g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf P;=s]= zdf{, l8=kl= kf08], s]=al= zfx, Pkm= l6nofs, Pkm= Rofk'lo;, ;L=Pn= yfkf, O{= Pln/f]n / p= s'v

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf P;=s]= zdf{, l8=kl= kf08], s]=al= zfx, Pkm= l6nofs, Pkm= Rofk'lo;, ;L=Pn= yfkf, O{= Pln/f]n / p= s'v"

Kelly Wheeler
5 years ago
Views:

1 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf P;=s]= zdf{, l8=kl= kf08], s]=al= zfx,, Pkm= Rofk'lo;, ;L=Pn= yfkf, O{= Pln/f]n / p= s'v

2 If you are bitten by a snake 1. Don't panic. Most snakes are not dangerous, and even those that are dangerously venomous often do not inject venom when they bite a person. 2. Don't risk further bites or delay appropriate treatment by attempting to search, capture or kill the snake. However, if the snake is already killed, it should be carried safely along with the patient to the treatment centre for identification. 3. Immobilize the bitten limb with a splint or sling and keep it still. 4. Don't run. If possible, let others carry you immediately (preferably by motor vehicle) to the nearest health centre where anti-snake venom serum is available. Using a motorcycle will help to save time. 5. Don't cut, burn or suck the bite site or the bitten body part. 6. Don't use herbs, chemicals, ice/cool packs or electric shocks. olb tkfo{nfo{ ;k{n] 8;]sf] 5 eg]!_ xtf]t;fxlt gx'g'xf];, ;fx } kl/ gug'{xf];, w]/} h;f] ;k{x? ljiffn' x'b}gg\ / cem} egg] xf] eg] vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{x?n] klg dflg;nfo{ 8;]sf] v08df k fom cfˆgf] ljif 8;]sf] 7fpFdf ;k{nfo{ ;dfpg jf dfg{ vf]h]/ csf] { 8;fO{sf] vt/f gdf]ng'xf];\ / ;k{nfo{ vf]h] ]/ pko'qm pkrf/sf] nflu l9nf gug' {xf];\. olb ;k{nfo{ cl3g} dfl/;lspsf] 5 eg], To;sf] klxrfgsf] nflu d/]sf] ;k{nfo{ la/fdl;fu} pkrf/s]gb df ;'/lift tj/n] n}hfg'xf];\. #_ ;k{b+z epsf] xft v' fnfo{ Pp6f :KnLG6Ú jf :nlëúsf] ;xfotfn] crn agfpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ :yl/ /fvg'xf];\. $_ gbf}8g'xf];\. tkfo{nfo{ c? s;}n] ttsfn} -vf;u/l df]6/uf8laf6_ k ltljif -ljif k lt/f]wftds cf}iflw_ pknaw x'g] glhs}sf] :jf:yo s]gb df n}hfg nufpg'xf];\. df]6/;fosnsf] k of]un] ;do arfpg ;xof]u ug]{ 5. %_ ;k{n] 8;]sf] 7fpFdf sf6\g], r':g] / cfuf]n] 8fDg] sfd gu{g'xf];\. ^_ hl8a'l x?, /;folgs kbfy{x?, j/km lr;f] kf]sfx? jf lah'nlsf] em6\sf nufp/ pkrf/ ug]{ sfd gu{g'xf];\. &_ 8;]sf] 7fpFaf6 /utnfo{ s'g} ogqsf] ;xfotfn] tfgg] ug'{ x'fb}g. *_ k f/ldes cj:yfdf v';f{gl vfp/ ljiffn' ;k{n] 8;]sf] yfxf x'fb}g, o;n] t k]6 kf]n]/ pkrf/df emg afwf k' ofpf5. (_ s'v'/fsf] dnåf/ 8;]sf] 7fpFdf nufpfbf ljif r':5 egg] wf/0ff unt xf].

3 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x? tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf P;=s]= zdf{, l8=kl= kf08], s]=al= zfx,, Pkm= Rofk'lo;, ;L=Pn= yfkf, O{= Pln/f]n / p= s'v c? tl:a/x? Pr=P;= ej:s/, P= Sofk6]g, Pd=P=8An'= rf}w'/l, P;= bnjl, 8An'= u f];dofg, P= u'dk ]St, el=s]= ldl:q, Pg= cf]/nf]e, Pr=Pr= :nfo;, P;= 7fs'/, 8L=P= jf/]n af6

4 n]vsx? k f= 8f= ;+lhj s'df/ zdf{, lj=kl= sf]o/fnf :jf:yo lj1fg k lti7fg -w/fg, g]kfn_ >L b]j k ;fb kf08], jfof]8foe/l;6l P08 SnfOd]6 l/;r{ ;]G6/ -ˆ ofíkm6{, hd{gl_ k f= s/g axfb'/ zfx, k fs[lts lj1fg ;+u xfno, lqe'jg ljzjljbfno -sf7df08f}+, g]kfn_ >L ˆ ofgs l6nofs, Do'lhod km/ gf6'/s'g8] -aln{g, hd{gl_ k f= 8f= k ]m+sf]o; Rofk'lo;, h]g]ef o'lge/l;6l xl:k6n;\ -h]g]ef, :jl6\h/nof08_ 8f= 5ljnfn yfkf, l;gw'nl lhnnf c:ktfn -l;gw'nl, g]kfn_ 8f= PldnL Pln/f]n, h]g]ef o'lge/l;6l xl:k6n;\ -h]g]ef, :jl6\h/nof08_ 8f= pln/v s'v, jfof]8foe/l;6l P08 SnfOd]6 l/;r{ ;]G6/ -ˆ ofíkm6{, hd{gl_, Ulrich.Kuch@senckenberg.de k sfzs lj=kl= sf]o/fnf :jf:yo lj1fg k lti7fg w/fg, g]kfn Venomous Snakes of Nepal - A photographic guide S.K. SHARMA, D.P. PANDEY, K.B. SHAH, F. TILLACK, F. CHAPPUIS, C.L. THAPA, E. ALIROL & U. KUCH klxnf] kmfnu'g (February 2013) ;jf{lwsf/ n]vsx?df o; k':tssf] k sfzgdf g]kfnsf nflu :jl; /fhb'tfjf; / :jl; ;/sf/ ljsf; ;xof]u -P; 8L ;L_ g]kfnaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u k fkt epsf]df xflb{s cfef/ k s6 ul/g5. ;fy} o; k':tssf] k sfzgdf ljlegg ;xof]u k' ofpg' epsf]df :jl; /fhb'tfjf; / -P; 8L ;L_ sf jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t >L bl08/fd ljzjsdf{ / ;k{b+z cwoog sfo{s d, lj=kl= sf]o/fnf :jf:yo lj1fg k lti7fg w/fgsf >L dldt /fo{nfo{ wgojfb 1fkg ul/g5. o; k':tssf] k of]u cwoog, cg';gwfg ;DalGwt n]vg sfo{df ug{ ;lsg] 5. t/ n]vs / k sfzsnfo{ oyf]lrt >]o lbg' kb{5. of] k':ts Pp6f cjoj;flos / gfkmf /lxt k sfzg xf]. o;sf] Joj;flos?kdf las L tyf ljt/0f ug{ dgfxl 5. o;sf] ljb'tlo k ltlnlk tn lbopsf] jfof]8foe/l;6l P08 SnfOd]6 l/;r{ ;]G6/sf] j]a;fo6af6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsg] 5. ISBN Number : k sfzg ;+Vof M #,%)) l8hfog tyf d'b 0f M kfj/sd, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/, ;Dk{s g+= )! %%%@(*& (Sanepa, Lalitpur) cfj/0f tl:a/ M uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja), tl:a/ p= s'vaf6.

5 b'o{ zab g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x? af/] tof/ ul/psf] o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df dnfo{ w]/} v'zl nfu]sf] 5. k fs[lts ljljwtf / ;'Gb/tfsf] wgl b]z g]kfndf 8/ qf;sf kfq ag]sf uf]dg, s/]t, d'uf / x of} ;k{ h:tf h}ljs ;Dkbfsf] af/]df ;lrq j0f{g u/]/ o;n] dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfg k' ofpsf] 5. ljiffn' ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] blif0f Plzofsf hgdfg;nfo{ ctoflws kl8f u/fpsf] 5. o:t} kl8f g]kfnsf] t/fo{ If]qdf klg 5 hxff ;k{sf] 8;fO{ ;Fw} hg:jf:yo ;DaGwL] rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5. ljzjjofkl?kdf k[yjlsf] tfkdfg a9]sf] sf/0fn] xfd f] t/fo{sf s]xl ljiffn' ;k{x?n] klg eljiodf kxf8l If]qdf ;d]t ;d:of u/fpg ;Sb5g\ hxff :yfgloaf;lx? o; ;d:ofsf] af/]df clxn] ;Dd tof/ gepsf x'g ;S5g\. t;y{, o; k':tsnfo{ xfdl b]ze/l ljt/0f xf]; egg] rfxfg5f}+. g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jf:yo tyf hg;ª\vof dgqfno dfkm{t ;k{b+zaf6 dfgj hljgsf] /Iff ug]{, ;k{sf] ljifsf lj? tof/ ul/psf] k ltljif cf}iflwnfo{ c:ktfnx? / ;k{b+z pkrf/ s]gb x?df lgmz'ns ljt/0f ug]{ / :jf:yosdl{x?sf] nflu tflndsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ of] ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ub}{ cfpsf] 5. o:tf sfo{s dx?nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg / lj:tf/ ug{ xfdl k"0f{tof k ltj 5f}+. d]/f] ljrf/df g]kfndf ;k{b+zaf6 arg] pkfo / o;sf] lsnlgsn Joj:yfkgsf y'k } kifx?sf] cem} cwoog cg';gwfg x'g cfjzos 5. o; ;Gbe{df oxff eo{/x]sf cwoog cg';gwfgaf6 k fkt k df0fx?sf cfwf/df o; lgb]{lzsfnfo{ eljiodf cem kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug] ;d]t ljzjf; lnpsf] 5'. o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn, :jl6\h/nof08 / hd{glsf lrlst;s / hlj j}1flgsx?sf] cgt/fli6«o ;dgjosf] Pp6f pbfx/0fsf]?kdf o; k':tsnfo{ u x0f ug{ kfpfbf dnfo{ c;fwo} v'zl nfu]sf] 5. ol lj1x?sf] cys k of;n] ctogt} j]jf:tf / pk]iff ul/psf] ;k{b+z ;DaGwL] 1fg / pkrf/ k 0ffnLnfO{ phfu/ ug{ 7"nf] of]ubfg k' ofpsf] 5. d cfzf ub5'{ ls o; k':tssf] cwoogaf6 g]kfnl hgtfn] jftfj/0f, :jf:yo lziff / ;k{b+zsf] plrt pkrf/ ;DaGwL] 1fg k fkt ug]{ 5g\. cgtdf, o; k':tssf] k sfzgn] ;k{ / ;k{b+z ;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] clej[l ub}{ eljiodf o; ljifodf c? j}1flgs cg';gwfg ug{ k f]t;flxt ug]{ 5 egg] z'esfdgf k s6 ub{5'. -8f= k jl0f ld>_ ;lrj

$df ljif]zu/l uf]dg ;k{sf] -gfu_ pnn]v epsf] kfo{g5 / of] ;k{nfo{ y'k } wd{x?df k"hglo kfqsf]?kdf klg u x0f ul/psf] e]l6g5. ;k{x?n] jf:tjdf s[lif If]qdf dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'g5g\. ;k{x?n] d';fsf] ;+VofnfO{ lgogq0f u/]/ cgfhsf] ptkfbgdf j[l4 u/fpg] / s[ifsx?$ $sf] cfdbfglnfo{ ;'lglzrt ug]{ u/fpfb5g\, ;fy} loglx?n] d';fsf] sf/0f km}lng] /f]ux?sf] lgogq0fdf ;d]t dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5g\. la8djgf s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf nfvf}+ u fdl0f If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?$ $sf] l;ldttf ;k{sf] 8;fO{af6 w]/} ;+Vofdf x'g] d[to' tyf c;sttfsf] sf/s klg x'g\.$ $g]kfnsf nflu :jl6\h/nof08sf] b'tfjf; / :jl; Ph]G;L km/ 8]e]nf]kd]G6 P08 sf]cf]k/];g -SDC_ n] g]kfndf klxnf]kn6 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x?df k"0f{tof nlift epsf] of] tl:a/o'qm lgb]{lzsf k :t't u/]sf] 5.$

6 e"ldsf k frlg ;do b]lv g} g]kfndf ;k{x?sf] k"hf ug]{, ;k{x?;fu 8/fpg] / ltglx?nfo{ dg gk/fpg] ul/b} cfopsf] 5. y'k } lsdjblgtx? cyf{t k frlg syfx?df ljif]zu/l uf]dg ;k{sf] -gfu_ pnn]v epsf] kfo{g5 / of] ;k{nfo{ y'k } wd{x?df k"hglo kfqsf]?kdf klg u x0f ul/psf] e]l6g5. ;k{x?n] jf:tjdf s[lif If]qdf dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'g5g\. ;k{x?n] d';fsf] ;+VofnfO{ lgogq0f u/]/ cgfhsf] ptkfbgdf j[l4 u/fpg] / s[ifsx?sf] cfdbfglnfo{ ;'lglzrt ug]{ u/fpfb5g\, ;fy} loglx?n] d';fsf] sf/0f km}lng] /f]ux?sf] lgogq0fdf ;d]t dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5g\. la8djgf s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf nfvf}+ u fdl0f If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf nflu ;k{b+z Pp6f b}lgs kl8fbfol ;d:ofsf]?kdf b]lvg' oyfy{ klg xf]. To;}n] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ g]kfndf Ps ;fdfgo h;f] eo{ /xg] / clt ;+j]bgzln hg:jf:yo ;d:of xf]. blif0f Pl;ofel/ ljiffn' ;k{ ;DaGwL 1fg, k fylds pkrf/sf] tl/sf, :jf:yo pkrf/sf] cefjsf ;fy} u'0f:t/o'qm pkrf/ ;]jf / clt cfjzos ljz]if cf}iflwx?sf] l;ldttf ;k{sf] 8;fO{af6 w]/} ;+Vofdf x'g] d[to' tyf c;sttfsf] sf/s klg x'g\. g]kfnsf nflu :jl6\h/nof08sf] b'tfjf; / :jl; Ph]G;L km/ 8]e]nf]kd]G6 P08 sf]cf]k/];g -SDC_ n] g]kfndf klxnf]kn6 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x?df k"0f{tof nlift epsf] of] tl:a/o'qm lgb]{lzsf k :t't u/]sf] 5. o; k':tsdf tl ljiffn' ;k{x?nfo{ Ps cfk;df s;/l 5'6\ofpFg], cljiffn' / slq klg xfgl gug]{ ;k{x?af6 ljiffn' ;k{x? s;/l km/s 5g\, o:tf ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] 8;fO{af6 s;/l 6f9f /xg] / sydsbflrt tl ;k{n] 8;]df plrt pkrf/ s;/l k fkt ug]{ h:tf udel/ s'/fx? ;dlk{t 5g\. g]kfn, :jl6\h/nof08 / hd{glsf lj1x?sf] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] o; k':tssf] k sfzg Pj+ ljt/0fdf cfly{s ;xof]u ub}{, xfdl kof{j/0flo, cfly{s Pj+ lrlst;slo bl[i6n] dxtjk"0f{ dflgpsf hgfj/x?sf] hfgsf/l / pglx? k lt ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] g]kfndf ljsf; x'b} hfcf];\ egg] cfzf ub{5f}+. g]kfndf ;k{sf] ctoflws 8;fO{nfO{ Go"g ug{ ltlgx?sf] km}nfj6, af;:yfg Pj+ cflgjfglx?sf] ;fy} 8;fO{ x'g} gkfpg] Jojxf/pkof]uL pkfox?sf] /fd f] 1fg x'g' cfjzos 5. ;fy}, g]kfndf ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf sf/0f x'g] d[to' Pj+ c;sttfnfo{ sd ug{ ;k{n] 6f]sL ;s]kl5 s] ug]{ / s] gug]{ egg] s'/fsf] klg hfgsf/l x'g' Tolt g} h?/l 5. cgtdf, ;k{ b+z pkrf/ s]gb -;k{n] 6f]s]sf] pkrf/ x'g] :jf:yo s]gb x?_ df s'g ;k{sf] k hfltn] 6f]s]sf] xf] egl yfxf kfpg'n] klg pkrf/ ;DaGwL lg0f{o lng Hofb} dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5. xfdlnfo{ cfzf 5 ls o; k':tsn] dfly pnn]lvt ;a} p ]Zox? k"/f ug{ 7"nf] d2t ug]{ 5. g]kfndf ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] ef}uf]lns km}nfj6, k hflto ljljwtf nufot y'k} ;Gbe{x?af/] clxn] ;Dd klg k"/f hfgsf/l 5}g. w]/}h;f] ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] ljifsf] lj:t[t?kdf cwoog cg';gwfg eps} 5}g. s]xl ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] 8;fO{sf] t k dfl0ft cfwf/ klg 5}gg\. cfzf u/f}+ rf8}f g} o; If]qdf cg';gwfgx? u/]/ goff tyox? km]nf kg]{ 5g\. tl tyox? km]nf k/]kl5 s]xl jif{ leq}, cfd g]kfnlx?sf] lxtsf nflu of] k':ts klg ;dofg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg5. yf]d; uf;, /fhb't / SDC /fli6«o lgb]{zs g]kfnsf nflu :jl6h/nof08sf] /fhb'tfjf;

7 ljifo ;"rl ;k{ eg]sf] s] xf] <! ;k{x?;fu cgo s'g k f0flx? ldnbf h'nbf b]lvg5g\ <! ;k{sf slt k hfltx? x'g5g\ < # dflg;x?sf nflu s'g ;k{x? vt/gfs x'g5g\ < # vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{x?nfo{ cgo ;k{x?af6 s;/l 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 < % xl/of ;k{x? % z/l/df waafepsf ;k{x? ( efok/;fu ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg] ;k{x?!# wfdg / /];;{ ;k{x?!% kfgl ;k{x?!& lrlr08] / ;ffv8 ;k{x?!* ;dfg?kn] sfnf] / v}/f] g]kfndf ;k{sf k hfltx? slt 5g\ / tl dwo] slt k hfltx? vt/gfs 5g\ < s/]t, uf]dg, /fhuf]dg / d'uf ;k{x?n] ag]sf] ;k{sf] ;d"x -Onflk8L aëf/; aëf/f]o8; (Bungarus aëf/; ;]?lno; (Bungarus aëf/; ˆof:;Lof6; (Bungarus aëf/; lnle8; (Bungarus lividus) #@ aëf/; gfoh/ (Bungarus niger) #$ aëf/; jfnl (Bungarus walli) #^ gfhf gfhf (Naja naja) #* gfhf sfcf]lyof (Naja kaouthia) $) cf]lkmof]ˆofu; xfgf (Ophiophagus hannah) $@ ;fogf]dfos '/; DofSn]NofG8L o'lgle/uf6; (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus)

8 af3] ;k{, x of} ;k{x? -efok]/ll8 kl/jf/_ 8\ofjf]Oof /;]nl (Daboia russelii) $* Unf]Ol8o; lxdfnog;\ (Gloydius himalayanus) %) lxdfnof]lkm; lta]tfg;\ (Himalayophis tibetanus) %@ cf]ef]lkm; df]g6lsf]nf (Ovophis monticola) %^ k f]6f]af]y\/f]k; k hflt (Protobothrops sp.) %( 6«fOd]/];'/; l;=pkm= cnaf]nofj L; (Trimeresurus cf. albolabris) ^! 6«fOd]/];'/; ;]K6]gl6«of]gfnL; (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) ^# cgo ljiffn' ;k{x? ^% /\ofa8f]lkm; ;aldlgof6; (Rhabdophis subminiatus) ;k{b+z Joj:yfkg ^* kl/ro ^* ;k{b+zsf nif0fx? ^* uf]dg / s/]tsf] 8;fO{ ^* x of} ;k{x?sf] -efok/ll8_ 8;fO{ ^* k fylds pkrf/ ^( :jf:yo s]gb df ul/g] Joj:yfkg ^( t'?gt} Joj:yf ug]{ ^( k ltljifsf] (Antivenom) ;'O{ nufpg' kg]{ nif0fx? &) ;k{b+zaf6 arg] pkfox? 5gf}6 ul/psf cltl/qm hfgsf/lsf >f]tx? $& ^^ &) &#

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf p= s'v tl:a/!= uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja). ;k{ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;k{x? v' f gepsf tyf stnfn] 9fs]sf] nfdf] z/l/ epsf ;/L;[k ;d"xsf k f0fl x'g\.$ $b08 epsf -z/l/leq xf8 epsf_ k f0fl x'g\, t/ r/f / :tgkfol k f0flx? eg] tftf] /ut epsf k f0fl x'g\ h;n] jftfj/0fsf] tfkqmd 36a9 ep klg cfkm\gf] z/l/ leqsf] tfkqmd l:y/ /fvg ;Sb5g\. ;k{x?$

9 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf p= s'v tl:a/!= uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja). ;k{ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;k{x? v' f gepsf tyf stnfn] 9fs]sf] nfdf] z/l/ epsf ;/L;[k ;d"xsf k f0fl x'g\. ;k{sf k hfltsf] klxrfg ug{ z/l/df epsf sftnfx?sf] cfsf/, k sf/, agf]6 / tf}/tl/sf dxtjk"0f{ x'g5g\. ;k{x? r/fr'?ël / :tgwf/l k f0flx? egbf w]/} s'/fdf km/s 5g\. ;k{x? klg d]?b08 epsf -z/l/leq xf8 epsf_ k f0fl x'g\, t/ r/f / :tgkfol k f0flx? eg] tftf] /ut epsf k f0fl x'g\ h;n] jftfj/0fsf] tfkqmd 36a9 ep klg cfkm\gf] z/l/ leqsf] tfkqmd l:y/ /fvg ;Sb5g\. ;k{x? lr;f] /ut epsf k 0ffL x'g / ;fdfgo kl/l:yltdf ;d]t ;k{x?n] rflxf jftfj/0fdf pko'qm 7fpFx? 5fg]/ -pbfx/0fsf] nflum 3fd tfk]/ jf Kjfn leq n's]/_ z/l/sf] tfkqmdnfo{ lgogq0f cyf{t ;Gt'lnt /fvg] u/]sf x'g5g\. To;}n] ;k{x? df};d, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / cgo kof{j/0flo cj:yfx? k lt clt ;+j]bgzln x'g5g\. ;k{x?; u cgo s'g k f0flx? ldnbf h'nbf b]lvg5g\ < ;txl?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg], s]xl ;k{x? lglzrt df5fx? -pbfx/0fm afd df5f_ ;Fu ldnbf h'nbf b]lvg5g\. df5fx?sf] lemnnlbf/ aflx/l cë -lun_ x'g5 h;sf] ;xfotfn] logn] ;f; km]b{5g\. ;k{x?n] eg] hljg e/l kmf]s;f]åf/f dfq Zjf; k Zjf; lng] ub{5g\. afd df5fx? lemnnlbf/ kv]6fsf] ;xfotfn] kfgldf ;xh} kf}l8g ;Sb5g\. ;k{df eg] To:tf kv]6f x'b}gg\ / afd df5fdf ;k{x?sf h:t} nx/ ldn]sf stnfx? x'b}gg\. slxn]sfxlf u8\of}nfx? klg ;k{;fu e'lssg] vfnsf x'g5g\ t/ ltglx?sf] z/l/ leq xf8sf] agfj6 g} x'b}g / z/l/nfo{ 9fs]sf ;'/Iffsjr?kL stnfx? klg x'b}gg\. a? tl u8\of+ }nfx?sf] z/l/df y'k } r'/fx? x'g5g\, h'g r'/fx? ;k{df x'b}gg\. u8\of}nfsf] cfsf/ k sf/;fu ldnbf] h'nbf] cgwf ;k{sf] z/l/ Hofb} ;fgf / rxlsnf stnfx?n] 9fs]sf] x'g5 df x]g' {xf];\_, loglx? 1

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ @= slknj:t'df kfopsf] t]lnof ;k{ jf cgwf ;k{ (Ramphotyphlops braminus). s]=al= zfx ;fgf] / rxlsnf] z/l/ epsf x'g5g\ / loglx?sf] 6fpsf]df clt cnkljsl;t cffvfx?$

10 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x slknj:t'df kfopsf] t]lnof ;k{ jf cgwf ;k{ (Ramphotyphlops braminus). s]=al= zfx ;fgf] / rxlsnf] z/l/ epsf x'g5g\ / loglx?sf] 6fpsf]df clt cnkljsl;t cffvfx? sfnf] yf]knfsf]?kdf b]lvg5g\. v' f gepsf peor/ ;d"xdf kg] { k f0flx?df klg k i6 r'/fx? (rings) x'g5g\ t/ ltglx?sf] z/l/df xf8sf] k+h/ x'g5 / 6fpsf]df b]vg ;Sg] cffvf x'g5g\. 5]kf/fx? egbf ;k{x? cg]sf}+ tl/sfn] km/s 5g\. ;k{x?sf v' f xf'b}gg\, t/ 5]kf/fx?sf v' f x'g5g\. ;k{x?sf aflx/l sfgx? x'fb}gg\ t/ 5]kf/fx?sf aflx/af6 /fd /L b]vg ;lsg] aflx/l sfgsf Kjfnx? x'g5g\. v' f gepsf / ;k{ h:t} b]lvg] k hflt nufot ;a} h;f] 5]kf/fx?sf] cffvfsf] 9sgL tn dfly ug]{ vfnsf x'g5g\. To;}n] ltglx?n] cfˆgf] cffvf agb ug{ ;Sb5g\. ;k{x?df To;/L tndfly ug]{ cffvfsf] 9sgL x'fb}gg\. o;sf] ; f, ;k{sf] cffvfnfo{ Pp6f kf/bzl{ stnfn] 5f]k]/ ;'/lift /fv]sf] x'g5. o:t} vfnsf] 9sgL gepsf cffvf s]xl 5]kf/fx?df, h:t} dfp;'nlx?df, klg kfo{g5. cgtdf, ;k{x?sf] lha f] x'g5 h'g 6'Kkf]df b'o{ efudf affl8psf] x'g5. ;k{x?n] lha f]sf] k of]un] jftfj/0fdf epsf] ugw yfxf kfpg] u5{g. t;y{ ;k{sf] cfxf/fn] hldgdf 5f8]sf] pqm ugwnfo{ k5\ofpg of] 6'Kkf]df lrl/psf] lha f]n] ;xh kfb{5. To;}n] lha f]n] ubf{ ltgn] cxf/fnfo{ ;lhn} jf lglzrttfsf ;fy k5\ofpg ;Sb5g\. 2

11 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf ;k{sf slt k hfltx? x'g5g\ < ;+;f/e/ #,$)) egbf a9l ;k{sf k hfltx? 5g\. blif0f w 'jlo k b]z Affx]s ;a} dxfb]zx?df ;k{ kfpg ;lsg5. loglx?sf] a;f]af; lxdfnl If]qb]lv Kofl;lkms ;d'b sf sf]/n -d'uf_ t6lo If]qx?;Dddf ljlegg vfn] jftfj/0fdf ;kmntfsf ;fy epsf] kfog5. y'k } ;k{x? o:tf 5g\ h;n] cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ hljgsfn kfgldf latfpf5g\. s'g} s'g} ;k{n] hldgd'lg cgo k f0fln] vg]sf jf agfpsf Kjfn jf ; ;fgf vf8nx?df cfkm\gf] hljgsfn latfpfb5g\. To:t} cgo s]xl ;k{x?n]?vsf dflysf efudf a;]/ cfkm\gf] hljg Joltt ub{5g\. w]/} h;f] ;k{n] km'n kf/]/ k hgg\ ub{5g\ t/ s]xl k hfltx? eg] k"0f{ ljsl;t arrf hgdfp/ k hgg\ ub{5g\. ;k{sf s]xl lglzrt k hfltx? h:t} clhë/x? jf /fh uf]dgn] ltglx?n] kf/]sf] c08fnfo{ kx/f lbo{ ;'/Iff k bfg ub{5g\. ;a} ;k{n] cgo k f0flnfo{ -cfxf/nfo{_ lgnb5g\. ;k{sf w]/} k hfltn] t cfkm\gf] z/l/ egbf klg 7"nf jf ux f+} cfxf/fnfo{ ;lhn} lgng ;Ifd x'g5g\. cgo k f0flx?sf] -pbfx/0fm d';fx?_ ;+VofnfO{ lgogq0f u/]/ / lzsf/l r/f Pj+ cgo lzsf/l hgfj/nfo{ -h:t}m Gofp/L d';f_ cfkm} cfxf/ alglbp/, ;k{n] k fs[lts kfl/l:yltslo k 0ffnL Pj+ s[lif kfl/l:yltslo k 0ffnLx?df dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'g5g\. ls;fgx?sf nflu t ;k{x? ctogt} pkof]ul x'g5g\ lsg eg] logn] d';fx? vfg] x'fbf d';fsf] ;+Vof lgogq0f ug{ ;xof]u k'ub5. cgoyf d';fsf] ;+Vof j[l4 eo{ jfnlgfnl Pj+ 3/df ygsfp/ /fv]sf] cgfhsf] ;d]t gfz x'g5. dflg;x?sf nflu s'g ;k{x? vt/gfs x'g5g\ < ;k{sf w]/} h;f] k hfltx? dflg;nfo{ xflg gug]{ vfnsf g} x'g5g\. y'k } ;k{sf k hfltdf lans'n} ljif x'b}g / ltgn] of t cfxf/nfo{ cfkm\gf] z/l/n] a]/]/ Zjf;fj/f]w u/]/ dfb{5g\ jf cfxf/nfo{ hldgdf lyr]/ dfb{5g\ of lhpfb} lglnlbg5g\. cgo w]/} ;k{sf k hfltn] d'vdf epsf ljz]if vfn] u lgyaf6 /; lgsfnb5g\ h;n] cfxf/nfo{ n7ofpg], dfg]{ / kfrg ug{df d4t k' ofpfb5. ;fy} o:tf] /;n] xflgsf/s ls6f0f'sf] lj?4df klg sfd ub{5. o;/l cfkm\gf] k fs[lts cfxf/fnfo{ czqm agfolbg] jf dfl/lbg] d'vsf u lgyaf6 lg:sg] o:tf] /;nfo{ j}1flgs efiffdf ljif / u lgynfo{ ljif u lgy elgg5. To;/L lg:sg] ljif u lgysf] /;nfo{ cfxf/sf] zf/l/df k efjsf/l tl/sfn] k' ofolbgnfo{ ljif pks/0fx? x'g5g\. o; k ls ofdf ;k{sf ljif bgtx?n] d'vo e"ldsf v]n]sf x'g5g\. 3

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cufl8sf] ljif bgt;fu ;DalGwt ljif pks/0fx? lgdg cëx? ldnl ag]sf x'g5g\m!_ d'vsf] dflynnf] aëf/f]sf cl3lnt/sf 7"nf b'o{j6f bfftx?, h;nfo{ ljif bgt elgg5.$

12 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cufl8sf] ljif bgt;fu ;DalGwt ljif pks/0fx? lgdg cëx? ldnl ag]sf x'g5g\m!_ d'vsf] dflynnf] aëf/f]sf cl3lnt/sf 7"nf b'o{j6f bfftx?, h;nfo{ ljif bgt Pp6f ljifjflxgl gnln] k To]s ljif bgtnfo{ 6fpsf]sf] bfoff afoff cffvfsf] k5fl8 /x]sf ljif u lgynfo{ hf]8]sf] x'g5. tl:a/ #= x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus sp.) sf] ljifbgtx?. p= s'v ljzje/ &)) egbf sd ;k{sf k hfltx?df o; vfnsf ljif pks/0fx? x'g5g\, t/ loglx? dwo] Pp6f ;fgf] lx:;fn] dfq} ljz]if lrlst;slo dxtj /fvb5. 4

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{x?nfo{ cgo ;k{x?af6 s;/l 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 < ;k{ ;DaGwL 1fg gepsfx?nfo{ s'g ;k{ vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{ xf] / s'g xf]og egl klxrfg ug{ k fom ufx f] kb{5.$

13 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{x?nfo{ cgo ;k{x?af6 s;/l 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 < ;k{ ;DaGwL 1fg gepsfx?nfo{ s'g ;k{ vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{ xf] / s'g xf]og egl klxrfg ug{ k fom ufx f] kb{5. aflx/af6 em\jf x]bf{ ;a} ;k{x? p:t} b]lvptf klg x/]s ;k{sf] cf cfˆg} z/l/sf] lglzrt ljz]iftf x'g5 h;n] ubf{ s'g k hfltsf] ;k{ ljiffn' / s'g rflxf cljiffn' xf] eg]/ 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. o; v08df xfdln] g]kfnsf ;k{x?sf] ;Gbe{df b]lvpsf zf/ll/s ljz]iftf dwo] s]xl ljz]iftfsf] 5nkmn u/]/ ltgnfo{ ;lrq k i6 kf/]sf 5f} +. xl/of ;k{x? g]kfndf ;k{sf w]/} k hfltx? xnsf jf uf9f xl/of] /Ë epsf kfog5g\ t/ tl dwo] s]xl k hfltx? dfq vt/gfs 5g\. ltgnfo{ s]xl dxtjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx?sf] cfwf/df cgo cljiffn' xl/of ;k{x?af6 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5.!= g]kfndf kfog] 6fpsfsf] dfly 7"nf stnfx? epsf / lbpf;f]sf] phofnf]df cffvfsf] gfgl uf]nf] b]lvg] xl/of ;k{x? ljiffn' x'b}gg\. pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cljiffn' ;k{, Orthriophis hodgsonii -tl:a/ $ df x]g' {xf];\_ kxf8l If]qdf kfog] cgo ljiffn' ;k{;fu k fo em'lssg] ul/psf] 5. tl:a/ $= dwodf~rn g]kfndf e]l6psf] arrf Orthriophis hodgsonii. of] ;k{sf] 6fpsf] dfly yf]/} dfqfdf /x]sf 7'nf stnfx? / uf]nf cffvfn] o; cljiffn' ;k{nfo{ cgo xl/of] ljiffn' ;k{;fu 5'6\ofpFg d2t xl/of ;k{x? h;sf] cffvfsf] gfgl t];f] { k/]sf] x'g5 / y't'gf] Psbd} nfdf] / tlvf] k/]sf] -tl:a/ % df x]g' {xf];\_ x'g5 tl ;k{x? dwod vfnsf ljiffn' x'g5g\. ol ;k{sf] 6fpsf] klg nfdf] / kftnf] vfnsf] x'g5, 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5l' Psf] x'b}g, 7"nf 7"nf stnfn] 6fpsf]sf] dflynnf] efunfo{ 5

$} g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 9fs]sf] x'g5. ol ;k{x?nfo{ -pbfx/0fm Ahaetulla nasuta jf ;'luof_ lh:sfof] eg] jf ol ;k{n] c;fdfgo l:ylt dx;'; u/] eg] logn] cfkm\gf] d'v vf]n]/ zq'nfo{ t;f{pfb5g\.$ $#= la/fnfsf] h:tf] cffvf epsf xl/of] ;k{sf k hflt (Boiga spp.) vt/fhgo x of} ;k{;fu ldnbfh'nbf x'g5g\ lsgls ol ;k{sf cffvfsf gfglx lbgsf] k sfzdf ljiffn' x of} ;k{df em+ 7f8f] k/]sf x'g5g\.$

14 } g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 9fs]sf] x'g5. ol ;k{x?nfo{ -pbfx/0fm Ahaetulla nasuta jf ;'luof_ lh:sfof] eg] jf ol ;k{n] c;fdfgo l:ylt dx;'; u/] eg] logn] cfkm\gf] d'v vf]n]/ zq'nfo{ t;f{pfb5g\. tl:a/ %= ;'luof ;k{ (Ahaetulla nasuta). of] dwod ljiffn' xl/of] ;k{sf] k hfltnfo{ o;sf] nfdf] / tlvf] k/]sf] d'vsf] cu efu -7f]+8_ / t];f{] k/]sf] cffvfsf] gfgln] ubf{ c? ;k{af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. #= la/fnfsf] h:tf] cffvf epsf xl/of] ;k{sf k hflt (Boiga spp.) vt/fhgo x of} ;k{;fu ldnbfh'nbf x'g5g\ lsgls ol ;k{sf cffvfsf gfglx lbgsf] k sfzdf ljiffn' x of} ;k{df em+ 7f8f] k/]sf x'g5g\. t/ xl/of] la/fnf]sf] h:tf] cffvf epsf] ;k{sf] -pbfx/0fm Boiga cyanea, tl:a/ ^ df x]g' {xf];\_ cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf tfk ;+j]bgzln cë x'b}gg\. ltglx sf] 6fpsf] dflysf] efu 7"nf stnfn] 9flsPsf] x'g5 t/ x of} ;k{sf] 6fpsfsf] dflysf] efu eg] ; ;fgf stnfx?n] 9fs]sf] x'g5. dwod vfnsf ljiffn' ;k{, h:t}m Ahaetulla nasuta, Boiga k hfltn] cfxf/nfo{ lgogq0fdf lng d'vsf] k5fl8 kl epsf nfdf bfftx?sf] k of]u ub{5g\. g]kfndf ol ;k{n] dflg;nfo{ 8;L la/fdl kf/]sf] tyofí eg] xfn;dd yfxf x'g cfpsf] 5}g. tl:a/ ^= dwod ljiffn' xl/of] la/fnf]sf] cffvf h:tf] epsf] ;k{ (Boiga cyanea) phofnf]df 7f8f] k/]sf] cffvfsf gfgl epsf]n] vt/gfs ljiffn' x of} ;k{;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g5 t/ 6fpsf] dflysf] efudf 7"nf stnfx? epsf] / d'vsf] cu efudf ljifbgt gx'g] x'bff of] ;k{ ljiffn' x of} ;k{ egbf km/s x'g5. 6

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf s v tl:a/ &= -s_ ;'/f6xfgl, yfonof08df kfopsf] xl/of] la/fnf]sf] cffvf h:tf] epsf] ;k{ (Boiga cyanea) sf] jo:s kf]yl.$ $g]kfndf kfog] xl/of /Ë epsf ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] ;d"x xf]. g]kfndf w]/} vfnsf x of} ;k{ 5g\. s]xl x of} ;k{x? hldgsf] prfo / jg:kltx?sf] pknawtf cg';f/ ljz]if km}nfj6 epsf] kfog5.$ $cgo p:t} b]lvg] cljiffn' / dwod vfnsf ljiffn' ;k{ egbf legg x'g5g\ -tfk ;+j]bgzln cënfo{ tl:a/ * df /ftf] jf0f lrgxn] b]vfopsf] 5_.$

15 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf s v tl:a/ &= -s_ ;'/f6xfgl, yfonof08df kfopsf] xl/of] la/fnf]sf] cffvf h:tf] epsf] ;k{ (Boiga cyanea) sf] jo:s kf]yl. -v_ jfg gf ;fg, ;'/f6xfgl, yfo{nof08df kfopsf] ToxL k hfltsf] ;k{. c? x of} k hflt h:t} of] ;k{sf] klg pd]/ a8\b} upkl5 /Ë kl/jt{g x'g5. $= u Lg lk6efok/x? cyf{t x of} ;k{x? g]kfndf kfog] xl/of /Ë epsf ljiffn' ;k{x?sf] ;d"x xf]. g]kfndf w]/} vfnsf x of} ;k{ 5g\. s]xl x of} ;k{x? hldgsf] prfo / jg:kltx?sf] pknawtf cg';f/ ljz]if km}nfj6 epsf] kfog5. w]/} x of} ;k{x?nfo{ Ps cfk;df 5'6\ofpFg hlj lj1x?nfo{ ;d]t d'l:sn kb{5. t/ cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf epsf] tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf sf/0f ol ljiffn' x of} ;k{x? cgo p:t} b]lvg] cljiffn' / dwod vfnsf ljiffn' ;k{ egbf legg x'g5g\ -tfk ;+j]bgzln cënfo{ tl:a/ * df /ftf] jf0f lrgxn] b]vfopsf] 5_. ;fy} tl:a/ *= g]kfndf kfog] qmfd;{ lu g kl6efok/ (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) sf] tfk ;+j]bgzln cësf] Kjfn -jf0fn] b]vfpsf]_, 6fpsf] dflysf y'k } ; ;fgf stnfx?, kx+]nf cffvf / phofnf]df 7f8f] k/]s]f gfgl b]vfopsf] 5. ol ljz]iftfx? g]kfndf kfog] x of} ;k{sf ljz]iftfx? x'g\. oblk cffvfsf] / 6fpsf]sf] /Ë ;k{sf] k hflt / lnë cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5g\. 7

$nfo{ cgo p:t} b]lvg] ;k{af6 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. o;sf cltl/qm, ;a} efok/ k hfltsf ;k{x?sf] h:t} ol x of} k hfltsf ;k{sf] klg dflynnf aëf/f]sf] cl3 5]plt/ Ps hf]8l nfdf] / vf]s f] k/]sf] ljifbgtx? x'g5g\.$

16 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 6fpsf] dfly epsf y'k } ; ;fgf stnfx?, lqe'h cfsf/sf] jf d'6' cfsf/sf] 3Ff6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] 6fpsf], phofnf]df 7f8f]k/]sf] cffvfsf] gfgl b]lvg] epsfn] x of} ;k{x?nfo{ cgo p:t} b]lvg] ;k{af6 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. o;sf cltl/qm, ;a} efok/ k hfltsf ;k{x?sf] h:t} ol x of} k hfltsf ;k{sf] klg dflynnf aëf/f]sf] cl3 5]plt/ Ps hf]8l nfdf] / vf]s f] k/]sf] ljifbgtx? x'g5g\. ol bfftx? k of]u gepsf a]nf k5fl8 kl bf]la P/ a:b5g\ / 8:g] ;dodf 7f8f] x'g5g\. ol bfftn] O{Gh]S;g -bafo{ nufpg] ;'O{_ n] h:t} sfd ug] { xf 'bf ;f]sf] dfwodn] ol ;k{n] cfˆgf] ljifnfo{ zq'sf] z/l/df k7fpfb5g\ -tl:a/ # df x]g' {xf];\_. oblk ol x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{ s/]t / uf]dg ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf t'ngfdf dwod vfnsf] ljiffn' dflgg5 / cgo d'n'sdf o;sf] 8;fO{sf sf/0f d[to'sf 36gf la/n} kfog5g\. t/ ol ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf 36gfx? g]kfndf eg] y'k } x'g5g\. ol x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{ ctogt} kl8fbfol x'g5. ljz]if u/l arrfx?nfo{ 8;]df o;n] cgo hl6ntfx? klg lgdtoffp5. 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ ;'lggg], ;'lggpsf] 7fpFdf y'k } dfqfdf z/l/sf] emf]n kbfy{ hddf x'g] x'bff la/fdl d'5f{ kg] { klg x'g5. ljifn] :yfglo tgt'x?nfo{ lauf/ lbg] / /ut hdg g;sg] agfo{ lbg] xf 'bf /Qm>fj klg x'g ;Sb5. xfn;dd ol x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf] pkrf/sf] nflu s'g} ljif]z k ltljif -ljif k lt/f]wftds cf}iflw_ g]kfndf pknaw 5}g. ef/taf6 cfofltt rf/j6f w]/} ljiffn';k{sf] lj?4df agfopsf] k ltljifn] -kf]lneofn]g6 k ltljif_ x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf] pkrf/df k efjsf/l epsf] k df0f 5}g. yfonof08df x of} ;k{sf] lj?4df k ltljif ptkfbg ul/g5 t/ of] k ltljif g]kfnsf x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{ lj?4 pkrf/sf nflu slt pkof]ul x'g5 egg] s'/f lglzrt ul/g' cfjzos 5. tl:a/ (= g]kfnsf] blif0fl e"efudf e]l6psf] ;]tf] cf]7 epsf] x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus cf. albolabris) sf] 6fpsf]. P= u'dk ]St gd"gf km'n/f]6 Do'lhodsf] ;f}hgoaf6. 8

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf z/l/df waaf epsf ;k{x? g]kfndf ljiffn' ;k{;fu e d x'g] b'o{j6f clhë/sf k hfltx? 5g\M a/ldh clhë/ -Python bivittatus, tl:a/!$

17 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf z/l/df waaf epsf ;k{x? g]kfndf ljiffn' ;k{;fu e d x'g] b'o{j6f clhë/sf k hfltx? 5g\M a/ldh clhë/ -Python bivittatus, tl:a/!) df x]g{'xf];_ / OlG8og /s kfoyg -Python molurus, tl:a/!! df x]g{'xf];_. k f}9 cj:yfsf clhë/x? g]kfnsf s'g} klg efok/ k hfltsf ;k{x? egbf nfdf -# dl= b]lv & dl= jf ;f] egbf klg nfdf_ x'g5g\. t/ ;fgf -arrf cj:yfsf_ clhë/x? em\jf6\6 x]bf{ ljns'n ljiffn' efo{k/ h:t} b]lvg5g\. lk6efok/ ;k{x?df h:t} clhë/ ;k{x?df klg tfk ;+j]bgzln vfn8f] k/]sf] cë x'g5. t/ clhë/df eg] ol tfk ;+j]bgzln cë d'vsf] cu efudf klxnf] b'o{j6f dflynnf] cf+]7] stnfdf, gfssf] Kjfnsf] tnkl x'g5, lk6efok/df h:tf] cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf x'fb}g. tl:a/!)= a/ldh clhë/ (Python bivittatus). o;sf] tfk ;+j]bgzln cë 7"nf] /ftf] 3]/fn] / gfssf] Kjfn ;fgf] /ftf] 3]/fn] b]vfpsf] 5. clhë/sf] z/l/df 8fF8L gk/]sf / rdsg] stnfx? x'g5g\. af3] ;k{ -/;]N; efok/_ / lk6efok/df eg] 8fF8Lk/]sf stnfx? x'g5g\. clhë/sf] 6fpsf]sf] dfly s]xl 7"nf stnfx? x'g5g\ t/ Gloydius himalayanus k hflt afx]s af3] ;k{ / ;a} x of} ;k{sf] 6fpsf]df ;fgf stnfx? y'k } ;+Vofdf x'g5g\. clhë/x? / af3] ;k{sf] z/l/sf] /Ë?k klg km/s x'g5. clhë/x?sf] z/l/df sfnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f epsf clgoldt uf9f v}/f waafx? x'g5g\ eg] af3] ;k{df lgoldt vfnsf uf]nf jf c08f cfsf/sf 5]px? tlvf] k/]sf waafx? x'g5g\. clhë/x?df ljif x'b}g t/ logn] cfxf/nfo{ vfg cfˆgf] z/l/n] a]/]/ a]xf]; kf/l dfb{5g\. olb lh:sofof] eg] ol ;k{n] 8:g ;Sb5g\, h'g kl8fbfol x'g5. 7"nf clhë/n] 8;]sf] 3fp rss'n] sf6]sf] h:tf] 7"nf] x'g5 / znols ofsf] cfjzostf kg{ ;Sb5. 9

$dwo] af3] ;k{ -Daboia russelii, tl:a/!@ /!# df x]g{ 'xf];_ dfq g]kfndf kfo{g5.$ of] Pp6f clt vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{ xf]. g]kfnsf s]xl blif0fl lhnnfx?df dfq} of] k hfltsf] ;k{ kfopsf] 5.

18 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/!!= OlG8og /s kfoyg (Python molurus). tfk ;+j]bgzln cë gepsf ljiffn' ;k{x? dwo] af3] ;k{ -Daboia russelii, /!# df x]g{ 'xf];_ dfq g]kfndf kfo{g5. of] Pp6f clt vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{ xf]. g]kfnsf s]xl blif0fl lhnnfx?df dfq} of] k hfltsf] ;k{ kfopsf] 5. of] ;k{sf] 6fpsf] y'k } ;fgf stnfn] 9fs]sf] x'g5. o;sf] z/l/df kfog] lgoldt uf]n jf c08fsf/ waafx? epsf]n] clhë/, lk6efok/ / :of08 tl:a/!@= ef/tsf] dxf/fi6«df kfopsf] cnk jo:s af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii). P= SofK6]g P;= 7fs'/ tl:a/!#= ef/tsf] db f; lrl8ofvfgfdf lnopsf] jo:s af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii) sf] tl:a/. 8L=P= jf/]n 10

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf af]cf -sfnf] w';/ ;k{_ af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. k'r5/sf] ndafo t'ngf u/l x] of] eg] af3] ;k{sf] k'r5/ sfnf] w';/ ;k{sf] egbf nfdf] x'g5 -tl:a/!$ df x]g{ 'xf];_.$

19 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf af]cf -sfnf] w';/ ;k{_ af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. k'r5/sf] ndafo t'ngf u/l x] of] eg] af3] ;k{sf] k'r5/ sfnf] w';/ ;k{sf] egbf nfdf] x'g5 -tl:a/!$ df x]g{ 'xf];_. sfnf] w';/ ;k{ -Gongylophis conicus, tl:a/!$ /!% df x]g{ 'xf];_ efok/;fu e d x'g] Pp6f ;fgf] ;k{ xf]. ;k]/fx?n] k fo ol cljiffn' ;k{nfo{ k bz{g ub} { clt vt/gfs efok/ ;k{ epsf] axfgf ub{5g\. jf:tjdf, af3] ;k{sf] h:t}, o; sfnf] w';/ ;k{sf] 6fpsf]df klg y'k } ; ;fgf stnfx? x'g5g\ / cffvfsf] gfgl phofnf]df 7f8f] k/]sf] x'g5. sfnf] w';/ ;k{sf] 3fF6L Psbd df]6f] x'g5 eg] efok/sf] 6fpsf] 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5l' Psf] x'g5. sfnf] w';/ ;k{sf] z/l/df 5f]6f] k'r5/, ;fgf / Psbd} a9l 8fF8L k/]sf stnfx? x'g5g\ eg] 9f8sf] efudf km/s vfnsf clgoldt uf9f waafx? x'g5g\. sfnf] w';/ ;k{ k fom %) ^) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5 / la/n} dfq! dl= ;Dd nfdf] x'g5. tl:a/!$= sfnf] w';/ ;k{ (Gongylophis conicus). p= s'v 11

20 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/!%= sfnf] w';/ ;k{ (Gongylophis conicus) sf] 6fpsf] / 3fF6Lsf] k"/} efu. p= s'v tl:a/!^= bf]d'v] ;k{ (Eryx johnii). s]=al= zfx 12

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf efok/; u ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg] ;k{x? g]kfndf y'k } ;k{sf k hfltx? 5g\ h'g clws ljiffn' lk6efok/ / af3] ;k{x?;fu w]/} dfqfdf ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg5g\.$ $/ af3] ;k{sf] d'vsf] cu efudf Psbd nfdf ljifbgt x'g5g\ h'g d'v agb epsf a]nf bf]la P/ a;]sf x'g5g\. 8:g] a]nfdf ol bfftx? l;wf x'g5g\. ol ;k{x?$

21 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf efok/; u ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg] ;k{x? g]kfndf y'k } ;k{sf k hfltx? 5g\ h'g clws ljiffn' lk6efok/ / af3] ;k{x?;fu w]/} dfqfdf ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg5g\. tl dwo] s]xl ;k{sf] d'vsf] cufl8 jf k5fl8 7"nf bfft x'g5g\ / s]xl dwod vfnsf ljiffn' klg x'g5g\, t/ ltgn] dflg;nfo{ 8;]sf 36gfsf ljj/0fx? eg] k fkt 5}gg\. o;sf] ljkl/t, lk6efok/x? / af3] ;k{sf] d'vsf] cu efudf Psbd nfdf ljifbgt x'g5g\ h'g d'v agb epsf a]nf bf]la P/ a;]sf x'g5g\. 8:g] a]nfdf ol bfftx? l;wf x'g5g\. ol ;k{x?sf] cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf tfk ;+j]bgzln cë x'b}gg\. oxl u'0fn] tl ;k{x?nfo{ ;a} lk6efok/af6 5'6\ofpFsf] x'g5. tfk ;+j]bgzln cë -tl:a/ * /!( df x]g' {xf];\_ eps} sf/0f lk6efok/ k hfltsf ;k{x?n] k'/} cfwof/f]df klg tftf] /ut epsf cfxf/nfo{ / zq'x?nfo{ tfksf] dfwodaf6 ;lhn} yfxf kfpfb5g\. oxl cë eps} sf/0f y'k } k hfltx? epsf] pk kl/jf/ qmf]6flnlgnfo{ lk6efo{k/;\ elgg5. g]kfndf af3] ;k{ afx]s ;a} efok/x? lk6efok/ x'g\. w]/} h;f] lk6efok/n] k"0f{ lasl;t arrfx? hgdfpfb5g\ t/ u'?a] ;k{n] -Ovophis monticola, tl:a/ (@ df x]g' {xf];\_ c08f kfb{5 h;nfo{ kf]yl ;k{n] kx/f lbg5]. Eofu't] ;k{ -Gloydius himalayanus, df x]g'{xf];\_ g]kfndf dfq} kfog] To:tf] efok/ ;k{ xf] h;sf] 6fpsf] dfly 7"nf stnfx? x'g5g\, h;n] ubf{ of] efok/ cljiffn' jf dwod ljiffn' ;k{;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] b]lvg5. t/ klg o;sf] tfk ;+j]bgzln cë eps} sf/0f o;nfo{ cgo ;k{af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 ;fy} cffvfaf6 d'vsf] s'gf;dd km}lnpsf] uf9f wsf{n] klg of] ;k{nfo{ 5'6\ofpFg d2t k'ub5. tl:a/!&= lemns] ;k{ (Psammodynastes pulverulentus). of] cljiffn' ;k{sf] d'vsf] cufl8sf] dflynnf] / tnnf] bfftx? 7'nf x'g5g\ h;sf] ;xfotfn] ol ;k{x?n] s8f z/l/ epsf] cfxf/nfo{ klg ks8g ;Sb5. tl:a/!*= ltl/;] ;k{ (Boiga trigonata). of] dwod ljiffn' ;k{sf] d'vsf] k5fl8sf] efudf 7'nf 7'nf bfftx? x"g5g\. 13

$lemns] ;k{ -Psammodynastes pulverulentus, tl:a/!& df x]g'{xf];\) / ltl/;] ;k{sf] -Boiga trigonata, tl:a/!* df x]g'{xf];\_ /Ë?k, cffvf / 6fpsf]sf] cfsf/nfo{ dwogh/ ubf{ ol ;k{x? s]xl lk6efok/x?$

22 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/!(= u'?a] ;k{ (Ovophis monticola) sf] 6fpsf]sf] kfzj{ b[zo. ;fgf] /ftf] j[qn] gfssf] Kjfn / 7"nf] /ftf] j[tn] cffvf / gfssf] Kjfn alr epsf] tfk ;+j]bgzln cë b]vfpsf] 5. lemns] ;k{ -Psammodynastes pulverulentus, tl:a/!& df x]g'{xf];\) / ltl/;] ;k{sf] -Boiga trigonata, tl:a/!* df x]g'{xf];\_ /Ë?k, cffvf / 6fpsf]sf] cfsf/nfo{ dwogh/ ubf{ ol ;k{x? s]xl lk6efok/x? / efok/;fu w]/} ldnbfh'nbf b]lvg5g\ t/ logsf] 6fpsf] 7"nf stnfn] 9fs]sf] x'g5. oxl ljz]iftfn] ubf{ lognfo{ af3] ;k{ / nueu g]kfndf kfo{g] ;a} x of} ;k{x?af6 5'6\ofpF5. Pp6f ckjfb Eofu't] ;k{ -Gloydius himalayanus, df x]g'{xf];\_ dfq xf] h;sf] 6fpsf] dfly 7"nf stnfx? x'g5g\. sfnf]kfgl, d':tfëdf kfopsf] Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius himalayanus). 14

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf wfdg / /];;{ ;k{x? g]kfndf 7"nf, nfdf / l56f] l56f] lx8\g] cljiffn' / dwod vfnsf ljiffn' ;k{sf w]/} k hfltx? 5g\. tl ;k{x? lbpf;f] jf laxfgkv / ;ffem ;lqmo x'g]x'fbf dflg;x?$ $k 8;LxfNg] x'fbf tl ;k{x? uf]dg ;k{;fu em'lssg] vfnsf x'g5g\. p= s'v tl:a/ @!= wfdg ;k{sf] (Ptyas mucosa) 6fpsf]. tl:a/ @@= uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja) sf] 6fpsf]. p= s'v tl ;k{x?$

23 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf wfdg / /];;{ ;k{x? g]kfndf 7"nf, nfdf / l56f] l56f] lx8\g] cljiffn' / dwod vfnsf ljiffn' ;k{sf w]/} k hfltx? 5g\. tl ;k{x? lbpf;f] jf laxfgkv / ;ffem ;lqmo x'g]x'fbf dflg;x?n] lognfo{ cfkm\gf] 3/ j/k/, v]taf/ldf / jghëndf b]vg ;Sb5g\. tl dwo] s]xl ;k{x? k fom clt ljiffn' uf]dg ;k{sf] cfsf/, k sf/ / agf]6;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g] Pj+ zq';fu efug g;sg] cj:yfdf k ltsf/ :j?k 8;LxfNg] x'fbf tl ;k{x? uf]dg ;k{;fu em'lssg] vfnsf x'g5g\. p= s'v wfdg ;k{sf] (Ptyas mucosa) 6fpsf]. uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja) sf] 6fpsf]. p= s'v tl ;k{x?n] :jffú / of/{ú cfjfh lgsfng] eptf klg k ltsf/ ug]{ tl/sf eg] uf]dg ;k{egbf lans'n} km/s x'g5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu uf]dg ;k{n] 3fF6Lsf] 5fnf tgsfp/ km0ff agfpf5, 3fF6Ldf epsf uf9f uf]nf cyjf c+u ]hlsf] 'V' jf 'Y' jf 'O' cfsf/sf] lrgx b]vfpf5, z/l/sf] cufl8sf] efunfo{ hldgaf6 s]xl dfly p7fpfb5 / cfkm\gf] k ltålgb jf zq'nfo{ x]/]sf] x'g5 df x]g'{xf];\_. wfdg ;k{x? / /];;{ ;k{x?n] klg Zjf; tfg]/ 3fF6L km'nfpg] / z/l/sf] efunfo{ hldgaf6 clnslt dfly p7fpg] u/] klg uf]dg ;k{sf] h:tf] km0ff rflxf agfpb}gg\, a? z/l/sf] hldgaf6 p7]sf] efunfo{ c+u ]hlsf] 'S' h:tf] cfsf/ agfpf5g\ h;n] ubf{ emld6g / zq'af6 efug ;lhnf] x'g5. uf]dg;fu t'ngf ubf{ tl ;k{x?sf] cln dl;gf] / nfdf] 6fpsf] tyf 7"nf cffvf x'g5g\. tl ;a} ;k{x? ls;fgsf] nflu nfebfos g} x'g5g\ lsgls ltglx?n] d';fx?sf] ;+Vof lgogq0f ug{ d2t ub{5g\. s]xl wfdg / /];;{ ;k{n] cfxf/nfo{ a]/]/ a]xf]; kf/l dfb{5g\ eg] s]xln] cfxf/nfo{ hldgdf c7\ofp/ dfb{5g\. ol dwo] s]xl ;k{sf] d'vdf epsf u lgyn] ljifx? lgsfnb5g\ t/ g]kfndf kfo{g] wfdg / /];;{ ;k{n] o:tf ljif lgsfn]sf] hfgsf/l 5}g. loglx?n] cˆ7\of/f]df k/]sf] dxz'; u/] eg] 8;]/ k ltsf/ ub{5g\. 15

g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x t:jl/ @$= l;+3f/] ;k{ (Coelognathus radiatus).

tl/sf b]vfopsf], h;df o;n] cu efusf] z/l/nfo{ hldgaf6 dfly p7fpsf] 5, 3fF6Lsf]

$=% @=% dl=, slxn] sfxlf # dl= egbf klg a9l nfdf x'g5g\.$ $logsf] 8;fO{ clt kl8fbfol / /Qm>fj u/fpg] x'g5 -t/ ljiffn'kgf rflxf x'b}g_.$

24 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x l;+3f/] ;k{ (Coelognathus radiatus). uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja) nfo{ dflyjf6 x]l/psf], o;sf] ljz]if k ltsf/ ug] { tl/sf b]vfopsf], h;df o;n] cu efusf] z/l/nfo{ hldgaf6 dfly p7fpsf] 5, 3fF6Lsf] 5fnfnfO{ tgsfp/ km0ff agfpsf] 5, km0ffsf] k5fl8sf] efudf rzdfcfsf/sf] lrgx klg b]vfpsf] 5. p= s'v wfdg ;k{ (Ptyas mucosa). loglx? k dl=, slxn] sfxlf # dl= egbf klg a9l nfdf x'g5g\. logsf] 8;fO{ clt kl8fbfol / /Qm>fj u/fpg] x'g5 -t/ ljiffn'kgf rflxf x'b}g_. o:tf 3fpx?nfO{ cgo lrhn] sf6]sf] jf sf]t/]sf] 3fpdf ul/g] pkrf/ h:t} ul/g' kb{5. yfonof08df kfopsf] OG8f] rfolgh wfdg ;k{ (Ptyas korros). 16

$slxn]sfxlf ljiffn' ;k{ x'g\ ls egl em'lssg] ul/g5.$ $aufn] ;k{ -Amphiesma stolatum, tl:a/ @& / @* df x]g'{xf];\_ lbgdf ;lqmo x'g5. of] ;k{nfo{ z/l/sf] cu efudf epsf waafx?$ $8fF8L k/]sf ;k{sf] r]s/{8 lsnaofssf] ;d"x -Xenochrophis piscator / o;;fu ldnbfh'nbf k hflt, tl:a/ @( df x]g'{xf];\_ Pp6f 7"nf$ $! dl= egbf nfdf] ;Dd x'g5g\, k fom ;"of{:t kl5 jf /ftl Psbd} ;lqmo x'g5g\ / lognfo{ xftn] ;dfpgf ;fy jf logldfly v' f 6]Sg]$

25 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf kfgl ;k{x? wfgsf v]t tyf kf]v/lx?df jf ;f]sf] jl/kl/ dflg;n] b]vg] u/]sf ;k{x? slxn]sfxlf ljiffn' ;k{ x'g\ ls egl em'lssg] ul/g5. aufn] ;k{ -Amphiesma stolatum, df x]g'{xf];\_ lbgdf ;lqmo x'g5. of] ;k{nfo{ z/l/sf] cu efudf epsf waafx? / z/l/sf] k5fl8 / k'r5/df epsf wsf{x?af6 ;lhn};fu 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. p= s'v aufn] ;k{ (Amphiesma stolatum). aufn] ;k{ (Amphiesma stolatum). z/l/df rf/vfg] waaf epsf] / stnfx? 8fF8L k/]sf ;k{sf] r]s/{8 lsnaofssf] ;d"x -Xenochrophis piscator / o;;fu ldnbfh'nbf k hflt, df x]g'{xf];\_ Pp6f 7"nf ;k{x? ldn]/ ag]sf] 5. ol ;k{x?! dl= egbf nfdf] ;Dd x'g5g\, k fom ;"of{:t kl5 jf /ftl Psbd} ;lqmo x'g5g\ / lognfo{ xftn] ;dfpgf ;fy jf logldfly v' f 6]Sg] lalqs} t'?gt} 8:g] ub{5g\. ol ;k{x?nfo{ uf]dg ;k{x?;fu em'lssg] ul/g5 / g]kfnsf w]/} e' efudf k Zf:t kfo/xg] epsfn] ol cljiffn' ;k{n] w]/}nfo{ 8:g] ub{5g\. 9f]l8of kfgl ;k{ (Xenochrophis piscator complex) / o;;fu ldnbfh'nbf k hflt, dfly bfoff. p= s'v 17

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x d5lul4 ;k{ jf ;fojf]n8\; jf6/ :g]s -Ferania sieboldii, tl:a/ #) df x]g'{xf];\_ nfo{ slxn]sfxlf efok/ jf lk6efok/ ;d"xsf ;k{;fu e'mlssg] ul/g5. efok/sf ;a} h:tf] k hfltx?$

26 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x d5lul4 ;k{ jf ;fojf]n8\; jf6/ :g]s -Ferania sieboldii, tl:a/ #) df x]g'{xf];\_ nfo{ slxn]sfxlf efok/ jf lk6efok/ ;d"xsf ;k{;fu e'mlssg] ul/g5. efok/sf ;a} h:tf] k hfltx?sf] 6fpsf] dflysf stnfx? ; ;fgf x'g5g\ t/ d5lul4 ;k{sf] ol stnf eg] 7"nf x'g5g\. d5lul4sf] z/l/df epsf ;]tf sfnf r'/fx?n] ubf{ ol ;k{ s/]t ;k{;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] b]lvg5g\, t/ ol ;k{sf] 9f8sf] efudf ;a} ;dfg vfnsf stnfx? x'g5g\. s/]t ;k{sf] dwo 9f8sf] stnfx? l5d]sl stnf egbf 7"nf x'g5g\ / logsf] cfsf/ if6sf]0flo x'g5. d5lul4 ;k{sf] z/l/sf] ## j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\ eg] s/]tx?df yf]/} -!%!&_ j6f dfq stnfx? x'g5g\. tl:a/ #)= d5lul ;k{ (Ferania sieboldii). lrlr08] / ;f v8 ;k{x? clt ljiffn' s/]t ;k{ h:t} b]lvg] lrlr08] ;k{ jf sdg jnkm :g]s -Lycodon aulicus, tl:a/ #! / #@ df x]g'{xf];\_ klg k fo dflg;sf 3/ j/k/ :yfol?kn] g} a;f]af; ub{5g\. ol ;fgfvfn] ;k{x? k fom $) *) ;]=dl= nfdf x'g5g\ / ;fgf hljx? h:t} dfp;'nl, 5]kf/f] / d';fx?sf] cfxf/ ub{5g\. ol ;k{ klg s/]t ;k{ h:t} /ftl ;lqmo x'g5g\. logsf] /Ë klg ;]tf] sfnf] r'/] s/]t;fu ldng] x'g5. ol ;k{nfo{ 5f]Oof] eg] jf ;dfltof] eg] l5 } 8:g] ub{5g\ t/ ol ;k{sf] 8;fO{ xflgsf/s eg] x'b}g. ol ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] g]kfndf ;k{sf] 8;fOsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5. s/]taf6 lognfo{ ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg] Pp6f ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] ol ;k{sf] 9f8 If]qsf stnfx? ;a} p:t} / pq} cfsf/ k sf/sf x'g5g\. 18

$csf]{ s/]t jf efok/;fu e d u/fpg] ;fgf ;k{sf] ;d"x ;ffv8 ;k{ jf s's/l :g]s -Oligodon arnensis, tl:a/ ## df x]g'{xf];\_ x'g\. loglx?sf] c+u] hl gfdn] s] cy{ lbg5 eg] ol ;k{x?$ $sf] 7"nf / v's'/l h:t} wfl/nf bfftx? x'g5g\. ol bfftsf] 8;fO{ clt kl8fbfol x'g ;Sb5.$ $sf] cffvfsf] gfgl phofnf]df uf]nf] x'g] / 6fpsf] dflysf stnf 7"nf] x'g]x'gfn] ol ;k{x?nfo{ efok/ / lk6efok/ ;k{af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. loglx?$

27 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ #!= bds, emfkfdf e]l6psf] lrlr08] ;k{ (Lycodon aulicus). p= s'v tl:a/ sf:sl, gf} 8fF8fdf kfopsf] lrlr08] ;k{ (Lycodon aulicus). csf]{ s/]t jf efok/;fu e d u/fpg] ;fgf ;k{sf] ;d"x ;ffv8 ;k{ jf s's/l :g]s -Oligodon arnensis, tl:a/ ## df x]g'{xf];\_ x'g\. loglx?sf] c+u] hl gfdn] s] cy{ lbg5 eg] ol ;k{x?sf] 7"nf / v's'/l h:t} wfl/nf bfftx? x'g5g\. ol bfftsf] 8;fO{ clt kl8fbfol x'g ;Sb5. cgo b]zdf ol ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf] sf/0f 3fpaf6 nfdf] ;do;dd /Qm>fj eo/x]sf 36gfsf] hfgsf/l epsfn] ol ;k{sf] 8;fO{df ;t{stf ckgfpg' kb{5. ol ;k{x?sf] cffvfsf] gfgl phofnf]df uf]nf] x'g] / 6fpsf] dflysf stnf 7"nf] x'g]x'gfn] ol ;k{x?nfo{ efok/ / lk6efok/ ;k{af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. loglx?nfo{ s/]t ;k{;fu klg ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 lsgls logsf] 9f8sf] efusf ;a} stnfx? p:t} / pq} cfsf/ k sf/sf x'g5g\. o;} dwo]sf] Pp6f k hflt Oligodon albocinctus, d'uf ;k{;fu (Sinomicrurus macclellandi) /Ë?kdf ldnbf] h'nbf] x'g5. ljiffn' d'uf ;k{sf] cffvf k"/} sfnf] x'g5 t/ ;ffv8 ;k{sf] cffvfsf] gfgl jl/kl/ Pp6f ;]tf] r'/f x'g5. tl:a/ ##= lj=kl= sf]o/fnf :jf:yo lj1fg k lti7fg, w/fgdf e]l6psf] ;ffv8 ;k{ (Oligodon arnensis). p= s'v 19

$g]kfndf w]/} To:tf ;fgf vfn] ;k{sf k hflt 5g\ h;sf] z/l/sf] 9f8sf] efu Psgf;n] sfnf] jf v}/f x'g5g\ -k]6sf] efu k fom xnsf ;]tf] /Ësf x'g5g\_ / ol uf]dg jf wfdg ;k{ klg xf]ogg\.$

28 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ;dfg?kn] sfnf] / v}/f] ;k{x? g]kfndf w]/} To:tf ;fgf vfn] ;k{sf k hflt 5g\ h;sf] z/l/sf] 9f8sf] efu Psgf;n] sfnf] jf v}/f x'g5g\ -k]6sf] efu k fom xnsf ;]tf] /Ësf x'g5g\_ / ol uf]dg jf wfdg ;k{ klg xf]ogg\. tl dwo] w]/}h;f] cljiffn' jf dwod ljiffn' / dflg;nfo{ xflg gug]{ 5g\ eg] s]xl ;k{x? ctogt} vt/gfs ljiffn' klg 5g\. To;}n] o:tf ;k{x?sf] klxrfg ctogt} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. g]kfndf kfog] sfnf] s/]tsf b'o{j6f km/s k hfltx? 5g\Ù 7"nf] sfnf] s/]t -Bungarus niger, tl:a/ ## df x]g' {xf];\_ / ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t -Bungarus lividus, tl:a/ #% df x]g' {xf];\). ;a} s/]tdf h:t}, ol s/]tdf klg 9f8sf] dwoif]qsf stnfx? 5]psf stnf egbf 7"nf x'g] / 3fF6Lb]lv k'r5/;dd tl stnfx?sf] Pp6f nx/ x'g5. ol stnfx?nfo{ d]?b08lo stnfx? klg elgg5. sfnf] s/]tsf ol b'o{ k hfltx? log} d]?b08lo stnfsf] cfsf/k sf/sf sf/0f Ps cfk;df legg 5g\. 7"nf] sfnf] s/]tdf tl d]?b08lo stnfx? cgo s/]tdf em} + w]/} 7"nf x'g5g\ / ;fgf] sfnf] s/]tdf ol stnfx? 5]psf stnf egbf clnslt dfq} 7"nf x'g5g\. tl:a/ #$= 7"nf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus niger). d]?b08sf stnfx? cgo 5]psf stnf egbf w]/} g} 7"nf epsf] Vofn ug'{xf];\. of] u'0f ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t afx]s -h;sf] d]?b08lsf stnf 5]psf stnf egbf yf]/} dfqfdf 7'nf x'g5g_ ;a} s/]tx?sf] ljif]z u'0f xf]. c? s/]t h:t} o; s/]tsf] k hflt klg clt ljiffn' x'g5. 20

29 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf s v tl:a/ #%= -s / v_ ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus lividus) sf] 6fpsf]sf] tl:a/ glhs}af6 lnpsf]. o;sf] ;fgf] cffvf, tlvf] k/]sf] 7f]+8 / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 g5'l Psf] 6fpsf]sf] Vofn ug'{xf];\. o;sf] cffvfsf] gfgl ;]tf] b]lvpsf] 5 lsgls of] /;folgs cf}iflwdf ;+/lift ;k{ xf]. hlljt ;k{sf] cffvfsf] gfgl eg] sfnf] /Ësf] x'g5. g]kfndf kfog] s]xl la/fnfsf] h:t} cffvf epsf r'8]p ;k{ -Boiga ochracea, tl:a/ #& df x]g' {xf];\_ ;k{x?sf] z/l/ ;dfg?kn] v}/f] x'g5. dwo 9f8df 7"nfvfn] stnfsf] Pp6f nx/ klg x'g5, t/ tl ;k{x?sf] 7"nf cffvf, phofnf]df ;lhn} b]vg ;lsg] 7f8f] k/]sf] gfgln] ubf{ p= s'v s tl:a/ #^= 7"nf] sfnf] s/]tsf] (Bungarus niger) Psbd} 7"nf d]?b08lo stnfx? -/ c? s/]tx?, s_ / ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t -aëf/; lnle8;_ sf xnsf 7"nf d]?b08lo stnfx? -v_. s/]t ;k{x?af6 ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5. sfnf] s/]tsf] cffvf Psbd} ;fgf] x'g5 / hlljt x'bff ol cffvf sfnf b]lvg5g\. ol Sof6 :g]sx?sf] k'r5/ d'lgsf stnfx? ljeflht epsfn] loglx?nfo{ g]kfnsf s/]t ;k{x?af6 lxdfnl s/]t (Bungarus bungaroides) afx]s ;lhn} 5'6\ofpFg ;lsg5 ;fy} ol ;k{sf] 6fpsf] 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l g] ] epsf]n] klg s/]t ;k{af6 ol ;k{x?nfo{ 5'6\ofpFg ufx f] x'b}g. Sof6 :g]sx?sf] d'vsf] k5fl8kl 7"nf ljifbgtx? x'g5g\ h;sf] ;xfotfn] logn] cfxf/sf] z/l/df ljif k7fpf5g\. g]kfndf ol ;k{x? dwod vfnsf] ljif epsf ;k{ eg]/ lrlgg5g\ t/ logn] dflg;nfo{ 8;]/ la/fdl epsf 36gf xfn;dd hfgsf/ldf cfpsf 5}g. v Pkm= jfn -!()*_ sf] lrqaf6?kfgt/ ul/psf] 21

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x r'8]p ;k{ jf 6fpgL Sof6 :g]s -Boiga ochracea, tl:a/ #& df x]g'{xf];\_ rflxf g]kfnsf] t/fo{, kxf8 / l5d]sl b]zx?df klg kfog5.$

30 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x r'8]p ;k{ jf 6fpgL Sof6 :g]s -Boiga ochracea, tl:a/ #& df x]g'{xf];\_ rflxf g]kfnsf] t/fo{, kxf8 / l5d]sl b]zx?df klg kfog5. of] k fom /ftf] v}/f], kx]+nf] v}/f] jf d'uf /Ësf] x'g5. t/ uf9f /Ësf] of] ;k{nfo{ sfnf] s/]t;fu e'mlssg ;lsg5. s/]t ;k{ h:t}, of] ;k{ klg /ftl ;lqmo x'g5. t/ s/]t egbf km/s of] ;k{ k fo emf8l jf a'6\ofgx?df a:b5 / 5]kf/f], r/f / ;fgf :tgkfol hljsf] cfxf/f ub{5. o;sf] 7"nf] cffvfdf phofnf]df k i6 b]lvg] 7f8f]k/]sf gfgl epsf]n] of] ;k{nfo{ klxrfg ug{ oxl ljz]iftfnfo{ ;Demg' kb{5. tl:a/ #&= r'8]p ;k{ (Boiga ochracea). 22

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf g]kfndf ;k{sf k hfltx? slt 5g\ / tl dwo] slt k hfltx? vt/gfs 5g\ < clxn];dd *( k hfltsf ;k{sf] g]kfnaf6 clen]vg epsf] 5.$

31 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf g]kfndf ;k{sf k hfltx? slt 5g\ / tl dwo] slt k hfltx? vt/gfs 5g\ < clxn];dd *( k hfltsf ;k{sf] g]kfnaf6 clen]vg epsf] 5. t/ ;k{sf k hfltsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+Vof cem} Plsg ug'{ affsl 5 lsg eg] hlj lj1fgsf b[li6n] g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e" efudf cg';gwfg eps} 5}g. s]xl k sflzt tyofíx? -h;df k hflt klxrfg ug{ ufx f] k/]sf] 5_ sf] cem a9l cwoog ug{ / k dfl0ft ug{ cfjzos 5. ;k{sf k hfltsf] w]/} ljljwtf epsf] g]kfndf xfdln]!& j6f d'vsf] cl3nnf] efudf ljif bgt epsf k hfltx?nfo{ clt ljiffn' 7DofPsf 5f}+. ol clt ljiffn' ;k{x?nfo{ yk b'o{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. uf]dg, /fhuf]dg, s/]t / d'uf ;k{x?sf ;d"x -Onflk8L kl/jf/_ o; ;d"xsf ;k{x?df d'vsf] cl3lnt/ dflynnf] aëf/f]df crn /xg] b'o{j6f 5f]6f ljif bgtx? x'g5g\. ol bfftx? oblk 5f]6f epklg, k To]s bfftsf] aflx/l ;txdf ulx/f] 8' F8 x'g5. o; 8' F8n] ljifnfo{ cfxf/sf] jf zq'sf] z/l/df k' ofpg k efjsf/l e"ldsf v]nb5. s]xl ;k{x?df, ljz]if u/l s/]tx?sf] ;fx } ;fgf ljifbgt x'g5g\. loglx?sf] 8;fO{af6 b]vg ;lsg] 8;fO{sf] lrgx jf /utfdd] 3fp ag]sf] x'b}g / logn] slt ljif k;fpsf] 5 egl k"jf{g'dfg klg ug{ ;lsgg. s/]t ;k{n] 8;]sf] v08df, cffvfn] b]vg ;lsg] 8;fO{sf s'g} lrgx jf 3fp geptf klg / tl:a/ #*= bds, emfkfdf kfopsf] uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja). z'?sf s]xl 306f leq ;d]t s]xl :jf:yo ;d:of gb]lvp klg, 8;]sf]!@ 306f kl5 klg ljifsf nif0fx? h:t} :jf; k Zjf; k ls of /f]lsg] h:tf 3fts kl/0ffd b]lvg] ;Defjgf /xg5. To;sf/0f ;a} ;k{sf 8;fO{x? -zª\sf:kb 8;fO{ ;lxt_ nfo{ ;'?df s'g} klg la/fdldf ljifsf nif0fx? gb]lvptf klg c:ktfndf 306f;Dd cjnf]sg Pj+ lgu/fglsf] nflu /fvg' kb{5. 23 p= s'v

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; a f/f]o8; (Bungarus bungaroides) lxdfnog s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, kxf8l s/]t -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo!!=% dl= ;Dd nfdf] x'g5.$

32 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; a f/f]o8; (Bungarus bungaroides) lxdfnog s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, kxf8l s/]t -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo!!=% dl= ;Dd nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf sl/a #) ;]=dl= ;Ddsf] x'g5. z/l/ / k'r5/ 6nsbf/ sfnf], v}/f] sfnf] jf km'; f] /Ësf] x'g5. z/l/ / k'r5/df ;]tf] jf kx]+nf] /Ësf] ;ff3'/f r'/fx? x'g5g\. ol r'/fx? k f}9 cj:yfsf ;k{x?df eg] c:ki6 x'g5g\. Pp6f stnf a/fa/sf] rf}8fo epsf ol ;]tf rssfx? dflynnf] z/l/ egbf tnnf] efult/ a9l rfsnf] ep/ km}lnpsf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. o;sf] z/l/sf] dwo efudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? eg] 5]psf stnf egbf 7"nf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] tnnf] efusf stnfx? ljeflht epsf x'g5g\. tl:a/ #(= c?0ffrn k b]z, ef/tdf kfopsf] cnk jo:s lxdfnl s/]t (Bungarus bungaroides). P;= bnjl km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ t/fo{ / lxdfnl If]qsf] tnnf] efux?df kfog5. ltaatsf] a Xdk'q pktosf, pq/k"jl{ ef/tb]lv pq/l Dofgdf/;Dd of] k hflt km}lnpsf] 5. of] k hflt hën, s[lif If]q / dfgj a:tl epsf b]lv!%)) dl6/sf] prfodf kfo{g5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm la/n} dfq b]lvg] of] ;k{sf] af/]df yf]/} dfq yfxf kfopsf] 5. s/]t ;d"xsf] of] ;k{sf] cgf}7f] s'/f s] 5 eg], o;nfo{ lbgsf] ;dodf ;lj mo epsf] kfopsf] 5. o;n] 8;]sf] tyofí k fkt 5}g. sdg s/]t;fu em'lssg] of] ;k{n] 8;]df 5f]6f] ;dodf g} d[to' x'g ;S5. 24

$o;sf] ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ k efljt kfg]{ epsf]n] lk;fadf ;d]t k f]l6g b]lvg5. cgtdf d[uf}nfn] ;d]t sfd ug{ 5f8\b5. /utdf kf]6fl;od egg] ttjsf] dfqf a9\g yfnb5.$ $To;}n] of] ;k{n] 8;]sf la/fdldf :gfo' / df+zk]zl ;DaGwL b'j} nif0fx? a9\b} hfg;s5 egl cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg5.$

33 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf ljifsf] c;/m o;sf] ljifsf] cwoog xfn;dd gepsf]n], of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/ klg cgo s/]t ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g5 egl cg'dfg ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. cgo s/]tsf] ljifn] em} of] ;k{sf] ljifn] klg ;txl?kdf km}lnpsf :gfo'x?nfo{ kif3ft u/fpfb} Zjf; k Zjf; k lj mofnfo{ lgogq0f ug]{ :gfo'nfo{ ;d]t k efj kfb{5, kmn:j?k, ;f; km]g{ ufx f] eo{ la/fdlsf] d[to' ;d]t x'g5. o;sf] ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ k efljt kfg]{ epsf]n] lk;fadf ;d]t k f]l6g b]lvg5. cgtdf d[uf}nfn] ;d]t sfd ug{ 5f8\b5. /utdf kf]6fl;od egg] ttjsf] dfqf a9\g yfnb5. To;}n] of] ;k{n] 8;]sf la/fdldf :gfo' / df+zk]zl ;DaGwL b'j} nif0fx? a9\b} hfg;s5 egl cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg5. tl:a/ $)= lxdfnl s/]tsf] (Bungarus bungaroides) k'r5/df kfog] k Lx?. P;= bnjl tl:a/ $!= z/l/sf] cufl8sf] efudf ;dfg uf9f km'; f]b]lv uf9f sfnf] epsf] 7"nf] / jo:s lxdfnl s/]t (Bungarus bungaroides). el=s]= ldl:q tl:a/ $@= lxdfnl s/]tsf] (Bungarus bungaroides) 9f8sf] d]?b08lo efudf kfog] 7"nf stnfsf] nx/ / k5fl8 kl sf] z/l/df ;]tf] /Ësf r'/f. 25 el=s]= ldl:q

34 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ $#= lxdfnl s/]tsf] -Bungarus bungaroides_ z/l/ el/ ;]tf r'/fx?. P;= bnjl tl:a/ $$= lxdfnl s/]tsf] -Bungarus bungaroides_ z/l/sf] tnkl sf] uf9f k]6sf] efudf xnsf ;]tf r'/fx? b]vfpsf]. P;= bnjl 26

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf a f/; ;]?lno; (Bungarus caeruleus) sdg s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, ;]tf] sfnf] r'/] ;k{, u8fofr, r'/] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] s/]t k fo )=*!=@ dl= -!=&% dl= ;Dd klg_ nfdf] x'g5.$

35 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf a f/; ;]?lno; (Bungarus caeruleus) sdg s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, ;]tf] sfnf] r'/] ;k{, u8fofr, r'/] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] s/]t k fo )=*!=@ dl= -!=&% dl= ;Dd klg_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hgd]sf] arrf ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. 6nsbf/ sfnf] b] ]lv uf9f v}/f] z/l/ / k'r5/df Psbd} ;ff3'/f ;]tf r'/fx? x'g5g\. z/l/sf] cufl8sf] efudf eg] ol ;]tf r'/f k fo x'b}gg\. k]6 eg] ;dfg?kn] ;]tf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnf egbf 7"nf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] tnnf] efusf stnfx? ljeflht epsf x'b}gg\. tl:a/ $%= jënfb]zsf] /Ëk'/df kfopsf] jo:s sdg s ]6 (Bungarus caeruleus). pn/lv s'v km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ t/fo{sf ;a} efux?df / tnnf] kxf8l e]udf sl/a!))!%@% dl= ;Ddsf] prfodf / k"jl{ ckmuflg:yfg, kfls:tfg, ef/t, >Ln+sf, aënfb]zdf klg kfog5. o;n] jghën, 3fF;]d}bfg, s[lif / cfjf;lo If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. of] ;k{ 3/df, d';fsf] Kjfnx?df, hldg jf 3/sf wffhfx?df, O{6f, r fg, kmflnpsf ; ;fgf 9'Ëf jf O{6fsf 6's fx? Pj+ sf7x?sf] y'k f]df n's]/ a;]sf] x'g5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm g]kfnsf] clwsf+z If]qx?df kfog] of] ;k{n] w]/} h;f] vt/fhgo ;k{b+zsf 36gf u/fpsf] x'g5. o;sf] cfxf/ ;k{, d';f / cgo ;fgf k f0flx? x'g\. of] /ftl ;ls o x'g5. of]?vdf, leqfdf ;lhn} r9\g ;Sb5 / kfgldf klg ;lhn};fu kf}l8g ;S5. o;n] ljz]ifu/l 3/leq g} 8:g] u/]sf] kfo{g5. o;sf] 8;fO{n] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} Hofg hfg ;S5, t/ k fom o;sf] 8;fO{af6 x'g] kif3ft / 8;fO{sf] ;dosf] alrdf s]xl 306fsf] ;do nfug ;S5. of] ;k{sf] 8;fOn] d[to'sf] 36gfx? k 306f leq epsf] kfopsf] 5. 27

g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] k]6 b'vg] / la:tf/} ;txl?kdf km}lnpsf :gfo' k 0ffnLnfO{ kif3ft u/fpg yfn5.

cffvfsf] 9sgL / cg'xf/sf cgo df+zk]zlx?af6 kif3ft z'? x'g5. ;dod} Zjf; k Zjf; k ls ofnfo{ cj?

tl:a/ $^= jo:s sdg s ]6sf] (Bungarus caeruleus) cufl8sf] z/l/sf] efudf ;]tf] r'/f sd x'b} upsf] b]vfopsf].

36 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] k]6 b'vg] / la:tf/} ;txl?kdf km}lnpsf :gfo' k 0ffnLnfO{ kif3ft u/fpg yfn5. cgtdf Zjf; k Zjf; k 0ffnLdf kif3ft eo{ lg;fl:;p/ la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. ;'?;'?df k]6 b'vg], 6fpsf] b'vg], z/l/ sfdg] x'g5. cffvfsf] 9sgL / cg'xf/sf cgo df+zk]zlx?af6 kif3ft z'? x'g5. ;dod} Zjf; k Zjf; k ls ofnfo{ cj?4 x'g glbg' clt dxtjk"0f{ / hljg arfpg] pkfo xf]. tl:a/ $^= jo:s sdg s ]6sf] (Bungarus caeruleus) cufl8sf] z/l/sf] efudf ;]tf] r'/f sd x'b} upsf] b]vfopsf]. p= s'v tl:a/ $&= sdg s ]6sf] (Bungarus caeruleus) arrfn] cfˆgf] 6fpsf]nfO{ z/l/ tn /fv]/ / u'h'ln6p/ cfkm'nfo{ ;'/lift /fvb} u/]sf]. p= s'v tl:a/ $*= ef/tsf] k'g]df e]l6psf] sdg s ]6 (Bungarus caeruleus). of] ;k{sf] b]a ] tkm{ dfly kl sf] z/l/sf] efu ev{/} cfxf/ u/]sfn] clns km's]sf]. 8L= P= jf/]n 28

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf a f/; of:;lof6; (Bungarus fasciatus) AofG8]8 s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, ugujf/l, ugujf/, kx]+nf] sfnf] r'/] ;k{, s07dfnf, nidl ;k{, /fhf ;k{, dfx]/, Ujfnf ;k{, clxl/lgof ;k{ -g]kfnl$

37 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf a f/; of:;lof6; (Bungarus fasciatus) AofG8]8 s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, ugujf/l, ugujf/, kx]+nf] sfnf] r'/] ;k{, s07dfnf, nidl ;k{, /fhf ;k{, dfx]/, Ujfnf ;k{, clxl/lgof ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k dl= -@=@% dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} km'naf6 lg:s]sf] arrf eg] sl/a #) #% ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] z/l/ / k'r5/df ;dfg rf}8fo epsf sfnf] / xnsf /Ësf] k Lx? x'g5g\. ol xnsf /Ësf] k Lx? o;sf] arrf cj:yf df l3p /Ësf] b]lvg5g\ eg] k f}9 cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 kx] +nf] /Ësf b]lvg5g\. ol k Lx? z/l/sf] rf/}lt/ x'g5g\. o;sf] k'r5/ 7'6f] k/]sf] x'g5, To;}n] slxn]sfxlf o;sf] bf]; f] 6fpsf] xf]ls egl em'lssog5. o;sf] z/l/ lqe'h cfsf/sf] x'g5. o;sf] 9f8sf] ;a}egbf dflykl sf] d]?b08 k i6?kdf 8fF8L k/]sf] x'g5. o;sf] z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. 9f8sf stnfx? logsf 5]psf stnfx? egbf 7"nf / if6sf]0flo cfsf/sf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] tnnf] efusf] stnfx? ljeflht x'b}gg\. tl:a/ $(= ugujf/ln] (Bungarus fasciatus) cfˆgf] 6fpsf] kqfd'lg n'sfpfb} k ltsf/ftds cj:yfdf. lbpf;f] of] ;k{ lgl:s o x'g5 / 8;L xfnb}g. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ g]kfnsf] t/fo{sf ;a} h;f] e" efu / tnnf] kxf8l e" efudf kfog5. cgo 7fpFdf, ef/t, rlg / OG8f]g]lzof;Dd kfog5. of] ;d'b t6lo dl= prfo;dd Dofgdf/df km]nf k/]sf] 5. o;n] cf]l;nf] jf lr;f] vfnsf] af;:yfg / kfglsf] >f]t -kf]v/l, vf]nf, gfnf, wfg v]t_ j/k/ Pj+ a:tl glhs}sf If]q dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;fdgotof dflg;n] b]lv/xg] ;k{ xf]. of] ;k{ /ftl ;ls o x'g5. o;sf] dg kg]{ cfxf/f ;k{ g} xf] / o;n] ljiffn' ;k{ klg vfg] ub{5. o;nfo{ lh:sofof] eg] z/l/d'lg 6fpsf] n'sfpb}, æ:;æ cfjfh lgsfnb5 / z/l/df em6\sf lbg yfn5. o;sf] 8;fO{ g]kfndf la/n} dfq x'g5 t/ of] k hfltsf] 8;fO{ eg] Hofb} vt/gfs x'g5 / la/fdlsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} d[to' x'g ;Sb5. p= s'v 29

$ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ Iflt k' ofpg] epsf]n] df+zk]zlsf] k f]l6gx? d[uf}nfdf hddf x'g5, d[uf}nfn] sfd ug{ 5f]8\b5. /utdf kf]6fl;odsf] dfqf a9\b5 / cgtdf la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5.$ $To;sf/0f, o;sf] 8;fO{af6 :gfo' / df+zk]zldf ljiffqmtf eo{ ;f] ;DaGwL :jf:yo ;d:of b]vf kb{5g\. tl:a/ %)= arrf ugujf/lsf] (Bungarus fasciatus) z/l/df ;]tf] jf o' /Ësf / sfnf /Ësf r'/fx?, loglx?$

38 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ljifsf] c;/m of] k hfltsf ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] :gfo'k 0ffnLdf kif3ft u/fpg] epsf]n] Zjf; k Zjf;df kif3ft eo{ la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ Iflt k' ofpg] epsf]n] df+zk]zlsf] k f]l6gx? d[uf}nfdf hddf x'g5, d[uf}nfn] sfd ug{ 5f]8\b5. /utdf kf]6fl;odsf] dfqf a9\b5 / cgtdf la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. To;sf/0f, o;sf] 8;fO{af6 :gfo' / df+zk]zldf ljiffqmtf eo{ ;f] ;DaGwL :jf:yo ;d:of b]vf kb{5g\. tl:a/ %)= arrf ugujf/lsf] (Bungarus fasciatus) z/l/df ;]tf] jf o' /Ësf / sfnf /Ësf r'/fx?, loglx? a9\b} hffbf ;]tf] /FËsf r'/fx? kx+]nf] /FËsf x'+b} hfg5g\. 8An'= u f];dofg tl:a/ %!= ugujf/lsf] (Bungarus fasciatus) k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf]sf] efunfo{ glhs}af6 b]vfopsf]. of] k hfltsf k f}9 ;k{x?sf] k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] cgo ;k{x?sf] egbf df]6f] / uf]nf] x'g5. p= s'v 30

$xnsf ;]tf] / sfnf r'/fx?n] z/l/nfo{ k"0f{?kn] 3]/fxfn]sf 5g\ / ltglx? ;dfg vfnsf rf}8fo epsf x'g5g\.$ p= s'v tl:a/ %#= ;k]/fn] k bz{g ul//x]sf] jo:s ugujf/l (Bungarus fasciatus).

39 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ ugujf/lnfo{ (Bungarus fasciatus) k]6lt/sf] efuaf6 x]l/psf]. xnsf ;]tf] / sfnf r'/fx?n] z/l/nfo{ k"0f{?kn] 3]/fxfn]sf 5g\ / ltglx? ;dfg vfnsf rf}8fo epsf x'g5g\. p= s'v tl:a/ %#= ;k]/fn] k bz{g ul//x]sf] jo:s ugujf/l (Bungarus fasciatus). of] ;k{n] lbpf;f] la/n} 8:g] x'gfn] ;k]/fx?n] ;lhn} k bz{g u5{g. t/ /ftdf eg] ol ;k{ ;ls o x'g5g\ / cftd/iffsf] nflu 8:g klg ;S5g\. p= s'v 31

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; lnle8; (Bungarus lividus) n];/ ANofs s ]6 -cu ]hl gfd_, ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fom ^) () ;]=dl nfdf], la/n}! dl= egbf nfdf] x'g5.$ $6fpsf] / z/l/sf] cu efusf] d'lg ;]tf], t/ k5fl8sf] z/l/ / k'r5/ d'lgsf] efu ;]tf] / v}/f] /Ë ldl;p/ c:ki6 epsf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] tlvf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?$

40 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; lnle8; (Bungarus lividus) n];/ ANofs s ]6 -cu ]hl gfd_, ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fom ^) () ;]=dl nfdf], la/n}! dl= egbf nfdf] x'g5. 6fpsf], z/l/ / k'r5/ rldsnf] sfnf], sfnf] v}/f] jf v}/f] t/ s'g} ;]tf] r'/f jf w;f{ gepsf] x'g5. 6fpsf] / z/l/sf] cu efusf] d'lg ;]tf], t/ k5fl8sf] z/l/ / k'r5/ d'lgsf] efu ;]tf] / v}/f] /Ë ldl;p/ c:ki6 epsf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] tlvf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? eg] 5]psf stnfx? egbf clnslt dfq 7"nf jf ;dfg x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] d'lgkl sf stnfx? ljeflht epsf x'b}gg\. s v tl:a/ %$= -s_ ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t ;k{ (Bungarus lividus), aënfb]zsf] ;+u xfnodf ;+/lift gd"gf. hlljt ;k{sf] cffvf sfnf] b]lvg5 / cffvfsf] gfgl b]vg ufx f] x'g5 -tl:a/df ;]tf] b]lvpsf] 5_. -v_ ;fgf] sfnf] s/]tsf tlvf k/]sf y't'gf b]vfopsf], o;sf] k of]u ;k{n] b"nf] agfpgdf u5{. 3fF6L / 6fpsf]sf] tnkl sf] ;]tf] efu klg b]vfo{psf]. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ t/fo{ / kxf8sf] tnnf] If]qel/ kfog ;S5. xfn;dd k"jl{ / dwo g]kfnaf6 o;sf] clen]vg epsf] 5. ;fy} of] ef/tsf] pq/ k"jl{ If]q / aënfb]zsf] pq/l If]qdf klg kfopsf] 5. dl6/ egbf tnsf hën, 3fF;] d}bfg, s[lif If]q / dfgj a:tl j/k/ kfog5. p= s'v lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm la/n} kfog] of] ;k{sf] lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtjsf] af/]df ;fx } yf]/} dfq hfgsf/l k fkt epsf] 5. of] /ftl ;ls o x'g5 / ;k{, d';fx? vfg5 / /ftl 3/df ;d]t cffp5. of] ;k{sf s]xl k dfl0ft 8;fO{x? ;]tf] sfnf] r'/f epsf s/]t -sdg s/]t_ sf] 8;fO{;Fu 'Sofpg] vfnsf] kfopsf] 5. of] ;k{sf] 306f leq} la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g] ub{5 / 8;fOsf] 36gf s'g} s'g} If]qdf w]/} x'g klg ;S5. s v tl:a/ %%= 7"nf] sfnf] s/]tsf] (Bungarus niger) Psbd} 7"nf d]?b08lo stnfx? -/ c? s/]tx?, s_ / ;fgf] sfnf] s/]tsf (Bungarus lividus ) xnsf 7"nf d]?b08lo stnfx? -v_. Pkm= jfn -!()*_ sf] lrqaf6?kfgt/ ul/psf]. 32

$a9\b} hfg5 ls egl lgofng] ug'{ kb{5. tl:a/ %^= jo:s ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus lividus), h;n] emfkfsf] a]n8ffuldf dflg;nfo{ 8;]/ df/]sf] lyof].$

41 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljif clxn];dd cwoog ul/ps} 5}g. g]kfndf of] k hfltsf] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] 8;]sf] 7fpFdf / ;Dk"0f{ z/l/ el/ kf]ng], k]6 b'vg], jfgtf x'g], af]nl c:ki6 x'g], cffvf vf]ng ufx f] x'g] / la:tf/} Zjf; k Zjf; k 0ffnLdf c;/ k' ofo{ ;f; km]g{ ufx f] x'g] / cgtdf la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g] ub{5. o;sf] ljif :gfo' k 0ffnLnfO{ c;/ k' ofpg] / ;Dejt df+zk]zlnfo{ klg c;/ k' ofpg] vfnsf] x'g5. pkrf/sf] s ddf ;d]t s'g} ;d:ofx? a9\b} hfg5 ls egl lgofng] ug'{ kb{5. tl:a/ %^= jo:s ;fgf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus lividus), h;n] emfkfsf] a]n8ffuldf dflg;nfo{ 8;]/ df/]sf] lyof]. of] ;k{ cf]5\ofgdf tlsofsf] d'lg n's]/ a;]sf] km]nf k/]sf] lyof]. p= s'v tl:a/ %&= ;fgf] sfnf] s/]tsf] (Bungarus lividus) pb/lo efu b]vfopsf], hxff 6fpsf] b]lv k'r5/ ;Dd xnsfaf6 uf9f x' Fb} upsf] b]lvg5. p= s'v 33

42 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; gfoh/ (Bungarus niger) u ]6/ ANofs s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, 7"nf] sfnf] s/]t -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] s/]t k fo &) b]lv () ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5, la/n}!=# dl= ;Dd klg x'g ;Sb5. 6fpsf], z/l/ / k'r5/ s'g} ;]tf r'/f jf w;f{ gepsf], 6nsbf/ sfnf], v}/f] sfnf], uf9f rsn]6l v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. 6fpsf] / z/l/sf] efusf] d'lglt/sf] efu xnsf wldnf] ;]tf]b]lv kx]+nf] /Ësf] x'g5. k5fl8sf] z/l/ / k'r5/sf] d'lgsf] efu eg] wldnf] jf k i6 5'6\ofpFg g;lsg] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnfx? egbf 7"nf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] d'lglt/sf stnfx? cljeflht x'g5g\. tl:a/ %*= 7"nf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus niger), d]?b08df if6sf]0flo 7"nf stnfx? k i6 b]lvg5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm clxn];dd of] ;k{ sf:sl lhnnfdf -!$%) dl=_ km]nf k/]sf] 5. of] ;k{ g]kfnsf] t/fo{ / kxf8l If]qel/ km}lnpsf] x'g ;S5. of] ;k{ pq/ klzrdl ef/t -pq/fv08_, pq/ k"jl{ ef/t, e'6fg, aënfb]z / klzrdl Dofgdf/df klg kfog5. of] ;k{ kxf8l jghënx?, s[lif P+j cfjf;lo If]qx?df a;f]af; ug{ dg k/fpf5. 34

43 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm xfn} dfq of] s/]t klg lrlst;f ;DaGwL b[li6n] dxtjk"0f{ 5 egg] tyo yfxf epsf] 5. of] ;k{ /ftl ;ls o x'g5 / of] 3/df cfpsf], df5f dfg]{ hfndf alnempsf], o;n] d';f P+j ;k{ vfpsf] ;d]t yfxf x'g cfpsf] 5. o;sf] 8;fO{ sdg s/]t B. caeruleus sf] 8;fO{;Fu em'lssg] vfnsf] x'g5. of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] 306f leq} la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g ;S5. ljifsf] c;/m o;sf] ljifsf] c;/n] klg la:tf/} la:tf/} :gfo' k 0ffnLdf kif3ft u/fpb} hfg] / cgtdf Zjf; k Zjf; k ls ofdf ;+nug cësf] ;d]t kif3ft x'g uo{ Zjf; k Zjf; agb eo{ la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. o;sf] ljifn] df+zk]zl ;d]tnfo{ c;/ u5{. /utdf kf]6fl;odsf] dfqf a9\g yfn5, lk;fadf df+zk]zlsf k f]6lgx? b]lvg yfn5g\. of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{df :gfo' / df+zk]zl ;DaGwL nif0fx? b]vf kb{5g\. of] ;k{b+zsf la/fdlnfo{ Zjf; k Zjf; ;lhnf] kfg{] Pj+ d[uf}nfnfo{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ yk pks/0fx?sf] cfjzostf kg{ ;Sb5. tl:a/ %(= gf}8ff8f, sf:sldf!$%) dl= sf] prfodf kfopsf] 7"nf] sfnf] s/]t (Bungarus niger) h;sf] 6fpsf]df uf9f sfnf] /Ësf] cffvf k i6 b]lvpsf]. 35

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; jfnl (Bungarus walli) jfn; s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, a}/l s/]t, u8fofr -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] s/]t k fo!!=#) dl= -slxn]sfxlf!=^% dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5.$

44 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x a f/; jfnl (Bungarus walli) jfn; s ]6 -c+u ]hl gfd_, a}/l s/]t, u8fofr -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] s/]t k fo!!=#) dl= -slxn]sfxlf!=^% dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hgd]sf] arrf #) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. 6nsbf/ sfnf], v}/f] sfnf] jf km'; f] 6fpsf], z/l/ / k'r5/df y'k } ;ff3'/f ;]tf] jf kx]+nf /Ësf r'/fx? x'g5g\. ol r'/fx? sl/a Pp6f stnf a/fa/ km/flsnf x'g5g\. ;fy} o:tf r'/fx? z/l/sf] cu efudf eg] c:ki6 x'g5g\. k]6sf] efu eg] ;dfg?kn] ;]tf] x'g5. k'r5/ tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!& -la/n}!( j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnfx? egbf 7"nf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] d'lglt/sf stnfx? cljeflht x'g5g\. tl:a/ ^)= a}/l s/]t (Bungarus walli), aënfb]zdf e]l6psf] gd"gf. Pd=P=8An'= rf}w'/l km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ xfn;dd g]kfnsf] blif0f k"jl{ t/fo{df dfq kfopsf] eptf klg cgo t/fo{sf If]qx?df klg x'g ;S5. of] s/]t pq/l ef/t / aënfb]zsf] OGb' / u+uf gbln] agfpsf] pj{/f / ;dy/ e" efux?df klg kfopsf] 5. o;n] 3fF;] d}bfg, jghën, s[lif Pj+ cfjf;lo If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm o; s/]tsf] xfn} dfq lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj 5 egl kqf nfu]sf] xf], lsg eg] o; cl3 o;nfo{ sdg s/]t dflgpsf] lyof]. s]xl If]qdf b'j} 36

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf k hfltx? kfo{g5g\ eg] s]xldf ol b'o{ dwo] Ps k hfltn] y'k } ;k{b+zsf 36gf 36fPsf 5g\.$ of] ;k{ clt vt/gfs x'g5 / sdg s/]t egbf a9l l/;fxf vfnsf] klg x'g5. ljifsf] c;/m of] s/]tsf] ljifsf] 5' } cwoog epsf] 5}g. o;sf] ljifsf] k efj / nif0fx?

of] ;k{ clt vt/gfs x'g5 / sdg s/]t egbf a9l l/;fxf vfnsf] klg x'g5. ljifsf] c;/m of] s/]tsf] ljifsf] 5' } cwoog epsf] 5}g. o;sf] ljifsf] k efj / nif0fx?

$f]l6gx? b]vf kg{ ;Sb5. s tl:a/ ^!= -s_ blif0f aënfb]zdf e]l6psf] a}/l s/]tsf] (Bungarus walli) 6fpsf]. -v_ ToxL s/]tsf] z/l/df b]lvpsf] dl;gf ;]tf k Lx?$

45 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf k hfltx? kfo{g5g\ eg] s]xldf ol b'o{ dwo] Ps k hfltn] y'k } ;k{b+zsf 36gf 36fPsf 5g\. g]kfnsf] blif0f k"jl{ t/fo{df o; s/]tsf] 8;fO{ w]/} epsf] kfopsf] 5. of] s/]t /ftl ;ls o x'g5 / o;n] d';f, ;k{ / Eofu'tf vfg5. of] ;k{ clt vt/gfs x'g5 / sdg s/]t egbf a9l l/;fxf vfnsf] klg x'g5. ljifsf] c;/m of] s/]tsf] ljifsf] 5' } cwoog epsf] 5}g. o;sf] ljifsf] k efj / nif0fx? sdg s/]t;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g5. :gfo' / Zjf; k Zjf; k 0ffnLsf] kif3ftsf cltl/qm la/fdl sfdg], d'6' ;DaGwL ;d:of cfpg] / lk;fadf cgo ;k{b+zn] egbf km/s dfqfdf /utdf jf df+zk]zldf x'g] k f]l6gx? b]vf kg{ ;Sb5. s tl:a/ ^!= -s_ blif0f aënfb]zdf e]l6psf] a}/l s/]tsf] (Bungarus walli) 6fpsf]. -v_ ToxL s/]tsf] z/l/df b]lvpsf] dl;gf ;]tf k Lx?. v Pd= P= 8An'= rf}w'/l tl:a/ ^@= a}/l s/]t (Bungarus walli, s) / sdg s/]t (Bungarus caeruleus, v). ol b'a} k hfltx? p:t} b]lvg] eptf klg z/l/sf] dwoefudf stnfx?sf] ;+Vof km/s x'g5. s v p= s'v 37

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x gfhf gfhf (Naja naja) sdg sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, uf]dg, gfu -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ^#= uf]dg ;k{n] (Naja naja) 6fpsf] p7fp/ km0ff agfpsf], cfkm" vt/fdf k/]sf] dx;'; u/]df of] ;k{n]$

46 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x gfhf gfhf (Naja naja) sdg sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, uf]dg, gfu -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ^#= uf]dg ;k{n] (Naja naja) 6fpsf] p7fp/ km0ff agfpsf], cfkm" vt/fdf k/]sf] dx;'; u/]df of] ;k{n] o:tf] ljz]iftf b]vfpfb5. p= s'v lrgf/lm of] uf]dg ;k{ k fo!=%!=^ dl= ;Dd dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hgd]sf] arrf #) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. xnsf v}/f], kx]+nf] v}/f]b]lv sfnf] /Ësf] 3fF6Ldf rzdf cfsf/sf] lrgx x'g5, 3fF6Lsf] d'lglt/sf] efudf # j6f sfnf yf]knfx? x'g5g\. To;} u/l km0ffsf] k5fl8 k]6lt/sf] efudf # j6f km/flsnf / sfnf] /Ësf kf6f x'g5g\. j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnf klg 5]psf stnf hq} x'g5g\. k'r5/ tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] d'lg lt/sf stnfx? ljeflht x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] uf]dg ;k{ t/fo{ / dwokxf8sf ;a} If]qdf!^)) dl= sf] prfo;dd kfopsf] 5. ef/t, aënfb]z, kfls:tfg, e'6fg / >Ln+sfdf klg of] ;k{ kfo{g5. of] ;k{ jghën, 3fF;] d}bfg, s[lif Pj+ cfjf;lo If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] g]kfndf ;fdgotof kfog] Pp6f ljiffn' ;k{ xf]. ljiffn' ;k{b+zdwo] ;a}egbf vt/gfs ;k{b+zsf] sf/ssf]?kdf of] ;k{ kl/lrt 5. of] ;k{ lbpf;f] jf /ftdf, ljz]iftm laxfg / ;ffemkv a9l ;ls o x'g5. o;n] d'votof d';f, Eofu'tf, r/f r'?ëlx?sf] cfxf/ ub{5 / of] /fd f];fu kf}8l v]ng ;Sb5. of] ;k{n] vt/f dx;'; u/]df cfˆgf] cufl8sf] z/l/sf] efu p7fpf5, 3fF6Lsf] 5fnfnfO{ km}nfp/ km0ffú agfpf5 / ;;;;=====Ú cfjfh lgsfnb5. ljifsf] c;/m o;sf] ljifsf] c;/n] 8;]sf] efu j/k/ ;'lggg5. la/fdlx?df :gfo' k 0ffnLsf] kif3ft x'b} Zjf; k Zjf; k ls of ;d]t cj?4 x'g5 / cgtdf la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. :gfo'tgt'nfo{ k efj kfg]{ of] ;k{sf] ljifnfo{ k ltljif / PG6Lsf]nLgL:6]/]h gfdsf] cf}iflwn] 38

$tl:a/ ^$= km0ff agfo{;s]kl5 efug nfu]sf] uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja).$

47 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf ;lhn} lg:t]h kfg{ jf :gfo' sf]ifaf6 x6folbg ;S5. o;sf] ljifsf] sf/0f 8;]sf] efu j/k/sf sf]ifx? s'lxpsf] / df+zk]zlx? v'ldrpsf] ep zno lrlst;fsf] klg cfjzostf kg{ ;Sb5. tl:a/ ^$= km0ff agfo{;s]kl5 efug nfu]sf] uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja). p= s'v tl:a/ ^%= bds, emfkfdf e]l6psf] uf]dg ;k{ (Naja naja). sffr'nl km]g]{ ;do epsf]n] o;sf] z/l/ uf9f b]lvpsf] xf]. p= s'v 39

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x gfhf sfcf]lyof (Naja kaouthia) df]gf]l;n]6 sf]a f, df]gf]sn]8 sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, uf]dg, klgof b/fb -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ^^= af/f lhnnfdf kfopsf] klgof b/fb ;k{ (Naja kaouthia).$

48 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x gfhf sfcf]lyof (Naja kaouthia) df]gf]l;n]6 sf]a f, df]gf]sn]8 sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, uf]dg, klgof b/fb -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ^^= af/f lhnnfdf kfopsf] klgof b/fb ;k{ (Naja kaouthia). 40 s]=al= zfx lrgf/lm of] uf]dg ;k{!=%!=^ dl= -@=# dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5, ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf #% ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. of] xnsf v}/f], kx]+nf] v}/f]b]lv sfnf] df6f]sf] /Ësf] x'g5. o;sf] 3fF6Ldf 'O' cfsf/sf] lrgx x'g5. 3fF6Lsf] j6f sfnf yf]knfx? x'g5g\. km0ffsf] k5fl8 k]6lt/sf] jf # j6f km/flsnf sfnf k Lx? x'g5g\. z/l/sf] j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnf hq} x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] 6'Kkf] tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] d'lglt/sf stnfx? ljeflht epsf x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm g]kfndf of] uf]dg t/fo{sf ;a} If]qdf / ;d'b L ;txaf6 sl/a #@)) dl= prfo;dd k"jl{ / dwo kxf8l If]qx?df kfog5. ;fy} e'6fg, pq/ k"jl{ ef/t, aënfb]z, Dofgdf/, rlg, leotgfd / pq/ klzrd dn]l;ofdf klg of] ;k{ kfo{g5. of] ;k{ kfglsf] glhs hën, 3fF;] d}bfg, s[lif Pj+ cfjf;lo If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm s'g ;k{sf] k hfltn] 8;]sf] xf] egl 5'6\ofpFg] gul/psf] eptf klg, g]kfndf sdg sf]a fsf] t'ngfdf o; uf]dgsf] 8;fO{ sd b]lvg5. of] ;k{ lbpf;f] / /ftl, ljz]if u/l laxfg / ;ffemdf a9l ;ls o x'g5. o;n] d'votof Eofu'tf, kfxf Eofu'tf, df5f / d';fx?sf] cfxf/ ub{5 / of] kf}l8gdf s'zn x'g5. o;n] vt/f dx;'; u/]df cfˆgf] cufl8sf] efu p7fpf5, 3fF6Lsf] 5fnf km}nfpf5, km0ff agfpf5 / ;;===Ú cfjfh lgsfnb5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] klg 8;fO{ epsf] efu ;'lggg] u5{. ;fy} :gfo'k 0ffnLsf] kif3ft eo{ ;f; km]g{ ck7of/f] ep/ la/fdlsf] d[to' ;d]t x'g5. of] ;k{sf] ljifnfo{ k ltljif / PlG6sf]lnlgi6]/]h gfdsf] cf}iflwn] lg:t]h kf5{ jf :gfo' sf]ifaf6 x6fo{lbg ;S5. of] ;k{sf] ljifn] 8;]sf] efudf sf]ifx? s'xfolbg] klg x'g5, kmn:j?k 5f]6f] epsf df+zk]zl Pj+ s'lxpsf] efusf] pkrf/sf] nflu zno lrlst;fsf] cfjzostf klg kg{ ;S5.

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ ^&= aënfb]zsf]$ $p= s'v tl:a/ ^*= klgof b/fb ;k{sf] (Naja$

49 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ ^&= aënfb]zsf] ;k]/f;fu epsf] klgof b/fb ;k{ (Naja kaouthia). p= s'v tl:a/ ^*= klgof b/fb ;k{sf] (Naja kaouthia) km0ffdf b]lvpsf] 'O' cfsf/sf] lrgx. p= s'v 41

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cf]lkmof] ofu; xfgf (Ophiophagus hannah) lsë sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, /fhuf]dg, sfnlgfu, s]jf6f -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo # #=% dl= -%=% dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5.$

50 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cf]lkmof] ofu; xfgf (Ophiophagus hannah) lsë sf]a f -c+u ]hl gfd_, /fhuf]dg, sfnlgfu, s]jf6f -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo # #=% dl= -%=% dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf eg] $) ^) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. of] ;+;f/s} ;a} egbf 7"nf] ljiffn' ;k{ xf]. o;sf] z/l/ 6nsbf/ sfnf] v}/f], kx]+nf] v}/f] jf km'; f] /Ësf] x'g5. slnnf pd]/sf /fhuf]dgsf] z/l/ / k'r5/df k i6 b]lvg] ;]tf jf kx]+nf r'/fx? x'g5g\. ol r'/fx? o'jf jf k f}9 cj:yfdf k'u] kl5 x/fpfb} hfg] jf c:ki6 x'g5g\. 3fF6Ldf rzdf jf 'O' cfsf/sf] s'g} klg lrgxx? x'b}gg\. 6fpsf]df Pshf]8L cf]ls;lk6n stnfx? Ps csf]{;fu hf]l8p/ /x]sf x'g5g\. k'r5/ tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. o;sf] z/l/sf] dwoefudf!% j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnfegbf 7"nf x'b}gg\. k'r5/sf] d'lglt/sf stnfx? dwo] cufl8 kl sf stnf cljeflht / k5fl8 kl sf stnff ljeflht epsf x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm g]kfndf t/fo{sf ;a} If]q / #%)) dl= prfo;ddsf kxf8l If]qx?df of] ;k{ kfopsf] 5, ;fy} ef/t, jënfb]z, e'6fg / blif0f k"jl{ Pl;ofdf klg of] ;k{ kfo{g5. of] ;k{ hën, kfgl glhs}sf] s[lif If]q / aff;3f/lx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. dflg;sf] rnv]n w]/} x'g] s[lif If]qx?df of] ;k{ la/n} b]lvg5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm /fhuf]dgx? lbgdf ;ls o x'g5g\. b' t ultdf bf}l8g ;Sb5g\,?vx?df r8\g / kf}l8gdf klg s'zn x'g5g\. loglx?n] ;k{x?sf] clhë/ ;d]tnfo{ cfxf/ ub{5g\, ;fy} uf]xf]/f]x? klg vfg] u/]sf] e]l6psf] 5. ck7of/f]df k/]sf a]nf cufl8sf] z/l/sf] efunfo{ p7fpf5g\ / ulx/f] vfnsf] u'/u'/fpg] cfjfh lgsfnb5g\. of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ g]kfndf la/n} epsf] b]lvg5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifn] ubf{ 8;]sf] efu ;'lggg], la:tf/} :gfo' k 0ffnLsf] kif3ft x'g uo{ Zjf; k Zjf; k ls of cj?4 x'g k'ub5 / cgtdf la/fdlsf] d[to' x'g5. of] ;k{n] la/fdlsf] z/l/df y'k } dfqfdf ljif k7fpg ;Sb5. ef/tdf lgld{t kf]nle]n]06 k ltljifdf of] k hfltsf] ;k{sf] ljif k of]u epsf] 5}g, t;y{ o;sf] ljifnfo{ lg:t]h kfg{ k ltljifsf] y'k } dfqf cfjzos kg{ ;Sb5. 8;fO{ epsf] cësf] sf]ifx? s'lxg ;Sg] x' Fbf yk zno lrlst;fsf] cfjzostf klg kg{ ;S5. 42 tl:a/ ^(= sf7df08f}df e]l6psf] /fhuf]dg (O. hannah). s]=al= zfx

51 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ &)= ef/t, pl8;fdf kfopsf] /fhuf]dg (Ophiophagus hannah). P= Sofk6]g OG8Log xk{= ;f];fo6l 43

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ;fogf]dfos '/; DofSn]NofG8L o'lgle/uf6; (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus) DofSn]NofG8; sf]/n :g]s -c+u ]hl gfd_, d'uf ;k{, ss{6 gfu -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo %) *)$

52 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x ;fogf]dfos '/; DofSn]NofG8L o'lgle/uf6; (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus) DofSn]NofG8; sf]/n :g]s -c+u ]hl gfd_, d'uf ;k{, ss{6 gfu -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo %) *) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. 6fpsf]sf] dflynnf] ;tx sfnf] x'g5. cffvfsf] k5fl8 Pp6f km/flsnf] ;]tf] kx] +nf] jf o' /Ësf] t];f] { wsf] { km}lnpsf] x'g5. z/l/sf] 9f8sf] efu /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. 9f8df d]?b08lo w;f] { x'g of gx'g klg ;Sb5. z/l/sf] bfoff afoffsf] efudf kftnf / sfnf t];f] { k/]sf ck'/f r'/fsf lrgxx? b]lvg5g\. z/l/sf] d'lgkl sf] efu kx+ ]nf] /Ësf] / sfnf wsf{ jf sf]7] sfnf lrgxx? epsf] x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!# j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. d]?b08sf stnfx? 5]psf stnf egbf 7"nf x' Fb}gg\. k'r5/ 5f]6f] / 6'Kkf] tlvf] k/]sf] x'g5. k'r5/sf] tnlt/sf stnfx? ljeflht x'g5g\. tl:a/ &!= ef/tsf] c?0ffrn k b]zdf kfopsf] jo:s d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi). P= Sofk6]g b ln;;\ km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ t/fo{ / dl= prfo;ddsf] kxf8l If]qdf kfo{g5. ef/tdf / cgo blif0f k"jl{ Pl;ofsf b]zx?df klg kfo{g5. of] ;k{ hën, a'6\ofgx? epsf] 7fpF / s[lif If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] la/n} kfog] ;k{sf] af/]df yf]/} dfq hfgsf/l k fkt epsf] 5. of] ;k{ /ftl, ljxfg / ;ffem kv ;ls o x'g5. o;n] v's'nf] hldg ;lhn};fu vgg ;S5. o;n] d'votof u8\of}nf / ;k{sf] cfxf/ ub{5. o;n] vt/f dx;'; u/]df z/l/nfo{ 44

tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf km/flsnf] kfb{5, k'r5/nfo{ p7fp/ 3'd f] kfb{5.

ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] /fd f];fu cwoog epsf] 5}g. pknaw hfgsf/l cg';f/ of] ;k{sf] ljifn] :gfo' tgt'x?

$cgo sf]/n :g]s -d'uf ;k{_ sf k hfltsf] ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ laufg] { epsf]n], of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/ df+zk]zl / :gfo'tgt' b'j}nfo{$

53 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf km/flsnf] kfb{5, k'r5/nfo{ p7fp/ 3'd f] kfb{5. g]kfndf of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ clt la/n} 5 t/ of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{af6 Ps hgfsf] d[to' epsf] s'/f clen]v ul/psf] 5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] /fd f];fu cwoog epsf] 5}g. pknaw hfgsf/l cg';f/ of] ;k{sf] ljifn] :gfo' tgt'x?nfo{ ljiffqm kfb} { Zjf; k Zjf; k ls ofdf ;+nug x'g] cëx?df kif3ft u/fpf5. cgo sf]/n :g]s -d'uf ;k{_ sf k hfltsf] ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ laufg] { epsf]n], of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/ df+zk]zl / :gfo'tgt' b'j}nfo{ Iflt kfg] { vfnsf] x'g ;S5 egl Vofn ug{ ' kb{5. tl:a/ &@= ef/tsf] c?0ffrn k b]zdf e]l6psf] d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi), cffvfsf] kl5lnt/ epsf] ;]tf] k LnfO{ x]g'{xf];. P= Sofk6]g b ln;;\ tl:a/ &#= Onfddf e]6fopsf] d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus). 45 s]=al= zfx

$Pr=Pr= :nfo; tl:a/ &%= lk7\o'df sfnf] wsf{ epsf]$

54 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ &$= sf7df08f}df e]l6psf] d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus). Pr=Pr= :nfo; tl:a/ &%= lk7\o'df sfnf] wsf{ epsf] d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus). Pr=Pr= :nfo; 46

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf af3] ;k{, x of} ;k{x? -efok]/ll8 kl/jf/_ af3] ;k{, u'?a] ;k{ / ;a} tfk ;+j]bgzln vfn8f] epsf x of} ;k{x?$

55 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf af3] ;k{, x of} ;k{x? -efok]/ll8 kl/jf/_ af3] ;k{, u'?a] ;k{ / ;a} tfk ;+j]bgzln vfn8f] epsf x of} ;k{x?sf] ;d"xdf d'vsf] cl3lnt/ dflysf] aëf/fsf] 5]pdf b'o{j6f Psbd} nfdf ljifbgtx? x'g5g\. ol bfftx? v'ldrg ;Sg] epsfn] k of]u gepsf a]nf k5fl8 tnkl bf]la P/ a:g ;Sb5g\. ;k{n] d'v vf]n]/ 8:g nfubf ol bfftx? ;f]emf] x'g5g\. o;/l ljif bgtx? nfdf] epsfn] ol ;k{x?sf] ;d"xn] cfˆgf] cfxf/sf] e'jf, KjfFv, jf afsnf] 5fnf tyf dflg;sf] sk8f Pj+ h'qfx?nfo{ ;d]t ;lhn} 5]8\g ;Sb5g\. lasf;sf k lqmofdf, ol nfdf bfftx? w]/} ljsl;t epsf x'g5g\ / ol bfftx? cgo ;k{sf bfft egbf ljlzi6 vfnsf x'g5g\. efok/sf ol bfftx? cf}iflw lbg] ;'O{ h:t} vf]qmf] k/]sf x'g5g\ / ;'O{sf] h:t} sfd ub{5g\. ol ;k{sf] ljif uf]dg, /fhuf]dg, s/]t / d'uf ;k{ egbf w]/} km/s x'g5. of] ;d"xsf ;k{sf] ljifsf] ljif]z u'0f s] xf] eg] ol ;k{sf] ljifn] ubf{ 8;fO{ x'g] lalqs} 8;]sf] 7fpFdf kl8f x'g5. of] b'vfo{ ;fdfgo 8;fO{sf] egbf w]/} g} kl8fbfol x'g5. ljifn] yk lrlst;f ;DaGwL hl6ntfx? lgdtofpb} n}hfg] x'bff kl8f slt w]/} x'g5 egl k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;ls+b}g. x of} ;k{sf 8;fO{df eg] 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ ;'lgg5 clg clt kl8f klg x'g5 t/ lrlst;slo b[li6n] c? udel/ hl6ntfx? eg] x'b}gg\. s]xl lbg kl5 ;'lggpsf] efu lgsf] x'g yfnb5. s]xl 36gfx?df eg] ljifsf udel/ c;/x? h:t}m /utsf] hdg] u'0fdf kl/jt{g x'g], 8;]sf] 7fpF afx]s z/l/sf cgo efuaf6 ;d]t /Qm>fj x'g], 8;fO{ epsf] 7fpF j/k/sf tgt'x? s' 'lxg] jf lalu g] / d[uf}nf ;DaGwL ;d:of ;d]t x'g ;Sb5. t;y{, ;a} 8;fO{sf b'3{6gfx?nfo{ c:ktfndf g} cjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 tf ls yk udel/ hl6ntf x'g gkfcf]; / To; vfn] hl6ntfsf] ;do d} pkrf/ x'g ;sf];\. tl:a/ &^= sf:sl lhnnfsf] Kofplbdf!)%) dl= sf] prfodf kfopsf] s fd/sf] x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus septentrionalis). 47

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 8\ofjf]Oof /;]nl (Daboia russelii) /;]N;\ efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, af3] ;k{, ;':sf/ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ &&= ef/tsf] dxf/fi6«df kfopsf] jo:s af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii).$

56 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 8\ofjf]Oof /;]nl (Daboia russelii) /;]N;\ efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, af3] ;k{, ;':sf/ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ &&= ef/tsf] dxf/fi6«df kfopsf] jo:s af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii). 8L=P= jf/]n lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo )=(!=% dl= -!=* dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hgd]sf] arrf ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] xnsf v}/f] z/l/df uf]nfsf/ jf c08fsf/ waafx?sf] # j6f nfdf nx/x? x'g5g\. ol waafx?sf] s]gb efu k fom v}/f] x'g5, t/ logsf lsgf/f eg] sfnf] / kx]+nf] jf ;]tf] /Ësf] x'g5. slxn]sfxlf ol waafx? Ps cfk;df 5f]OPsf x'g5g\ jf ldl;psf x'g5g\. 6fpsf]df b'o{ j6f 7"nf v}/f ;dldtlo lrgxx? x'g5g\. 6fpsfsf] dflynnf] ;txdf stnfx? ; ;gf / w]/} dfqfdf 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. of] ;k{sf] z/l/sf] ## j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\ / aflx/l nx/sf stnfx? afx]s ;a} stnfx? 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. k'r5/sf] tnnf] ;txsf stnfx? ljeflht x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm g]kfndf dl6/sf] prfodf /x]sf t/fo{sf yf]/} 7fpFx?df dfq of] ;k{ kfopsf] 5. ;fy} ef/t, kfls:tfg, jënfb]z, e'6fg, >Ln+sfdf ;d'b L ;txaf6 dl= ;Ddsf] prfodf klg of] ;k{ kfog5. of] ;k{ v'nnf 3fF;] If]qdf, a'6\ofgx?df, hu+nsf lsgf/fx?df, s[lif If]qx?df -k fo wfg v]tdf / cfjf;lo If]qx?df_ a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm w]/} 7fpFx?df of] Ps lrlst;f ;DaGwL b[li6n] clt vt/gfs ljiffn' ;k{sf] k hflt xf]. g]kfndf of] ;k{n] 8;]sf] eg]/ lglzrt ul/psf la/fdlsf] tyofí clxn];dd pknaw eg] 5}g. of] Ps 7fpFdf u'h'ln6p/ n's]/, s'/]/ a:b5 / d';f, r/f, 5]kf/f / Eofu'tfx?sf] cfxf/ ub{5. k fom of] ;k{ laxfg, ;fefm / /ftl ;ls o x'g5 / lbpf;f] lglis o ep/ a:b5. of] ;k{n] vt/f dx;'; u/]df rsf]{ ;;;===========Ú cfjfh lgsfnb5 / cfkm'nfo{ ;'/lift /fvg b' t ultdf cfs d0f klg ub{5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] 8;]sf] cë ;'lggg] -km'ng]_ / b'vg] x'g5, /ut ghdg] x'g5, cfgtl/s jf jfx\o /Qm>fj x'g5, d'6' ;DaGwL ;d:of b]vf kb{5. sltko If]qdf 48

$of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] k efjn] z/l/sf] w]/} emf]n kbfy{ 8;]sf] cë j/k/ hddf x'gfn] kmf]sf p7\g] / cë s'lxg] ;d]t x'g5.$

57 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf o;sf] ljifn] df+zk]zlnfo{ c;/ u/]sf] klg kfopsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ df+zk]zlsf k f]l6gx? lk;fadf b]vf kg]{ x'g5, ;fy} d[uf}nfn] sfd ug{ g;sg] jf :gfo' tgt'x?nfo{ klg k efj kf/l kif3ft ;d]t u/fpg ;Sb5. of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] k efjn] z/l/sf] w]/} emf]n kbfy{ 8;]sf] cë j/k/ hddf x'gfn] kmf]sf p7\g] / cë s'lxg] ;d]t x'g5. o;nfo{ lgsf] kfg{ zno lrlst;f ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5. tl:a/ &*= ef/tsf] dxf/fi6«df kfopsf] jo:s af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii). 8L=P= jf/]n tl:a/ &(= ef/tsf] dxf/fi6«df kfopsf] arrf af3] ;k{ (Daboia russelii). P= SofK6]g P;= 7fs'/, OlG8og x/\k]6f]nf]hlsn ;f];fo6l 49

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x Unf]Ol8o; lxdfnog;\ (Gloydius himalayanus) lxdfnog kl6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, Eofu't] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ *)= d':tfësf] sfnfkfgldf e]l6psf] efn] Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius$

58 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x Unf]Ol8o; lxdfnog;\ (Gloydius himalayanus) lxdfnog kl6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, Eofu't] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ *)= d':tfësf] sfnfkfgldf e]l6psf] efn] Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius himalayanus). 50 lrgf/lm of] cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf Pp6f tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] efok/ hfltsf] ;fgf] ;k{ xf]. k fom of] ;k{ $) ^) ;]=dl= -*^ ;]=dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdps]f arrf ;k{ ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] lqe'h cfsf/sf] 7"nf] 6fpsf] 3fF6Laf6 k i6;fu 5'l Psf] x'g5. 6fpsfsf] dflykl sf] cu efunfo{ 7"nf] stnfn] / k5fl8sf] efunfo{ ; ;fgf stnfx?n] 9fs]sf] x'g5. Pp6f sfnf] wsf] { cffvfaf6 d'vsf] s'gf;dd km}lnpsf] x'g5. v}/]f jf v/fgl /Ësf] z/l/df uf9f v}/f] jf sfnf] v}/f] /Ësf yf]knfx?, afëfl6ëf r'/fx? jf 3f]8fsf] gfn cfsf/sf waafx? x'g5g\. z/l/sf] tnkl sf] efu v}/f] x'g5 h;df sfnf] / ;]tf] lrgxx? -yf]knfx?_ l5/lnpsf x'g5g\. z/l/sf stnfx? k i6 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\ / z/l/sf] j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. of] k hfltnfo{ klg klxn] PusL:6«f]8f]g lxdfnog;\sf] gfdn] lrgg] ul/gyof]. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm ;d'b L ;txaf6!^$) #)^) dl= ;Dd prfodf /x]sf g]kfnsf kxf8l / lxdfnl If]qx?df of] k hflt kfog5. ;fy} pq/ klzrdl ef/t, kfls:tfg -$**) dl= ;Dd_ / ;DejtM k"jl{ ckmuflg:yfgdf klg kfog5. of] ;k{ ;Nnfsf]?vn] ag]sf ;'Vvf hënx?, prr lxdfnl efusf emf8lbf/ hënx?, prr lxdfnl e]usf 3fF;] d}bfgx? / s[lifhgo e"efux?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{af6 la/fdl eo{ c:ktfndf egf{ epsf] tyofí k fkt gepsfn] of] ;k{nfo{ g]kfndf lrlst;f ;DaGwL b[li6n] sd dxtjsf] ;k{ dflgg5. of] ;k{ k fom lbpf;f] ;lqmo x'g5 / d'votof d';f / 5]kf/f]x?sf] cfxf/ ub{5 egg] ljzjf; ul/g5. ljifsf] c;/m of] k hfltsf] ;k{sf] ljif / o;sf c;/x? af/] xfn;dd cwoog epsf] 5}g. Unf]Ol8o;sf cgo k hfltsf] 8;fO{n] x'g] c;/ h:t}m 8;fO{ epsf] cë ;'lggg] -km'ng]_, /ut ghdg], la/n} dfq /Qm>fj x'g] jf 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ kmf]sf p7\g] / tgt'x? s'lxg] h:tf] c;/ of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] ubf{ klg x'g ;Sb5.

59 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ *!= d':tfësf] :ofë ufpfdf e]l6psf] kf]yl Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius himalayanus). tl:a/ d':tfësf] :ofë ufpfdf e]l6psf] kf]yl Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius himalayanus). tl:a/ *#= d':tfëdf e]l6psf] cnk jo:s Eofu't] ;k{ (Gloydius himalayanus). 51

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x lxdfnof]lkm; lta]tfg;\ (Himalayophis tibetanus) lta]tfg lk6efok/, s/g;\ lk6efok/, zfxfh\ lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, x of} ;k{, kqf/, s/gsf] x of} ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] gfssf]$

60 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x lxdfnof]lkm; lta]tfg;\ (Himalayophis tibetanus) lta]tfg lk6efok/, s/g;\ lk6efok/, zfxfh\ lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, x of} ;k{, kqf/, s/gsf] x of} ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] gfssf] Kjfn / cffvfsf] alrdf tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] dwod cfsf/sf] efok/ ;k{ xf]. k fom of] ;k{ $) &) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf eg] ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. 7"nf] lqe'h cfsf/sf] 6fpsf] 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5. 6fpsfsf] dflynnf] efunfo{ ; ;fgf stnfx?n] 9fs]sf] x'g5. of] ;k{sf] z/l/sf] /Ë ;k{ lkr5] km/s km/s x'g5. of] k hfltsf ;k{sf] z/l/sf] /Ë 3fF;] xl/of], kx] +nf] wldnf] xl/of] jf /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. o;sf] 9f8el/ clgoldt /ftf v}/f agf]6x? jf 5f]6f r'/fx? l5/lnp/ /x]sf x'g5g\. k'r5/ /ftf] jf v}/f] yf]knf] epsf] xl/of] /Ësf] x'g5. k]6sf] efu s'g} yf]knf jf vf; agf]6 gepsf] xnsf xl/of] jf xnsf v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. arrf ;k{sf] 9f8 / z/l/sf] bfoff afoff efu xnsf km'; f] jf v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5, h;df uf9f v}/f] jf sfnf waafx? klg x'g5g\. z/l/sf] dflynnf] efusf stnfx? 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. z/l/sf] dwo j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. of] k hfltnfo{ klxn] Trimeresurus karanshahi / Trimeresurus tibetanus sf] gfdn] klg lrgg] ul/gyof]. tl:a/ *$= km'nrf}sldf e]l6psf] jo:s s/gsf] x of} ;k{sf] (Himalayophis tibetanus) efn]. 52

tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm xfn;dd klg of] ;k{sf] klxrfg tyf km}nfj6sf] af/]df yf]/} dfq yfxf x'g cfpsf] 5. o;}n] ubf{ klg j}1flgs hutdf of] ;k{nfo{ km/s km/s gfdn] lrgg] ul/psf] xf].

61 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm xfn;dd klg of] ;k{sf] klxrfg tyf km}nfj6sf] af/]df yf]/} dfq yfxf x'g cfpsf] 5. o;}n] ubf{ klg j}1flgs hutdf of] ;k{nfo{ km/s km/s gfdn] lrgg] ul/psf] xf]. of] Pp6f lxdfnl e]udf kfog] ;k{sf] k hflt xf]. g]kfndf dl= prfodf /x]sf] dwodf~rnsf] km'nrf}sl kxf8 / l;gw'kfnrf]s lhnnfsf] x]nda' If]qdf kfopsf] 5. ;fy} rlgsf] -ltaat_ g]kfn tkm{sf] ;LdfjtL{ If]qx?df #@)) dl= sf] prfo;dd klg of] k hfltsf ;k{x? kfog5g\. of] ;k{ affem / nfnlu'f/f;sf hën / emf8l epsf, r fgn] ag]sf / 3fF;] le/fnf] k/]sf kxf8l tyf lxdfnl If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] la/fdl eo{ c:ktfndf egf{ epsf] tyofí k fkt gepsf] sf/0f o;nfo{ lrlst;f ;DaGwL b[li6n] sd dxtjsf] ;k{ dflgg5. of] ;k{ lbpf;f] / /ftl b'j} ;dodf ;lqmo x'g5 / zfob d';fsf] cfxf/ ub{5. ljifsf] c;/m of] k hfltsf] ;k{sf] ljif / To;sf] c;/af/] xfn;dd cwoog epsf] 5}g. cgo lk6efok/sf] 8;fO{n] x'g] ljifsf c;/ h:t} of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] klg 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ Psbd} b'vg], km'ng] -;'lggg]_ / /ut ghdg] x'g5 t/ /Qm>fj x'g], 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ kmf]sf p7\g] / sf]ifx? s'lxg] la/n} dfq x'g5. tl:a/ *%= km'nrf}sldf e]l6psf] s/gsf] x of} ;k{sf] (Himalayophis tibetanus) 6fpsf]. 53

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ *^= km'nrf}sldf e]l6psf]$ $tl:a/ *&= tfs]{ ofª, x]nda'df @%^) dl= prfodf$

62 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ *^= km'nrf}sldf e]l6psf] s/gsf] x of} ;k{ (Himalayophis tibetanus). tl:a/ *&= tfs]{ ofª, dl= prfodf e]l6psf] v}/f] /Ësf] s/gsf] x of} ;k{ (Himalayophis tibetanus). 54

tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ **= x]nda'df @%() dl=

63 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ **= dl= sf] prfodf e]l6psf] cnk jo:s s/gsf] x of} ;k{ (Himalayophis tibetanus). tl:a/ *(= x]nda'df e]l6psf] ev{/} hgd]sf] s/gsf] x of} ;k{sf] (Himalayophis tibetanus) arrf. 55

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cf]ef]lkm; df]g6lsf]nf (Ovophis monticola) dfpg6]g lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, cffwf] ;k{, u'?a], l5/la/] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo )=% b]lv!=! dl= -!$

64 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x cf]ef]lkm; df]g6lsf]nf (Ovophis monticola) dfpg6]g lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, cffwf] ;k{, u'?a], l5/la/] ;k{ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo )=% b]lv!=! dl= -!=# dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf!^ ;]=dl= ;Dd nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf] lqe'h cfsf/sf] x'g5 / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5. gfssf] Kjfn / cffvfsf] alrdf tfk ;+j]bgzln cë x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf]sf] dflynnf] efudf y'k } ; ;fgf tl:a/ ()= sf:sldf!$)) dl= sf] prfodf e]6fopsf] / 8fF8L k/]sf stnfx? x'g5g\. 6fpsfsf] cnk jo:s u'?a] ;k{ (Ovophis monticola). dflysf] / 6fpsfsf] bfoff / afoff efu uf9f v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. xnsf jf uf9f v}/f] /Ësf] z/l/sf] dflysf] efudf 7"nf / cfotfsf/ waafx? x'g5g\ / ToxfF y'k } uf9f v}/f jf kx] +nf v}/f yf]knfx? x' 'G5g\. z/l/sf] bfoff afoff efudf uf9f v}/f waafx? x'g5g\. z/l/sf stnfx? 8fF8L gepsf jf xnsf 8fF8L epsf klg x'g ;S5g\. z/l/sf] j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm g]kfndf of] ;k{ dl= sf] prfodff /x]sf kxf8l Pj+ lxdfnl If]qx?df kfog5. ;fy} of] ;k{ ef/t, e'6fg, Dofgdf/, rlg / blif0fk"jl{ Pl;ofdf klg kfog5. of] ;k{ affem, nfnlu'/ff; / ;Nnfsf] hën, 3fF;] d}bfg, k fom s[lif If]q / 3/ j/k/ klg kfog5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfndf kfog] / w]/} h;f] hdsfe]6 eo/xg] ljiffn' ;k{sf] Pp6f k hflt xf]. of] ;k{ prr kxf8l If]qdf lrlst;f ;DaGwL b[li6n] clt dxtjk"0f{ k hflt x'g ;Sb5. o;n] Ps7fpFdf a;]/ cfˆgf] cfxf/nfo{ w/fkdf kf/l dfg]{ ub{5. o;sf] cfxf/f d';f], Eofu'tf], 5]kf/f] / r/fx? x'g\. of] ;k{ k fom /flt, laxfg jf ;ffemdf ;lqmo x'g5. of] k fom cln5 vfnsf] x'g5 t/ o;nfo{ lh:sofpdf jf vt/f l:ylt dx;'; u/]df clt l/;fxf klg x'g5. o;sf] 8;fO{n] 8;]s} 7fpF j/k/ dwod vfnsf] ljifsf] c;/ x'g] epklg arrf ;k{n] 6f]s]sf] 36gfx?df eg] nfdf] ;do;dd /Qm>fj eo/xg], 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ nfdf] ;do;dd ljifsf] c;/ /lx/xg] Pj+ d[to' ;d]t x'g ;Sb5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{n] 8;]sf] efu j/k/ ;'lggg] / b'vg] x'g5. /ut ghdg] x'g5, kmn:j?k cfgtl/s tyf afxo /Qm>fj x'gsf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwL hl6ntfx? b]vfkb{5g\. 8;fO{ epsf] efu j/k/ epsf] ljiffstsf sf/0f z/l/sf] em]fn kbfy{ sf]ifx?df g} hddff x'g5, h;sf] sf/0f kmf]sf p7\g] / s'lxg] klg x'g5. o; vfnsf] hl6ntfsf] pkrf/sf nflu zno lrlst;f ;d]t cfjzos kg{ ;Sb5. 56

65 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/ (!= sf:sldf kfopsf] u'?a] ;k{sf] (Ovophis monticola) 6fpsf]sf] tl:a/. tl:a/ sf:sl lhnnfdf kfopsf] u'?a] ;k{sf] kf]yln] (Ovophis monticola) c08f kfb}{ u/]sf]. 57

66 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ (#= sf:sl lhnnfdf kfopsf] u'?a] ;k{sf] (Ovophis monticola) Ps aif{sf] arrf. tl:a/ ($= sf:sl lhnnfdf kfopsf] cnk jo:s u'?a] ;k{ (Ovophis monticola). 58

$) lxdfnog xfa' lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_ lrgf/lm gfssf] Kjfn / cffvfsf] alrdf Pp6f tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] / efnf cfsf/sf] 6fpsf] epsf] of] ;k{ 7"nf] vfn] efok/ xf].$

67 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf k f]6f]af]y f]k; k hflt (Protobothrops sp.) lxdfnog xfa' lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_ lrgf/lm gfssf] Kjfn / cffvfsf] alrdf Pp6f tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] / efnf cfsf/sf] 6fpsf] epsf] of] ;k{ 7"nf] vfn] efok/ xf]. o;sf] 6fpsf] 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l6Psf] x'g5. k fom!=!!=$ dl= nfdf] x'g5. kx] +nf] wldnf] xl/of] jf v}/f] wldnf] xl/of] /Ësf] z/l/sf] dflynnf] efudf $@ %) j6f /ftf] v}/f] clgoldt r'/fx?sf] nx/f x'g5. slxn]sfxlf pqm nx/f alrdf ca? klg x'g ;S5 jf clgoldt cfsf/df sfnf] jf kx] +nf] lsgf/f x'g5. 6fpsf] dflysf] efu uf9f /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5, cgo s'g} ljif]ztf epsf] x'b}g, cffvfsf] tnkl 6fpsfsf] bfoff af FofFsf] efu xnsf kx] +nf] /Ësf] x'g5. k]6sf] ] efu o' jf kx] +nf] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5 / af3rfn v]nsf] af]8{sf] agf]6 h:t} u/l y'k } uf9f v}/f] yf]knfx? ToxfF x'g5g\. 6fpsf]sf] dfly /x]sf stnfx? ;fgf / 8fF8L gk/]sf x'g5g\. z/l/sf stnfx? w]/} dfqfdf 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\ -aflx/ kl # j6f nx/ afx]s_. dwo z/l/sf] efudf ol j6f x'g5g\. tl:a/ (%= bf]nvf lhnnfsf] l;dl ufpfdf e]l6psf] (Protobothrops sp.) k hfltsf] ;k{sf] /;fogdf ;+/lift gd"gf. Soflnkmf]lg{of Psf8]dL ckm ;fog;sf] ;f}hgoaf6 (CAS 90668). km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm g]kfndf of] ;k{sf] klxrfg tyf kfog] :yfgaf/] clt yf]/} dfq yfxf kfopsf] 5. g]kfndf of] ;k{ bf]nvf lhnnfsf] l;dlufpfdf -@^)) dl= sf] prfodff_ dfq km]nf k/]sf] 5. of] k hflt;f+u ldnbf]h'nbf] cgo k f]6f]af]y f]k; lk6efok/sf] k hflt pq/l blif0fk"jl{ Pl;of, e'6fg, Dofgdf/, rlg / ef/tsf] pq/k"jl{ lxdfnl If]qsf hën, emf8lx? / vf]nfgfnfsf] 5]p5fpdf a;f]af; ub{5. 59

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{n] 8;]sf k dfl0ft 36gfx? g]kfndf k fkt epsf 5}gg\.$ ljifsf] c;/m k f]6f]af]y f]k; ;d"x cgtu{tsf cgo k hfltx?sf] 8;fO{n] ubf{ 8;fO{ epsf] 7fpF j/k/ kl8f x'g5.

ljifsf] c;/m k f]6f]af]y f]k; ;d"x cgtu{tsf cgo k hfltx?sf] 8;fO{n] ubf{ 8;fO{ epsf] 7fpF j/k/ kl8f x'g5.

$df+zk]zl] ljiffqm eo{ df+zk]zlsf] k f]l6g lk;fjdf hddff x'g yfnb5 / d[uf}nfn] ;d]t sfd ug{ 5f8\b5. 8;fO{sf] j/k/ epsf] ljifsf] c;/sf sf/0f sf]ifx?$

68 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{n] 8;]sf k dfl0ft 36gfx? g]kfndf k fkt epsf 5}gg\. tyflk of] ;k{sf] 7"nf] z/l/ / w]/} ljifsf] dfqfsf] sf/0f o;sf] 8;fO{nfO{ ctogt} vt/fhgo 36gf x'g ;Sg]?kdf lng' kb{5. ljifsf] c;/m k f]6f]af]y f]k; ;d"x cgtu{tsf cgo k hfltx?sf] 8;fO{n] ubf{ 8;fO{ epsf] 7fpF j/k/ kl8f x'g5. /ut ghdg] vfnsf] x'g5 / cfgtl/s jf afxo /Qm>fj Pj+ Åbo3ft x'g5. df+zk]zl] ljiffqm eo{ df+zk]zlsf] k f]l6g lk;fjdf hddff x'g yfnb5 / d[uf}nfn] ;d]t sfd ug{ 5f8\b5. 8;fO{sf] j/k/ epsf] ljifsf] c;/sf sf/0f sf]ifx?df z/l/sf] emf]nkbfy{ hddf x'g uo{ kmf]sf p7\g] / s'lxg] ;d]t x'g5, To;}n] zno lrlst;f ;d]t ug' {kg] { x'g5. s v tl:a/ (^= (Protobothrops sp.) k hfltsf] (CAS 90668) 6fpsf] hxff ; ;fgf stnfx? 5g\ -s_. ToxL k hfltsf] 5]paf6 b]vfopsf] 6fpsf] -v_. tl:a/ (&= tnlt/af6 b]vfopsf] ToxL (Protobothrops sp.) k hfltsf] gd"gf (CAS 90668). 60

69 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 6«fOd]/];'/; l;=pkm= cnaf]nofj L; (Trimeresurus cf. albolabris) xjfo6 lnk8 lk6efok/ -c+u ]hl gfd_, x of} ;k{ kqf/ -g]kfnl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] cffvf / gfssf] Kjfnsf] alrdf tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] dwod cfsf/sf] efok/ ;k{ xf]. k fom of] ;k{ %) &) ;]=dl= -la/n}! dl=_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf rflxf sl/a!@!* ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf], lqe'h cfsf/sf] / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5. 6fpsfsf] dflynnf] efu ; ;fgf / 8fF8L gk/]sf stnfx?n] 9fs]sf] x'g5. z/l/ xnsf xl/of] /Ësf], cffvf kx]+nf ;'Gtnf /Ë jf kx]+nf] /Ësf] / cf]+7sf lsgf/fx? k fom ;]tf] x'g5g\. k'r5/ dflysf] efu lgoldt /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] x'g5. k]6sf] efu kx]+nf] ;]tf] /Ësf] x'g5. z/l/sf stnfx? 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. z/l/sf] -la/n}!( j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;Dk"0f{ blif0fl t/fo{, kxf8 / tnnf] lxdfnl e]udf kfog] / dflg;;fu Ovophis monticola k fom h;f] hdsfe]6 eo/xg] lk6efok/ k hfltsf] ;k{ xf]. of] k"jl{ lxdfno -ef/t / e'6fg_, k"j{df rlg / blif0fdf OG8f]g]lzof;Dd klg kfo{g5. of] ;k{ pkf]i0f / pi0f k b]zlo hënx?, 3fF;] d}bfgx?, s[lifhgo hldgx?, 3fF; tyf a'6\ofgn] 3]l/Psf cfjf;lo If]qx?df a:g dg k/fpf5. of] ;k{ k fom?vx?, a'6\ofg / emf8lx?df a:b5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{nf] 8;]sf k dfl0ft 36gfx? la/n} eptf klg t/fo{b]lv lxdfnl If]qsf tnnf] e" efux?df of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ w]/} ;+Vofdf x'g] ljzjf; ul/g5. of] ;k{ k fo /ftlsf] ;dodf d';f, Eofu'tf 5]kf/f] / ; ;fgf r/fx?sf] cfxf/ ug{ hldgdf cf]ln{g] / ;lqmo x'g] ub{5. slxn]sfxlf 3/ leq klg l5b{5. of] ;k{ k fom zfgt :jfefjsf] x'g5. jg:kltsf] xl/of] /Ë;Fu ldng] o;sf] z/l/sf] /Ën] ubf{ of] cfkm\gf] zq'x?af6 ;lhn} arg ;Sb5. o;nfo{ 5f]Pdf jf o;sf] glhs} updf k lt/iffsf] nflu l5 } cfqmd0f ub{5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] / of] k hfltsf ;k{;fu glhs}sf cgo x of} ;k{x?sf] 8;fO{n] ubf{ 8;fO{ epsf] 7fpF j/k/ ;'lggg] -km'ng]_, /ut ghdg] x'g5 t/ /Qm>fj tyf 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ kmf]sf p7\g] / sf]ifx? s'lxg] la/n} x'g5. of] k hfltsf ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf sf/0f la/n} dfq w]/} hl6ntfx? ljsl;t x'g] jf d[to'x'g] x'g5. gf]6m x of};k{sf y'k } k hfltx? of] ;k{sf] / ;]K6]gl6«of]gfln; k hfltsf ;k{x?;fu ldnbfh'nbf x'g5g\. ol k hfltx? h:t}m gramineus, erythrurus / yunnanensis lxdfnl If]qx?af6 /]s8{ ul/psf 5g\. y'k } k hfltx?sf] klxrfg / pknawtfsf] af/]df /fd f] clen]v epsf] kfo{b}g. g]kfndf ol k hfltx?sf] ;DaGwL tyofíx? c:ki6 epsf]n] k df0fls/0f x'g' cfjzos 5. 61

70 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x tl:a/ (*= g]kfnsf] blif0fl e"efudf e]l6psf] ;]tf] cf]7 epsf] x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus cf. albolabris). P= u'dk ]St gd"gf km'n/f]6 Do'lhodsf] ;f}hgoaf6. 62

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 6«fOd]/];'/; ;]K6]gl6«of]gfnL; (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) s fd;{ lk6/efok/ -c+u hl gfd_, x of} ;k{ kqf/ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ((= sf:slsf] l9s'/ kf]v/ldf!$ of] k fom %) &% ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hflgdpsf] arrf!% @) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf], lqe'h cfsf/sf] / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5.

of] k fom %) &% ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hflgdpsf] arrf!% @) ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf], lqe'h cfsf/sf] / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5.

71 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 6«fOd]/];'/; ;]K6]gl6«of]gfnL; (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) s fd;{ lk6/efok/ -c+u hl gfd_, x of} ;k{ kqf/ -g]kfnl gfd_ tl:a/ ((= sf:slsf] l9s'/ kf]v/ldf!%)) dl= sf] prfodf e]6fopsf] s fd/sf] x of} ;k{ { (T. septentrionalis). lrgf/lm of] gfssf] Kjfn / cffvfsf] alrdf Pp6f tfk ;+j]bgzln cë epsf] dwod cfsf/sf] efok/ ;k{ xf]. of] k fom %) &% ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hflgdpsf] ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. o;sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf], lqe'h cfsf/sf] / 3fF6Laf6 k i6 5'l Psf] x'g5. 6fpsfsf] dflykl sf] efu y'k } ; ;fgf / 8fF8L gk/]sf stnfx?n] 9fs]s]f x'g5. z/l/ uf9f xl/of], 6fpsf]sf] cffvf d'lgsf] efu xnsf xl/of] jf kx] +nf] / cffvf kx+ ]nf] /Ësf] x'g5. k'r5/ dflysf] efu rxlsnf] /ftf] x'g5. k]6sf] efu xnsf kx] +nf] xl/of] /Ësf] x'g5. z/l/sf stnfx? 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. z/l/sf] j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. klxn] of] k hfltsf] ;k{nfo{ 6«fOd]/];'/; cnaf]noa L; ;]K6]gl6«of]gfln; (Trimeresurus albolabris septentrionalis) sf] gfdn] klg lrgg] ul/gyof]. km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm of] ;k{ g]kfnsf] dwokxf8l If]qx?df -DofUbL, sf:sl, ndh'ë, /;'jf_ k r'/ dfqfdf kfog5. ol If]qx?df ()) #)%) dl= ;Ddsf emf8lbf/ hën, aff; 3f/Lx?, cgo hën / s[lif If]qx?df of] ;k{ a:g dg k/fpfb5. g]kfn aflx/ pq/ klzrdl ef/t -pq/fv08_ af6 dfq of] ;k{sf] e/kbf]{ /]s8{ yfxf epsf] 5. tl:a/!)!= sf:slsf] KofpbLdf!)%) dl= sf] prfodf e]l6psf] s fd/sf] x of} ;k{ { (T. septentrionalis). lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{n] 8;]/ c:ktfndf egf{ epsf k dfl0ft 36gfx? la/n} eptf klg g]kfndf of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ w]/} ;+Vofdf x'g] u/]sf] ljzjf; ul/g5. of] ;k{ /ftl ;lqmo x'g5 / o;n] d';f / Eofu'tfx?sf] cfxf/ ug]{ ljzjf; ul/g5. ljifsf] c;/m xfn;dd yfxf ep cg';f/ of] k hfltsf ;k{sf] ljif / o;sf] c;/af/] cwoog eps} 5}g. of] k hflt;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] cgo x of} ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] h:t} of] k hfltsf ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] klg 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/ km'ng], /ut ghdg], t/ /Qm>fj x'g] clg 8;]sf] 7fpF j/k/sf efudf kmf]sf p7\g] / sf]ifx? s'lxg] la/n} dfq x'g5. g]kfndf eg] o; lsl;dsf ljifsf nif0fx? k dfl0ft?kdf km]nf k/]sf] 5}gg\. 63

$, cffvf / gfssf] l5b sf] alrdf epsf] ;+j]bgzln vfn8f]nfo{ x]g'{xf];\. tl:a/!$

72 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x sf:slsf] KofpbLdf jo:s kf]yl s fd/sf] x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus septentrionalis). 6fpsf]df epsf ; ;fgf stnfx?, cffvf / gfssf] l5b sf] alrdf epsf] ;+j]bgzln vfn8f]nfo{ x]g'{xf];\. tl:a/!)@= sf:slsf] KofpbLdf!)%) dl= sf] prfodf kfopsf] jo:s kf]yl s fd/sf] x of} ;k{ (Trimeresurus septentrionalis). o;sf] /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] k'r5/nfo{ x]g'{xf];\. 64

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf cgo ljiffn' ;k{x? ol b'o{ ;d"xsf cltl/qm, d'vsf] k5fl8kl nfdf] bfftx? epsf] ;k{x?sf] Ps k hflt /]8 g]s8 lsnaofsnfo{ -/\ofa8f]lkm; ;aldlgof6;_ klg oxff ;dfj]; ul/psf] 5.$

73 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf cgo ljiffn' ;k{x? ol b'o{ ;d"xsf cltl/qm, d'vsf] k5fl8kl nfdf] bfftx? epsf] ;k{x?sf] Ps k hflt /]8 g]s8 lsnaofsnfo{ -/\ofa8f]lkm; ;aldlgof6;_ klg oxff ;dfj]; ul/psf] 5. g]kfndf o; vfn] bfftsf] agf]6 epsf y'k } ;k{sf k hfltx? 5g\ / lognfo{ ;fdfgotof cljiffn' jf dwod ljiffn'sf]?kdf lnog5. t/, of] Ps ljz]if k hfltn] eg] dflg;nfo{ 8;]sf] v08df ljifsf udel/ nif0fx? b]lvg] yfxf epsf] 5. of] k hfltsf ;a} 8;fO{sf 36gfx? cgo b]zx?df epsf 5g\ / hfglhfgl ;k{nfo{ xftdf lng] jf rnfpg] dflg;x?nfo{ ol 36gf epsf x'g\. k fo h;f], of] k hfltsf] ;k{n] ;k{ v]nfpg] JolQmsf] c;fjwfglsf sf/0f a9l 8;fO{ x'g] x'fbf kl5nnf] efusf bfft ;lqmo eo{ la/fdlsf] z/l/df a9l ljif nfug ;Sg] cj:yf x'g5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eg], of] k hfltsf] 8;fO{n] jf cgo o:t} ;k{x?sf -pbfx/0fsf nflu kfgl ;k{_ 8;fO{af6 dflg;sf] z/l/df ljifsf] nif0fx? b]lvpsf 36gf yfxf epsf 5}gg\. t}kgl /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs ;k{nfo{ eg] cem} klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5 lsgls o;sf] 8;fO{n] dflg;sf] hljg vt/fdf kg{ ;Sb5. of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf 36gfn] ;a} ;k{sf 8;fO{nfO{ Wofg k"j{s plrt pkrf/ ug{, ;k{;fu glhl:sg -/ arrfx?nfo{ klg ;k{;fu lhl:sg glbg_ / ;k{n] 8;L ;s]kl5 s]xl ck Tofl;t 36gf epdf lrlst;f ;DaGwL ;Nnfx lng] / cfjzos pkrf/ u/fpg] ;Nnfx lbog5. tl:a/!)#= yfonof08df kfopsf] /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs (Rhabdophis subminiatus). 65

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x /\ofa8f]lkm; ;aldlgof6; (Rhabdophis subminiatus) /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs -c+u ]hl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo &% (% ;]=dl= -!=# dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf!#!( ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5.$

74 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x /\ofa8f]lkm; ;aldlgof6; (Rhabdophis subminiatus) /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs -c+u ]hl gfd_ lrgf/lm of] ;k{ k fo &% (% ;]=dl= -!=# dl= ;Dd_ nfdf] x'g5. ev{/} hlgdpsf] arrf!#!( ;]=dl= nfdf] x'g5. 6fpsf] z/l/ / k'r5/ xnsf h}t'gl xl/of], xnsf v}/f] jf xl/of] v}/f] -xnsf kx]+nf] ldl;psf]_ /Ësf] x'g5. 3fF6Lsf] k5fl8sf] efu ;'Gtn]b]lv /ftf] /Ësf] x'g5. cffvfsf] tn k i6 b]lvg] sfnf] wsf]{ x'g5. z/l/sf] dwoefudf!( j6f stnfsf nx/x? x'g5g\. ;a}, t/ ljz]ifu/l aflx/l nx/sf stnfx? cln a9l 8fF8L k/]sf x'g5g\. tl:a/!)$= yfonof08df kfog] /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs (Rhabdophis subminiatus). km}nfj6 / af;:yfgm clxn];dd of] ;k{nfo{ lrtjgaf6 dfq} /]s8{ ul/psf] eptf klg of] ;k{ t/fo{sf cgo 7fpFx?df klg kfpg ;lsg5. ;fy}, pq/ k"jl{ ef/t, aënfb]z, rlg, / OG8f]g]lzofdf klg of] ;k{ kfo{g5. of] ;k{ lr;f] 7fpFdf / kfglsf] ; f]tx? -kf]v/l, gbl, gfnf, l;d cflb_ j/k/ a:g dg k/fpf5. lrlst;f ;DaGwL dxtj / cfglafglm of] ;k{ jf:tjdf vt/gfs gdflgpsf ;k{x?sf] 7"nf] ;d"xdf kb{5. of] ;k{ lbpf;f] ;ls o x'g5 / Eofu'tf / df5fx?sf] cfxf/ ub{5. of] ;k{sf] d'v leq dflynnf] aëf/f]df sl/a cffvfsf] efu g]/ 7"nf bfftx? x'g5g\ h;n] clt s8f ljifnfo{ 66

$tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 3fp leq k j]z u/fpgdf d2t k' ofpfb5g\. ha of] ;k{ ck7of/f]df kb{5 ta o;n] 6fpsf] / 3fF6L p7fpf5, 3fF6Lsf] 5fnf tgsfp/ /ftf] /Ësf] km0ff h:tf] km}lnpsf] 3fF6Lsf] efu agfpf5.$

75 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 3fp leq k j]z u/fpgdf d2t k' ofpfb5g\. ha of] ;k{ ck7of/f]df kb{5 ta o;n] 6fpsf] / 3fF6L p7fpf5, 3fF6Lsf] 5fnf tgsfp/ /ftf] /Ësf] km0ff h:tf] km}lnpsf] 3fF6Lsf] efu agfpf5. o;n] cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu l5 } 8:g ;Sb5. of] k hfltsf] ;k{df dflg;nfo{ dfg{ ;Sg] ljif x'g5. of] ;k{n] hlt nfdf] ;do;dd 8;L /xg kfpf5 Tolt g} w]/} ljif 3fp leq k:g uo{ w]/} ljif nfug] vt/f x'g5. g]kfndf of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ epsf] 36gf 5}g t/ cgo b]zdf eg] of] ;k{sf] 8;fO{n] dfgj hljgnfo{ vt/fdf kfg]{] vfnsf 36gf epsf] hfgsf/l 5. ljifsf] c;/m of] ;k{sf] ljifsf] c;/n] 6fpsf] b'vg], jfs\jfs\ nfug], jfgtf x'g], ;]tf] /Qm sf]lifsfsf] sdl x'g], /ftf /Qmsf]ifx? 6'ls g], Ps xktfsf] cjlw leq cfgtl/s jf afxo /Qm>fj x'g] x'g5. of] ;k{sf] ljifnfo{ hfkfgdf lgld{t /\oa8f]lkm; 6fOlu g; k ltljif (Rhabdophis tigrinus antivenom) n] lg:t]h kfg{ ;S5. tl:a/!)%= /]8 g]s8 lsnaofs (Rhabdophis subminiatus) ;k{df uf]dg / s/]t ;k{ h:t} cl3lnt/ ljifbgt geptf klg o;sf] 8;fO{ ctogt} vt/gfs x'g5. 67

76 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x 68 ;k{b+z Joj:yfkg kl/ro ;k{b+z udl{ If]qsf u fdl0f / u/la hg;d'bfodf ljbdfg a]jf:tf ul/psf] Ps :jf:yo ;+s6 xf]. ls;fg, agsf sfl/gbf, uf]7fnf / dfemlx?sf nflu ;k{b+z eg]sf] k]zfut hf]lvd xf]. blif0f Pl;of ;k{b+zaf6 ;+;f/ s} ;a}egbf k efljt If]q xf]. g]kfnsf ;k{b+z If]qdf x/]s jif{ k lt nfv!^@ hfgfn] ;Dd Hofg u'dfpf5g\. ;k{b+zsf nif0fx? w]/}h;f] ;k{b+z cljiffn' ;k{af6 x'g] u5{. ;k{n] 8:g] lalqs} d[to' x'g] eon] ubf{ ljif eps} h:tf] nif0f jf e d k}bf u/fpf5. cljiffn' ;k{n] 8;]sf] eptf klg 8f]/Ln] s;]/ affwbf pqm cë ;'lggg] / xftv' f g} sfd gnfug] x'g;s5. ;k{sf] ljifsf] nif0f ;k{sf] k hfltsf] cfwf/df x'g5. uf]dg / s/]tsf] 8;fO{ s/]tsf] 8;fO{ ;fdfgotof /ftl ;'t]sf a]nf x'g5 / 8;fO{ epsf] yfx} gkfpg ;lsg5. o;sf] nif0f rflxf laxfg k]6 b'vg], cffvf p3fg{ ufx f] kg] { x'g5, ctm o:tf] eof] eg] l5 } pkrf/ ul/xfng' k5{, uf]dgn] rflxf lbpf;f] sfdsf] bf}/fg jf ;ffem laxfg 8:g] u5{. s/]t, uf]dg ;d"xsf ;k{ -O{nflk8L_ sf] 8;fO{af6 x'g] ljiffsttfn] Jofks?kdf :gfo'3ft x'g]u5{ / lgdg nif0fx? b]lvg5g\. 6f]l;; x'g' cyf{t x]g{ ;Sg] ul/ cffvf vf]ng g;sg', d'v vf]ng g;sg', d'vaf6 lha f] aflx/ lgsfng g;sg', lgng g;sg', xft v' fsf df+zk]zl grng', ;f; km]g{ ufx f] x'g', d'vaf6 lg:s]sf] ofnn] 3fF6L 6flnP/ ;f; c8\lsg] / km]g{ g;sg] x'g'sf ;fy} pn6l cfpg vf]hg] cyjf lha f] g} grng] klg x'g5. uf]dgsf] 8;fO{sf d"n nif0fx?m 3fp kfsg', ;'lgg' / 6Gsg', tgt'x? -l6;'x?_ dg'{ xf]. x of} ;k{x?sf] -efok]/ll8_ 8;fO{ efok/sf] 8;fO{sf] ;a}egbf udel/ nif0f eg]sf] /Qm>fj x'g' xf].

77 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf o;sf] ljiffsttfsf] k f/ldes nif0f luhfx?af6 /ut aug' xf]. clncln vf6f a;]sf 3fp ep To;af6 / ;k{n] 8;]s} 7fpFaf6 klg /ut aug yfn5. udel/ ljiffsttfsf a]nf t h'g;'s} 7fpFaf6 klg /ut aug ;S5. 5fnf leq, cffvfdf, k]6 leq, 6fpsfsf] leqkl / dlit:sdf klg /Qm>fj x'g;s5. 8;]s} 7fpFdf ;'lggg], kfgl jf klk el/p/ 6lGsg], 5fnf l6:o' jf df+zk]zl dg]{ x'g yfn5. k fylds pkrf/ ;k{n] 8;]sf] a]nf hf] dfg5] glhsdf x'g5 p;n] jf h;nfo{ 8;]sf] xf] p;n] cfkm}klg k fylds pkrf/ ug{ ;S5. la/fdlnfo{ ;fgtjgf lbg'k5{, lsgeg] w]/} 8/n] klg d[to' x'g5. 8;]sf] xft jf v' fnfo{ xnrn x'g glbg' Pp6f k efjsf/l pkfo xf]. 8;]sf] JolQmnfO{ cf/fd;fu 9NsfP/ ;'tfp/ /fvg' k5{. sfd f] nufp/ epklg 8;]sf] xft v' f xlnng lbg' x'b}g. kll8tnfo{ t'?gt glhssf] ;k{b+z pkrf/ s]gb df k' ofpg' k5{. df]6/;fosnsf] k of]u u/] l56f] k'lug5. :jf:yo s]gb df ul/g] Joj:yfkg olb ;k{b+zsf] kll8tdf ljiffsttfsf] nif0f b]lvpsf] 5}g 306f cjnf]sg ug]{. ljiffsttfsf] nif0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 eg] k ltljif (ASVs) / cgo yk pkrf/af6 la/fdlsf] Hofg arfpg ;lsg5. Zjf;k Zjf; k 0ffnLdf kif3ft epsf ;k{b+zsf kll8tnfo{ hlt l56f] x'g5 s[lqd ljlw -cda' Aofu jf olgqs ljlw_ af6 Zjf; lbg plrt x'g5. of] ljlw s]xl lbg jf xktf}+ ;Dd klg k of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'g5 / ;f] kll8tsf] z/l/df cls;hgsf] dfqf 7Ls ;txdf k'u]kl5dfq p;nfo{ ;Grf] x'g] ;Defjgf x'g5. t'?gt} Joj:yf ug]{ Pp6f ;]nfog r9fpg]. ljifsf] c;/ 5 5}g, hffrg]. 8;]sf] 7fpF egbf cgoq :gfo'3ft / /Qm>fj epsf] 5 ls 5}g x]g]{ -g]kfndf la/fdlsf] z/l/df ljifsf] dfqf gfkg] k ljlw xfn;dd 5}g\_. /Qmrfk ctogt 36\g], Zjf; k Zjf; agb x'g], cs:dft cj:yf v:sg] / ljifsf] k efj a9\b} hfg] h:tf nif0fx? b]lvpdf ttsfn Hofg arfpg] pkfosf] vf]hl ug'k5{. 69

$g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x k ltljifsf] (Antivenom) ;'O{ nufpg' kg]{ nif0fx? :gfo'3ft -cffvf p3fg{ g;sg', d'v vf]ng g;sg' / c? dfly pnn]v ul/psf nif0f_ x'g'. z/l/sf ljlegg efuaf6 :jt:km"t{ /Qm>fj x'g'.$

78 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x k ltljifsf] (Antivenom) ;'O{ nufpg' kg]{ nif0fx? :gfo'3ft -cffvf p3fg{ g;sg', d'v vf]ng g;sg' / c? dfly pnn]v ul/psf nif0f_ x'g'. z/l/sf ljlegg efuaf6 :jt:km"t{ /Qm>fj x'g'. ;k{b+zaf6 arg] pkfox? 3/ tyf v]n d}bfgsf] jl/kl/ ;kmf /fvf+}, emf8l, 9'ª\uf, lxnf] / kftsf] y'k f] g/fvf}+. v' f 9fSg]u/L nfdf] n'uf / a'6 jf h'ttf nufcf}f. /ftl cfwof/f]df lx8\bf 6r{ jf aql afn]/ dfq lx8\g] u/f}+. 9'ªufsf] y'k f] cyjf sf7df ;k{ n's]/ a;]sf] x'g;s5 To;}n] To:tf 7fpFdf sfd ubf{ ;ts{ agf}f. s]6fs]6lnfo{ ;k{ x'g;sg] Onfsfdf hfgaf6 ;r]t u/fcf}f. cfkm\gf If]qdf epsf ljiffn' cljiffn' ;k{sf af/]df hfgsf/l /fvf}+. e'ofdf ;'Tg 5f8f}+. em'n 6fFu]/ dfq ;'Tg] u/f}+. kfnleq ;'Tg] xf] eg] /fd /L 9f]sf agb u/]/ dfq ;'tf}+. tl:a/!)^= ljiffn' ;k{n] 6f]sL cffvf vf]ng g;sg] cj:yf. o:tf] cj:yf uf]dg jf s/]t ;k{sf] ljifn] ubf{ x'g5. lrp8fsf] dfz+k]zlsf] kif3ft epsf]n] d'v vf]ng klg ufx f] x'g5. P;= s]= zdf{ 70

$n] ljifsf] c;/ sd x'g5 eg]/ 8f]/L, sk8f, Knfl:6s cflbn] o;/l xft v' f s;]/ affw5g\.$ $t/, o;f] ugf{n] xft v' fdf /utsf] k jfx agb eo{ xft v' fg} lalu g ;S5 / xft v' f sf6\g' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5. P;=s]= zdf{ tl:a/!$

79 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf tl:a/!)&= s;]/ k L affw]sf] kl/0ffd. w]/} dflg;x?n] ljifsf] c;/ sd x'g5 eg]/ 8f]/L, sk8f, Knfl:6s cflbn] o;/l xft v' f s;]/ affw5g\. t/, o;f] ugf{n] xft v' fdf /utsf] k jfx agb eo{ xft v' fg} lalu g ;S5 / xft v' f sf6\g' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5. P;=s]= zdf{ tl:a/!)&= ;k{b+zaf6 epsf] kl/0ffd. uf]dg, /fhuf]dg, af3] ;k{, x of} ;k{x?n] 6f]s]sf] 7fFpdf df;' s'lxg uo{ cf}+nfx? bf]a Lg ;S5. slxn]sfxlf xft v' f sf6\g' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5. ;'?cftl cj:yfdf g} pkrf/ u/] o:tf] x'gaf6 hf]lug5. P;=s]= zdf{ 71

$cffvfb]lv kif3ft u/fo{ s dz tnlt/ -lha f], lrp8f], 5flt, xft v' f_ ;Dd kif3ft u/fpf5. p= s'v Pr=P;= efj:s/ tl:a/!$ $a] ;k{ -dfpg6]g lk6efok/_ sf] 8;fO{af6 la/fdlsf] z/l/af6 :jt:k'mt{ /ut lgl:sg] cj:yf b]lvpsf] 5.$ $o:tf] cj:yf af3] ;k{n] 8;]sf] cj:yfdf klg x'g5. t/ g]kfndf af3] ;k{n] 8;]sf] la/fdl w]/} 5}gg\. tl:a/!$

80 tl:a/!)(= x of} ;k{n] 8;]sf] 7fFpdf ;fdfgo ;'lggpsf] cj:yf. of] bds, emfkfdf lnopsf] tl:a/ xf]. ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf] 7fFpdf ;'lggp/ b'vg] g]kfndf kfo{g] x of} ;k{sf k hflt / uf]dg ;k{sf] 8;fO{sf] ljz]iftf xf]. tl:a/!!!= 3fF6L ;f]emf] /fvg g;sg] cj:yf. uf]dg / s/]t ;k{sf] ljifn] dflg;sf] z/l/sf] df+zk]zlx? cffvfb]lv kif3ft u/fo{ s dz tnlt/ -lha f], lrp8f], 5flt, xft v' f_ ;Dd kif3ft u/fpf5. p= s'v Pr=P;= efj:s/ tl:a/!!)= ;k{n] 8;]sf] la/fdlsf] luhfaf6 /ut au]sf]. g]kfndf kfog] x of} k hfltsf] ;k{ h:t}m u'?a] ;k{ -dfpg6]g lk6efok/_ sf] 8;fO{af6 la/fdlsf] z/l/af6 :jt:k'mt{ /ut lgl:sg] cj:yf b]lvpsf] 5. o:tf] cj:yf af3] ;k{n] 8;]sf] cj:yfdf klg x'g5. t/ g]kfndf af3] ;k{n] 8;]sf] la/fdl w]/} 5}gg\. tl:a/!!@= uf]dg / s/]tsf] ljifn] Zjf; k Zjf;sf] kif3ft -Zjf; k Zjf; /f]lsg]_ u/fp5. o:tf] cj:yfdf s[lqd ;f; lbg ;s] la/fdlnfo{ arfpg ;lsg5. of] tl:a/df sdg s/]tn] 8;]sf] la/fdlnfo{ o:t} s[lqd Zjf; k Zjf; lbopsf] b]vfopsf] 5. l8=kl= kf08] l8=p= jf/]n

81 tl:a/ ;lxtsf] lgb]{lzsf 5gf}6 ul/psf cltl/qm hfgsf/lsf >f]tx? Guidelines for the Management of Snake Bites (South and South-East Asian regions), published by the World Health Organisation - Regional Office for South-East Asia (WHO/SEARO). A free download of the 2010 edition by D. A. Warrell is available from: VAPAGuide - Emergency Guide to Venomous and Poisonous Animals. This free internet-based resource by T. Junghanns and M. Bodio on venomous and poisonous animals and the clinical management of envenoming and poisoning is available at: Clinical Toxinology Resources Website. This internet-based resource on clinical toxinology and venomous and poisonous animals is maintained by J. White and colleagues at the Toxinology Department of the Women s & Children s Hospital (WCH) in Adelaide, Australia, and is available at: Snake bite in South Asia: a review. This review article by E. Alirol, S. K. Sharma, H. S. Bawaskar, U. Kuch and F. Chappuis covering 122 literature references on snake bite in South Asia is available free from the web site of the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases: WHO Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins. These World Health Organisation guidelines and additional important information are available at: WHO Database on Snake Antivenoms and Venomous Snakes. This searchable database provides information on existing snake antivenom immunoglobulin products and snakes of medical importance, distribution maps and photographic references. It is available at: Global Snake Bite Initiative (GSI) 73

g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x International Society on Toxinology (IST) http://www.toxinology.org Snakes of India The Field Guide by R. Whitaker and A. Captain. Draco Books (Chennai); 2008, 495 pp.

82 g]kfnsf ljiffn' ;k{x International Society on Toxinology (IST) Snakes of India The Field Guide by R. Whitaker and A. Captain. Draco Books (Chennai); 2008, 495 pp. Snake bite Management Guideline (in both Nepali and English) by K. B. Shah, J. M. Shrestha and C. L. Thapa. HMG's Ministry of Health, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology & Disease Control Division (Kathmandu); 2003, 56 pp. Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal by H. H. Schleich and W. Kästle (Ed.). A.R. Gantner Verlag (Ruggell); 2002, 1295 pp. Herpetofauna of Nepal: A Conservation Companion by K. B. Shah and S. Tiwari. IUCN - The World Conservation Union (Kathmandu); 2004, VIII pp. tl:a/!!#= Onfdsf] dl= sf] prfodf kfopsf] jo:s kf]yl d'uf ;k{ (Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus). Pg=Pn= cf]/nf]e 74

$;k{b+zaf6 x'g] d[to'b/ 36fpg df]6/;fosn :jod\ ;]jssf] kl/rfng df]6/;fosn :jod\ ;]js s fo{s d k"jl{ g]kfnsf] t/fo{ e]usf b'u{d uffpx?df df]6/;fosn epsf dflg;x?sf] Pp6f ;~hfn xf]. ol :jod\ ;]jsx?$

83 ;k{b+zaf6 x'g] d[to'b/ 36fpg df]6/;fosn :jod\ ;]jssf] kl/rfng df]6/;fosn :jod\ ;]js s fo{s d k"jl{ g]kfnsf] t/fo{ e]usf b'u{d uffpx?df df]6/;fosn epsf dflg;x?sf] Pp6f ;~hfn xf]. ol :jod\ ;]jsx?n] ;k{sf] 8;fO{ epsf la/fdlx?nfo{ glhs}sf] c:ktfn jf ;k{b+z pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf epsf] :jf:yo s]gb df hlt ;Sbf] rff8f] k' ofpg rf}la;} 306f ;]jf k bfg ub{5g\. ;k{b+zsf la/fdlnfo{ df]6/;fosnaf6 pkrf/ s]gb df n}hfg] s ddf n8\gaf6 hf]ufpg df]6/;fosn rfns / ;fxf/f lbg] Ps JolQmsf] alrdf bx f] u/l /flvg5 -tn tl:a/df x]g'{xf];\_. of] sfo{s d nfu' u/fpg' egbf cufl8 ToxfF r]tgfd'ns sfo{s d ul/g5 / ;k{b+z epsf la/fdlx?nfo{ rff8f] egbf rff8f] glhssf] ;k{b+z pkrf/ s]gb jf c:ktfndf df]6/;fosnåf/f k' ofpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbog5. o;df z}lifs ;"rgfx? / ;fdfgo gf/fx? klg j0f{g ul/g5, h:t}m æ;k{n] 8:bf :jod\ ;]js ;dfcf}+, glhssf] ;k{b+z pkrf/ s]gb df uo{ Hofg arfcf}+.æ o;n] ;k{b+zaf6 x'g] d[to'b/ klg 36fpFb} nu]sf] 5.

l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5<

l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5< l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5 < o; glltut b:tfa]hn] l;dlk G6;sf tl ultljlwx?sf af/]df JofVof u5{ h;af6 c;fdfgo