl8 a9fpg ;S5f} F t < P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld dfly g} elgof] ls cf}bf]lus s[lif cfkm\gf] ljsf;qmdsf] s]xl sfnv08 kf/ ubf{ gub} { ljjfbdf 1 n]vs afnllj1fg ljefu, s[lif / kz'lj1fg cwoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/sf ;xk fwofks x'g'x'g5. xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!) 23

2 gd'l5psf] t x}g, vf; u/]/ ;g\!(#( kl5, ha afnl ;+/If0fdf ls6gfzs ljif 8L=8L=6L= 2 sf] Jofks k of]u eof] / To;sf] jftfj/0fdf kg] { gsf/ftds c;/sf af/]sf] rf;f]. t/ To;sf]] st} ;'gjfo epg. pn6} 8L=8L=6L=sf] k of]un] afnl ;+/lift eo{ pahf a9\bf clgsfn 36]sfn] o;sf] ls6gfzs u'0fsf cfljisf/s kfpn Do'n/n] ;g\!($* sf] ljzj k ltli7t gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfp. i ;fob To; a]nf;dd tyout kdf 8L=8L=6L=sf] :jf:yo / jftfj/0fdf kg] { gsf/ftds c;/x k dfl0ft e};s]sf lypgg\ oblk ls6lj1x n] o;sf] c;/ dfx'/lsf ;fy} cgo nfebfos ls/fx sf] hljgrof{;fu hf]8]/ gx]/]sf eg] xf]ogg\. ;do latb} uof]. dflg;x s[lif ptkfbgsf] j[l4n] /dfps} lyp clg of] ljifsf] k of]un] Jofkstf kfps} lyof] / cgo b" t c;/bf/ / cem s8f s[lif ljiffbl agg] qmd klg rnb} uof]. t/ kl/l:ylt PSsfl; Psbd} ab\lnof] ha ;g\!(^@ df /fr]n sf;{gsf] zfgt j;gt -b ;fon]g6 :k Lª_ egg] lstfa k sflzt eof], h:fdf pgn] afnl;+/if0fdf k of]u ul/psf] 8L=8L=6L=n] dfgj :jf:yo / jftfj/0fdf kg{ upsf] gsf/ftds c;/sf] af/]df lj:t[t clen]v ;fj{hlgs u/]sl lyog\. Tof] lstfan] l8=8l=6l=sf] jr{:jnfo{ o;/l vnanofof] ls j}1flgs hut\ ;d]tn] 7f8f sfg nfp/ o;nfo{ 7"nf] ;fdlos ;d:ofsf kdf lnp/ cg';gwfg ;'? u of]. kl/0ffdtm o;n] dfgjnufot ;d:t hlj hut\df ug] { udel/ c;/ / o;sf] jftfj/0fdf nfdf] ;do;dd /lx/xg ;Sg] haa/kgfsf af/]df P]ltxfl;s k df0fx lnlka4 ep. o;sf] cfwf/df cd]l/sl ;/sf/n] ;g\!(&@ df b]zjofkl kdf l8=8l=6l=sf] k of]u lgif]w u of]. o;egbf lgs} cl3 g} cyjf egf} F s[lifdf ljiffblsf] a9\bf] k of]u ;Fu;Fu} ljsl;t b]zx df ljj]szln dfgjsf] ;fgf] hdft dfq} eg] klg ljifflb/lxt z'4 vfbj:t'sf] ptkfbg tyf pkof]usf] jsfnt ub} cfo/x]sf] lyof]. l8=8l=6l=sf] of] ;Gbe{n] cem k ]l/t Pj+ cfk"mn] egg] / ug] { u/]sf s'/fdf cfzj:t eo{ dg ldng] s[ifs j}1flgssf] ;d"xn] ;g\!(&@ d} k mfg;df Pp6f cgt/f{li6«o ;+u7g vf]n] h;sf] gfd æk fëfl/s s[lif cleofgsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o dxf;+3æ 2 Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) -cfo=pkm=cf]=p=pd=_ /flvof]. lbuf] s[lif zab To;a]nf k o'qm gep klg Tof] ;+:yf / To;df nflu kg]{ dflg;x sf] ;fy{s tftko{ / To; a]nf Tof] e]sdf ckgfopsf] s[lifn] ToxL kdf lg/gt/tf kfpg d'lzsn lyof] jf Tof] s[lif k 0ffnL lbuf] lypg egg] a'lemg5. of] ;f]r ax;sf] ljifo agb} uof] / ;g\!(&& df cfo=pkm=cf]=p=pd=n] cfkm\gf] klxnf] cgt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u of] h;sf] gfdfs/0f g} ælbuf] s[liftkm{æ egg] ul/of]. of] ;Dd]ngdf lbuf] s[lifsf w]/} kxnx sf af/]df Jofks 5nkmn ul/of]. o;sf u'0fx sf] cf+sng tyf dfkgsf] k of;, ;fy} s[lifdf s] s:tf ceof; ubf{ lbuf] dflgg5 egg];ddsf] ljzn]if0f ul/of] t/ o} g} xf] lbuf] s[lif eg]/ r':t / ;6Ls kl/efiff eg] cfpg. ;do latb} hffbf ljifon] Jofkstf klg kfpfb} uof] / b "tt/ kdf r'lnfb} upsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf] k of; leq} klg lbuf]kgf vf]hg yflnof]. ax;n] udel/ k lnof]. kmntm ;g\!(*# df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] ttjfjwfgdf gj]{sl 8f=u f] xfnd a '6NofG8sf] cwoiftfdf Pp6f æljzj jftfj/0f tyf ljsf; cfof]uæ agfp/ ttsfn;dd dflg;n] u/]sf] ;dli6ut ljsf;, To;n] kf/]sf] jftfj/0flo c;/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox clg ljsf;sf] lbuf]kgfaf/] lj:t[t cwoog u/l k ltj]bg k]; ug{ elgof]. Tof] cfof]usf] rf/ jif{sf] cys k of;af6 ljzje/s} ljifout x:tlx sf] ;xof]udf Pp6f k ltj]bg k':tsfsf/df k sflzt eof] h;sf] gfd æxfd f] ;femf eljioæ /flvpsf] lyof]. k ltj]bgdf ljsf;sf cgo kxn' nufot s[lifdf klg oy]i6 5nkmn ul/psf] lyof] / lgrf]8df elgpsf] lyof] =====ljzj vfb k 0ffnL jflif{s # b]lv $ k ltztn] vfb ptkfbgdf j[l4 ub} { Jojl:yt ug' { ckl/xfo{ 5. ljzj vfb ;'/Iff j}lzjs vfb ptkfbg a9fp/ dfq ;'lglzrt x' Fb}g o;sf nflu t vfb ptkfbg, vfb ck'u b]z, If]q / 3/lt/ nlift ub{} ljzj vfb ahf/df b]lvpsf lj;+ultx sf] Go"gLs/0f ul/g'k5{. of] nlift sfo{ Tolta]nf lbuf] x'g5 ha cfwf/e"t ; f]tx k ltkfng, k jw{g / ulnt of sdhf]/ epsf ep k lt:yflkt ul/g5g\æ. ii k ltj]bg cufl8 eg5, æljut s]xl bzsb]lv ljsl;t e}/x]sf s[lif 24 xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!)

3 ] k 0ffnLx n] ef]sd/l 36fpg / hljg:t/ psf:g 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\. ltglx cfkm\gf p2]zodf lglzrt xb;dd ;kmn klg 5g\. t/ ltglx Tff]lsPsf] kl/l:ylt / e"v08sf nflu dfq l;lh{t lyp egg] a'lemg5. goff jf:tljstfx n] ltglx df lglxt lj/f]wfef;x nfo{ phfu/ ul/lbpsf 5g\. tl jf:tljstfx n] o:tf] s[lifsf] cfjzostf 7fG5g\ h:n] k ljlw egbf hgtf, ptkfbg egbf ; f]t / cnksfnegbf bl3{sfnsf af/]df Vofn /fv5. / To:tf] s[lifn] dfq goff r'gf}tlx sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;S5.Æ o;/l ljzj:t/d} lbuf] s[lif cfd ax;sf] ljifo agof] / To;sf] nuq} kl5 ;g\!(** df cgt/f{li6«o s[lif cg':fgwfgsf] k/fdz{bft[ ;d"xsf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltn] lbuf] s[lifnfo{ kl/eflift u of], ælbuf] s[lif eg]sf] s[lif ptkfbgdf ; f]t ;fwgsf] Tof] ;kmn Joj:yfkg xf] h;n] jftfj/0flo u'0fx sf] k ltkfng Pj+ ;Daw{g ub}{ ablnfbf] dfgjlo cfjzostfsf] kl/k"lt{ u5{æ. iii ptkfbgsf ; f]t ;fwgsf] lxkmfht / Joj:yfkg g} of] kl/efiffsf] dd{ xf]. x'g klg s[lifsf cfwf/e"t ; f]t ;fwg h:t}m afnl, df6f], kfgl, h+un, hgfj/ cflbsf] lxkmfht / s'zn Joj:yfkgljgf s[lifsf] lg/gt/tf c;dej 5. of] s'/f t clxn]s} ;+;f/df JofKt /;fogcfl>t ljsf;] s[lifsf] xfntn] ;flat ul/;s]sf] 5. lbuf] s[lifsf] of] kl/efiff / ttkzrft\sf ;Da4 ax;n] s[lifsf] of] ljwfn] 7"nf] 7fpF kfof] /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o :t/df. pbfx/0fsf nflu l/of] k[yjl ;Dd]ng -;g\!((@_, hf]xfg;au{ k[yjl ;Dd]ng ;x; fabl kl/j]z cffsng ljsf;sf nflu s[lif1fg, lj1fg / k ljlwsf] cgt/f{li6«o cffsng / ev{/} ;DkGg l/of] ±@) lzv/ ;Dd]ng df klg ylkpsf gjlgtd r'gf}tlx nfo{ lrb} { s[lifnfo{ lbuf] agfpg] pkfox sf] af/]df rrf{ epsf] kfog5. /fli6«o jf :yfglo :t/df egg] xf] eg] xfn ;+;f/df ;fob s'g} b]z jf :yfglo :t/sf] Sna gxf]nf h;n] cfkm\gf] jflif{s sfo{qmddf jf sfo{kqdf lbuf] s[lifsf af/]df clnslt eg] klg JofVof gu/]sf] xf];\ / clg cfkm\gf] sfo{of]hgfsf] niodf g/fv]sf] xf];\. Ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, kl/j]z clg s[ifssf k ]/0ff, cfjzostf / rfxfgfx hldg h+un -hn; f]t nufotsf] h+unl ;Dkbf_ O hgtf -ls;fg kl/jf/_ hgfj/ h}ljs ljljwtf -afnlgfnlnufot ;a} afg:klts ljljwtf_ cgo -cfo cfh{gsf kl/l:ylthgo s[lif tyf u}/s[lif pkfox _ lrq!= xfd f] s[lif k 0ffnL xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!) 25

4 lbuf] s[lifsf] cy{xfd f] ;Gbe{df kl/efiff h] h:tf] ep klg xfdln] To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] ] kl/k ]Iodf a'em\g' h?/l 5. To;sf nflu oxff xfd f] s[lifsf af/]df rrf{ ug' { ;fgble{s xf]nf. ls;fgsf] dfgf, gfgf / 5fgfsf] hf]xf]sf] d];f] dfq gep/ b]zsf] cy{tgqsf] d]?b08sf] kdf kl/lrt s[lifsf] efg;f ;+of]hgsf] d"n cfwf/b]lv Jofkf/Lx sf] sdfosf] ljlzi6 ; f]tsf kdf 5' } klxrfg / cl:ttj 5 xfd f] ;dfhdf. iv xfd f] s[lif ljsl;t b]zsf] h:tf] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ptkfbgsf afxo nufglsf ;fy} gjlgtd j}1flgs pknlawsf] pkef]u u/l 7"n} kl/df0fdf pahf lgsfn]/ afxo ahf/ tfsg] vfn] cf}bf]lus ptkfbg k 0ffnL xf]og oblk Totfkl eg] c;kmn g} ;xl k of; epsf] eg] kfog5, st} st} s'g} s'g} afnldf. xfd f] vf;f]vf; s[lif t lrq! df b]vfop h:t} % j6f æhæx Ù hdlg, h+un, hn, hgfj/, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljlzi6 PsLs/0f xf] hf] csf]{ æhæ, hgtf -ls;fg_ åf/f kl/l:ylt / rfxgfcg';f/ Jojl:yt x'g5. s[lif xfd f nflu hlljsf]kfh{g / cyf] {kfh{gsf] ;fwg dfq gep/ snf, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs agwg klg xf]. xfd f] s[lif lgjf{xd'vl lyof], dfgfdfq wfgg], cem} 5 klg / To;eGbf dfly p7]/ Jofj;flos agb} gfgf clg cgo tfgfafgfsf] ; f]t klg agg]tkm{ cu ;/ 5. cyjf egf} F clxn] g]kfnl s[lif :ki6 kdf b'o{ lsqfdf ljeqm 5 / ;f]xl cg';f/sf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5. Pp6f lgjf{xd'vl s[lif hf] ljkggsf nflu hlljsf]kfh{g pkfo / csf] { Jofj;flos s[lif hf] ;DkGgsf nflu cfo cfh{gsf] ;kmn dfwod. o; kl/k ]Ifdf o;sf] ] lbuf]kgfsf] af/]df egg'kbf{ ;fob xfdln] ol b'a} vfn] s[lifsf cfwf/x, Jff tl ; f]tx h;df ol cfwfl/t 5g\, e'ng'x'gg. ;dli6df egg'kbf{ df6f] t h'g;'s} s[lifsf] klg cfwf/ xf] To;}n] ] e";+/if0fn] t prr k fyldstf g} kfpg'k5{ s[lifnfo{ lbuf] /flv/fvg. ;fy} s'zn hnfwf/ ;+/If0fdfkm{t h+un / hnsf] oyf;dej plrt ;+/If0f h?/l 5. o;} u/l lgjf{xd'vl v]tlsf nflu dfgjzlqm / Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu k' FhL / >dzlqm klg t ctogt} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5 h;sf] s'zn Joj:yfkgnfO{ klg sd cffsg'x'gg. hgfj/sf] :yfg t b'a} vfn] s[lifdf dxtjk"0f{ 5 h;nfo{ klg oyf;dej ;+/If0f lbg} k of]. o;/l ha xfdl xfd f s[lifsf ol clegg cjoj Pj+ cfwf/x plrt kdf Jojl:yt / ;+/lift kf/l ltglx n] xfd f v]taf/ldf lbg] nufglk lt cfzj:t x'g5f} + ta xfd f] s[lif lbuf] x'g5. cjfoj c sf] k wfgtf / pkof]lutfsf] cfwf/df ;3gtfdf / ;dofjlwdf km/s eptfklg tldwo] s'g} Psdf klg :vng cfpdf xfd f] s[lifdf Ps jf ax' ljrng cfpf5 / of] lbuf] x'g ;Sb}g. of] xfdln] ef]lucfps} jf:tljstf xf]. xfd f] jf:tljstf s[lifnfo{ lbuf] agfo/fvg o;sf cfwf/ jf cjfojx sf] ;+/If0f ug' { ckl/xfo{ x'g5, of] zfzjt ;To xf]. xfd f] oyfy{tf s] 5 t egg]df s]xl rrf{ ug' { pko'qm xf]nf oxff. hdlgm xfd f] kl/k ]Ifdf hdlgljgfsf] v]tl csnkglo g} egbf cltzof]lqm gxf]nf t/ lj8dagf To:tf] dxtjk"0f{ k fs[lts lglwsf] cj:yf Hofb} gfh's 5. e"ifo, cdnls/0f, Iff/Ls/0f, af9l klx/f], v08ls/0f, 38]/Ls/0f, ;x/ls/0f, 8f]h/Ls/0f h:tf cg]sg ;d:ofn] cfqmfgt 5 xfd f] hdlg. b]zdf df6f]sf] Ifdtf / ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df lglb{i6 x'g'kg] e"pkof]u glltsf] lgtfgt cefj 5. sf7df8f} F pktosf dfq gep/ b]zsf cgo 7"nf ;x/sf cf;kf;sf pj{/ e"ld 38]/Lsf gfddf 6'lqmFb} agh/ agb} 5g\. k"j{klzrd /fhdfu{ / To;af6 glhs kg] { ef/tlo ;LdfjtL{ ;x/x sf alrsf pahfp hdlgdf cf}bf]lus unnlsf] gfdn] sf/vfgfx sf] /hfof 5. xfn}sf jif{x df ufpfn] s[lif ;8s tyf ;xh cfjfudgsf gfddf hyfefal cem 8f]h/ h:tf d]l;gx nufp/ af6f] vgg] sfo{n] sof} + kxf8 tyf a] F;Lsf pahfp 6f/ / ;dy/x klx/f] ] / k'/fosf] rk]6fdf r]lkpsf 5g\. a9l pahfp lng] WofpGgdf Psf]xf/f] gfo6«f]hg tyf km:kmf]/;o'qm /f;folgs dnsf] nuftf/ k of]un] df6f]df epsf ;"Id ttjnfo{ afnln] lno/xg] t/ To:tf ttjx sf] s'g} klg lx;fan] k lt:yfkg gul/gfn] t/fo{sf clwsf+z kmff6x af6 t]n afnl -tf]/l_, sf];] 26 xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!)

5 afnl -rgf_ h:tf ;"IdtTj ;+j]bgzln afnlx lgld6\ofgg epsf dfq xf]og d'vo afnlx d} klg ljlegg ljs[ltsf sf/0f pahf 36\bf] 5. h+unm s'g} a]nf æxl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wgæ eg]/ lrlgg] h+un clxn] rf}tkml{ cfqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf 5. hg;+vofsf] a9\bf] rfk, /fhg}lts cl:y/tf clg of]hgfljxlg lj:tfl/t ;x/ls/0f / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f o;sf k d'v sf/0f x'g\. lautsf b'o{ bzsdf dfq nfvf} F x]s6/ If]qdf jg kmf8fgl epsf] elgg5 / Tof] qmd oyfjt 5. tflnsf! df g]kfndf a9\bf] hg;+vof / 36\bf] h+un If]qsf] cffs8f k :t't ul/psf] 5 M tflnsf!= g]kfndf h+unn] 9fs]sf] If]q / hg;+vofsf] ;dofg';f/sf] kl/jlt{t k jif{ -O= h+unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -Ü_ ; f]tx M HMG/ ADB/FINNIDA,1988; HMG/ADB/FINNIDA, 1988; DFRS, 1999; c= np&v =21 xfdlsxff epsf h+unx ;/sf/l, ;fd'bflos, sa'lnotl, wfld{s / lghldf ;a}egbf a9l ;/sf/l jg cltqmldt 5. sa'lnotl, wfld{s / lghl jgx sf cfcfkm\g} e"ldsf 5g\ lbuf] s[lifdf. t/ ltglx sf] If]q / pkfb]otf ;Lldt epsfn] kfog] of]ubfg klg ;Lldt x'g] g} ef]. g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos jg lgs} ;kmn dflgpsf] 5 / o;n] w]/}sf] Wofg cfs[i6 u/]sf] 5. g]kfn ;/sf/n] sl/j #% nfv x]s6/ jg If]q - ;Dk"0f{ jgsf] ^%Ü_ ;fd'bflos jgsf kdf :yfglo hgtfnfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug{ ;lsg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 h;dwo]df ;Dddf ;/sf/n]!@ nfv # xhf/ x]s6/ -#%=!$Ü_ ;/sf/l jg If]q!,^^,))) 3/w'/L cfa4!$,$*( jg pkef]qmf ;d"xx nfo{ x:tfgt/0f u/]sf] lyof]v / clxn];dddf sl/a!# nfv x]s6/ jg If]q,!*,))) ;d"xx n] ;fd'bflos kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\. oblk of] :yfglo g]tfx, jg pkef]qmf dxf;+3 / ;/sf/sf] alrsf] lqkiflo tfgftfglsf] b'irqmdf gk/]sf] eg] xf]og. olt x'fbfx'fb} klg of] ;Tsfo{df w]/} ;+3 ;+:yfx / :yfglo :t/df Jofks kdf ;d'bfo g} ;lqmo epsfn] o;af6 lgs} cfz ug{ ;lsg5. hn M b]zsf] s[lifof]uo hdlgsf] sl/a $) Ü hdlgdf dfq l;frfo ;'ljwf k'ug ;s]sf] 5. To;df klg k fom 7"nf l;frfo cfof]hgfx o;/l agfopsf 5g\ ls ltgsf] dd{t ;Def/sf nflu ljb]zl ;xof]u g} rflxg5. ufpf 7fpFdf k/dk/fb]lv ;~rflnt s'nfx t lbuf] g} b]lvpsf 5g tfklg ltglx xfn b]lvpsf] clgolgqt / of]hgfljxlg 9+un] hyfefal 8fF8fkfvf etsfp/ lrl/psf ;8sx n] ubf{ d'xfg ;'Sg] /f]un] u :t 5g\. xfn}sf lbgx df hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 h:tf df};dl k lts"ntf clg h+unljxlg ag]sf 8fF8fkfvfsf sf/0f jiff{ ofddf k/]sf] kfgl hdlgd'lg la:tf/} k:g gkfpg] / af9lsf] kdf au]/ hfg] epsfn] kfglsf k/dk/fut d"nx l;l4g] qmd a9\bf] 5. kl5nnf] ;dodf cfp/ ljlegg bft[ lgsfo Pj+ u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx sf] ;lqmotf / ;xof]udf em/lsf] kfgl ;+sng / pkof]usf ;fy} af/ld} klg lr:ofg ;+/If0f k ljlwsf] ljsf; / k of]u gepsf] t xf]og t/ ltglx ;Lldt If]q / afnldf dfq pkof]ul epsfn] Tolt Jofks x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. oblk ol k ljlwx df ;do / 7fpFcg';f/ ;'wf/ ub} ltglx sf] Jofks k of]u / k rf/ lbuf] s[lifsf] ljsf;df Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ kxn x'g] s'/fdf b'o{ dt x'g ;Sb}g. h}ljs ljljwtf M k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv xfd f k'vf{x n] ub} { cfpsf] s[lif afnlgfnlx ljljwtfdf wgl lyp. ;do, 7fpF, kl/l:yltcg';f/sf] afnl / afnlsf hft nfpg] nfdf] cg'ejn] ;kmntf / lbuf]kgf :yflkt u/]sf] lyof]. s[lifdf afnlgfnlx nfo{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g] u/l ;+of]hg ul/gyof]. ;dosf] ult / hg;+vofsf] rfk;fu} ljsf;] s[lifsf] cjt/0f eof]. xfd f k/dk/fut afnl / ltgsf 7fpF goff goff a9l kmng] hftn] cf]u6] / ;f]xlcg';f/sf k ljlwx la:tf/} lelqp. Ps t tl hft / k ljlwx xfd f clwsf+z xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!) 27

6 } { kxf8l / vl08t hdlg k wfg s[lif k 0ffnL cg's"n /x]g5g\ eg] csf] { ltglx xfd f nflu w]/} lx;fan] dxfuf / cg'ko'qm ;flat e};s]sf 5g\. a9l kmng] hftx nfo{ clws vfbttj cfjzos kg] { x'bf xfdln] cfkm\gf] b]zdf gkfog] /f;folgs dn / ljiffbl NofP/ w]/} kmnfpg] cfzdf cgwfw'gb k of]u u of} F. cfkm\gf afnl, lap / k ljlw clg ltgsf] pkof]u ug] { afgl klg x/fpb} upsf5g\ / PsnafnL k 0ffnLlt/ ls;fgx cfslif{t epsf 5g\. hgfj/ M xfd f] s[lif k 0ffnL PsLs[t :jefjsf] epsfn] o;sf] Pp6f clegg c+usf kdf hgfj/x vf; u/]/ 3/kfn'jf :yflkt 5g\. xfdlsxff k rlnt ;a} vfn] s[lif k 0ffnLÙ lgjf{xd'vl, Jofj;flos, 3'dGt] kz'kfng, ;x/ 5]p5fpsf ;fgf s[lif pbd cflbdf hgfj/sf] plqs} dxtj 5. oblk c sf] t'ngfdf of] cu k+lqmd} 5. :yfglo hgfj/sf hftx nf]k x'g] qmddf 5g\, b]zdf dfu cg';f/sf] kz'hgo vfb kbfy{sf] cfoft klg a9\bf] 5. /f]ujofwlsf] ;d:of a9\bf] 5, lgoldt ujf{wfgdf klg ;d:of 5, ls;fgsf] k lt:kwl{ Ifdtf 36\bf] 5, ;fy} kz'hgo vfb kbfy{df a9\bf] k lth}ljlssf] k of]un] ltglx sf] pkof]lutfdf g} udel/ k Zg p7fpsf] 5. hgtf M xfd f] s[lifsf] dgdl:tissf kdf :yflkt / Joj:yfkssf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] hgtf jf ls;fgsf] cj:yf emg\ boglo 5. lbgsf] sl/a!%)) jf jflif{s $ nfvegbf a9l o'jfx ljb]lzg5g\ clxn], ;fx';fu C0f sf9]/ / cfkm\gf] lgtfgt clglzrt eljio af]sb} ljb]lzpsf 5g\. o;/l xfd f] s[lifsf ;a} cjojx etfe'ë epsf] ] cj:yfdf s]nfo{ / s;/l lbuf] agfpg] Pp6f uxg / oif k Zg 5 xfd f;fd'. cem To;df /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / ljs[t zf;g Joj:yfn] cfuf]df l3p ykg] sfd ul//fv]sf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fob of] ;d:ofsf] Ps dfq cf}iflw eg]sf] ;/sf/l pko'qm glltaf6 k f]t;flxt / ;dlk{t ls;fg / ltglx sf] cbdo ;fx; dfq x'g ;S5. ;a}sf nflu / To;df klg gllt lgdf{0fdf cfl;g x:tlx sf nflu dgglo s'/f s] xf] eg] olb s'g} klg ;dfh jf b]zsf] s[lif tgb'?:t 5}g eg] c s]xl klg 7Ls x'g ;Sb}g lsgls ef]sf] k]6df cfl>t lbdfun] k ultsf] lrgtg ug} { ;Sb}g. s[lif ljsf; / ;/sf/l gllt ;/sf/n] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df s[lifsf] of]ubfgsf] d"nofíg ub} { cfkm\gf ;a} cfjlws of]hgfx df s[lifnfo{ yf]/} eg] klg dxtj lbo{ o;sf nflu sfo{qmd / vr{ g5'6\ofpsf] t x}g. t/ la8dagf g} egg'k5{ ljzfn ef}uf]lns Pj+ cy{ ;fdflhs ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t xfd f] s[lifsf ljljw ;d:ofx nfo{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jflif{s ah]6sf] # b]lv $ k ltztsf] xf/fxf/ldf 5'6\ofOPsf] vr{ ;b}j Go"g g} /Xof]. cem csf] { b'mvb\ s'/f t s[lifsf] ljsf; eg]sf] alxl/ofn] g} ul/b]nfg\ eg]/ xf] ls Sof xf] b]zsf clwsf+z s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmdx ;/sf/l lgoldt sfo{qmd egbf klg cfjlws kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ;~rflnt ep h;af6 cfzf ul/psf k ltkmn klg s]xl ckjfbnfo{ 5f]8]/ kl/of]hgf cgto;fu} t'lxp. lsgls ltglx nlift kl/j]z / ;d'bfoegbf cnu stf{ / :yfgaf6 hlgdpsf / sof{gjog ul/psf lyp. ltglx sf] lbuf]kgfsf] af/]df vf;} s;}n] klg rf;f] b]vfpsf] kfopg. x'g t g]kfndf ;g\!(*^ b]lv g} lbuf] s[lifsf] ax; ;'? ep klg o;n] Jofkstf eg] vf;} kfpg ;s]g. oblk xfnsf jif{x df g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;df 7"n} of]ubfg k' ofpfb} cfpsf u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx n] eg] lbuf]kgfsf] af/]sf lgs} jsfnt u/]sf] kfog5. ;/sf/l glltx s} s'/f ubf{ klg lbuf] s[lifsf nflu xfn;dd 5' } glltut b:tfj]h gep klg y'k } ljbdfg ;/sf/l glltx, vf; u/]/ k fëfl/s s[lif k aw{gdfkm{t, lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]ul 5g\. pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6«o dngllt bzf} + k~rjifl{o /fli6«o s[lifgllt h}ljs ljljwtf gllt afx f+ tlgjif] { cgtl/d tlgjif] t]x f+ } cgtl/d cflb. t/ sdhf]/ /fho ;~rfng ;+ogq, ljljw sfof{gjog / sfo{ut sdhf]/ln] ltglx n] cfzftlt k ltkmn lbg eg] ;s]sf 5}gg\. ax'rlr{t / glthf ck]lift bl3{sfnlg s[lifgllt g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] 7"n} nio lnp/ cfpsf] lyof] t/ 28 xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!)

7 o;sf] ;xof]ul :j k csf] { 5' } kl/of]hgf NofpFbf klg o;nfo{ ;kmntf ldng ;s]g. o;sf] d'vo sfo{ut /0fgLlt eg]sf] s[lifdf goff k ljlwsf] k of]u / 5flgPsf 7fpFx df lglb{i6 afxo nufglsf] ;Sbf] k aw{gdfkm{t s[lif ;3gtf ckgffp/ s[lif ptkfbstj a9fpfb} To;sf] ;sf/ftds c;/ cgo u}/s[lif If]qdf klg k' ofo{ b]zsf] cy{tgqdf ;sf/ftds k efj kfg] xf]. t/ xfd f] h:tf], afxoegbf klg cfgtl/s ; f]t ;fwg / df};ddf cfwfl/t lgjf{xd'vl s[lifsf] ax'ntf, ef}uf]lns las6tf, cfkm\g} b]zdf s[lif ptkfbgdf k of]u x'g] nufgl j:t' -vf; u/]/ s[lif /;fog_ gx'g' ;fy} s[lifdf cfwfl/t pbf]ux klg gkm:6fpsf / cfkm\gf pkhx lnp/ cgt/f{li6«o ahf/df klg ;xh} hfg g;sg], b]zdf afxo nufgl / kf 'hl a9fp/ s[lifsf] ljsf; t ;xh lypg. To;df klg ;/sf/l sfdx sf] sfof{gjog kif ;b}j sdhf]/ /xg' clg lgoldt kdf n]vfhf]vfsf] cefj cflbn] klg cfzftlt kmn k flktdf Jojwfg x'g' :jfeflas} xf]. To;}n] cfh b]zn] o:tf] bl3{sfnlg s[lif glltsf] ck]iff u/l /fv]sf] 5 h;df dfly elgpsf ;a} sdl sdhf]/lx sf] oy]i6 ;Daf]wg xf]cf];\ / To;n] s[lifsf] lbuf]kgfsf] k Tofe"lt b]cf];\. casf] af6f] b]zn] s'g} klg gllt agfo{ c+lusf/ ubf{ s] a'em\g' h?/l 5 eg] ;f] eg]sf] ;DalGwt If]qsf] bl3{sfnlg dfu{bz{s b:tfa]h x'g5 / o;sf] c;/ cgo If]qx df klg k5{. clxn] bl3{sfnlg s[lif gllt agfpg] s;/t rln/x]sf] a]nf ;aegbf klxn] t ;DalGwt lgsfon] o;sf p2]zo, ;f]r / sfof{gjog kifx dfly ulx/f] lrgtg u/l ;f] s'/f ;dflji6 k f/ldes d:of}bf tof/ ug' {k5{. To;nfO{ ljlegg tx / tksfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx ;Fu :ki6 kdf /fvl lglzrt ;dosf nflu dfq eg] klg v'nf ax;df nfg'k5{ / Jofks 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg'k5{. To;af6 cfpsf k[i7kf]if0fx nfo{ ;dfj]z u/l ca Tof] v]; f ;DalGwt lj1sxff hfg'k5{. lj1x sf] j}1flgs lrgtg / xfd f] jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t To;sf] Jofjxfl/s kifdf k"/} b:tfj]hnfo{ v/f];fu ptfg' {k5{. olt a]nf xfdln] ljutsf c;kmntfnfo{ kf7sf] kdf lnp/ o;df To:tf] untl gbf]x]l/of];\ egl rgfvf] x'g'k5{. olt e};s]kl5 ;DalGwt lgsfon] j}1flgs z/l/ / Jofaxfl/s c+u k ToË epsf] b:tfj]h agfpg'k5{ / ljlw k' ofo{ ;/sf/l glltsf] kdf Nofpg'k5{ h;df cgo kifsf ;fy} lgdg kifx cjzo} ;dfj]z x'g'k5{. uffp:t/lo s[lif tyf jg ;ldltsf] ;lqmos/0f, ;anls/0f / ;zqmls/0f u/l :yfglo :t/df s[lif vf]kl tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg' cfjzos b]lvg5. :yfglo ; f]t ;fwgdf Gofof]lrt xs clwsf/ / ltglx sf] aff8kmff8 u/l v]/ u}/x]sf] hdlgx df l5 } a9\g] la?jfx sf] ;fd'bflos j[if/f]k0fdfkm{t k'g?tyfg ug' { ctogt} cfjzos 5. JolQmut / ;fd'bflos :t/df kfglsf d'xfgx Hff]ufpg], em/lsf] kfgl ;+u x0f ug] { cfkm\g} v]taf/lsf hnfwf/ hf]ufo hn; f]tsf] ;xl ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug' {kb{5. df};dl vx/]x sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/l ToxfFaf6 v]/ u}/x]sf] hdlg lgsfng k of; ug] { / kfglsf] plrt e08f/0f u/l pkof]u ug' {kb{5. le/fnf] hdlgdf pkof]ul ljz]if k ljlw -Slopping Agriculture Land Technology_ 3 nfo{ Jofks agfpg], ;dli6 s[lifk 0ffnL cg';gwfg / ljsf;dfkm{t hdlg / kl/l:ylt ;'xfpfbf df}h'bf cjojx sf] s'zntd ;+of]hg u/l PsLs[t s[lifsf 9fFrfx tof/ kf/l k ;f/ ug' { cfjzos 5. :yfglo :t/df afnl la?jf tyf hgfj/sf hft / ;DaGw 1fg / ;Lksf] hu] {gfnfo{ prr k fyldstf lbg' h?/l 5. ax'jifl{o?v afnlx h:t}m lrof, skml,?v s6x/, gl/jn, ;'kf/l cflbsf] v]tlnfo{ k f]t;fxg ug' { cfjzos 5. b]znfo{ lapdf cftdlge{/ agfpg ;a} ;Defljt pkfox cjndag ug' { kb{5. b]zdf cfkm" cg's"nsf] dn tyf s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf ug] { / h}ljs dn ptkfbgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg' ctogt} 3 of] e" ;+/If0fsf ljlegg pkfox?nfo{ ;dfof]hg u/l e"ifo Go"lgs/0f ub}{ le/fnf s[lif of]uo hldgdf ptkfbg a9fpg] k ljlw xf]. xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!) 29

8 cfjzos 5. w]/} dfqfdf kmng] / vfb Joj:yfkgdf k ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fvg] afnlx sf] Go"gtd d"no tf]s]/ lsgl e08f/0f ub} { kl5 cfjzostfdf ls;fgx nfo{ plrt d"nodf pknaw u/fpg' kb{5. :yfglo :t/s} vfb ptkfbg / pkef]unfo{ a9fjf lbo{ cfoftlt vfbj:t'nfo{ lg?t;flxt ub} { :yfglo ahf/sf] ljsf; u/l ptkfbs pkef]qmf gftfsf] cfwf/df :yfglo vfb;'/iff ;'lglzrt ug'{ clt cfjzos 5. ax'd"no afnlx / k fª\ufl/s v]tlsf] la:tf/ / ltglx sf] ptkfbg / ahf/sf nflu ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug{ kb{5. :yfglotfdf cfwfl/t ljz]ifvfn] afnl gfnlx nfo{ k f]t;fxg u/l cgtf{li6«o ahf/;dd k' ofpg] cleofgsf] yfngl ug' {kb{5 / To;sf nflu :yfglo :t/df ptkflbt j:t'x sf] k zf]wg / u'0f clej[l4sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5. vfgfafx]ssf b}lgs ctofjzoslo s[lifhgo j:t'x h:t}m lrgl, h'6 tyf skf;df b]znfo{ cftdlge{/ agfpg]tkm{ 7f]; sbd rfng] / ls;fgnfo{ ltgsf] ptkfbgdf k f]t;flxt ug' {kb{5. s[lif lziffnfo{ ;s];dd cfwf/e"t lziffsf] >]0fLdf /fvg] / u fdl0f :t/sf ljbfnox df clgjfo{ ug' {kb{5. s[lifdf prrlziff lbg] ;+:yfx df ls;fgsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lglzrt ;+Vofdf cf/if0f lbg] Joj:yf nfu' x'g'kb{5. cfoftlt s[lifdf nufglsf ;fwgx sf] k of]unfo{ lg?t;flxt ub} { To:tf ;fdu Lx :yfglodf g} agfpg k f]t;flxt ug' {kb{5. cfoft ug' { g} k/] s8f lgu/fgl /fvl ltglx sf] :t/lotf ;'lglzrt ug' {kb{5. s[lif /;fog vf; u/]/ ljiffblx sf] laqml Pj+ k of]udf s8f lgodx sf] Joj:yf ug' {kb{5. ufpf :t/df ;xsf/l Joj:yfnfO{ ;zqmls/0f u/l Jofks / cem k efjsf/l agfpg] / tl ;xsf/lx nfo{ ;xh / sd Aofhb/df C0f pknaw u/fpfb} / ;f] ;xl kdf k of]u epsf] gepsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug] { Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5. /fli6«o s[lif cg';gwfg kl/ifb\nfo{ cfkm\gf cg';gwfg :ynx sf] ;+Vof b]zdf df}h'bf s[lif kl/j]zsf] cfwf/df a9fo{ kl/j]zcg';f/sf afnl / ;DaGw k ljlwsf] ljsf;df nufpg' kb{5. s[lifdf sfd ug] { ;/sf/l ;+:yfx sf] sfo{s'zntf a9fpg :yfglo ;/sf/l lgsfox ;Fu k efjsf/l ;dgjo ug' {kb{5. s[lifif]qdf ;/sf/l nufgl a9fo{ ;f] nufglsf] 7fpF / p2]zo cg' k ;b'kof]u ep gepsf] s8fo;fy cg'udg ug] { u/fpg' kb{5.... i Gips, T., Breaking the pesticide habit. International Organization of Consumers Union, Malayasia. ii WECD, Our common future. Oxford University Press. iii TAC/CGIAR Sustainable agricultural production: implications for international agricultural research. Rome: FJO. iv bfxfn, g]kfnl kl/j]zdf s[lif lj1fg / ;+:s[lt= s6f/l :dfl/sf= s6f/l ljbfyl{ ;dfh, pbok'/. kfgf,!&@!&(= v Adhikari, J. R. and.b. Adhikari Political conflicts and community forestry: understanding the impact of the decade-long armed conflicts on environment and livelihood security in rural Nepal. Paper presented in CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management (June 28 July 1, 2010) Siem Reap, Cambodia. 30 xfd f] jg ;Dkbf jif{!)