lzifssf nflu c;n ceof;: siffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; lj mofsnfk

Transcription

1 lzifssf nflu c;n ceof;: siffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; lj mofsnfk 1

2 != kf7\oj mddf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? g]kfnl ljb\ofyl{x?sf] nflu s] s:tf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? cfjzos 5g\< ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ s;/l Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? ceof; ug]{ agfpg] < Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?sf] lzif0fdf ;dfof]hg #= ;d"xsfo{sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf nflu ;'emfjx? pkfox? $= Jojxf/ s'zn l;knfo{ ;dfj]z u/l kf7\of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;'emfjx? %= lzif0f l;sfo lqmofsnfksf tl/sfx? c+u ]hl lzif0f lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? :jf:yo, hg;+vof tyf jftfj/0f lziff lzif0f lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? gkfnl lzif0fsf lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? lj1fg lzif0f lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? ul0ft lzif0f lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? ;fdflhs cwoog lzif0f lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? ^= ljb\ofyl{sf nflu ;fwgx?m k]zf / Joj;fosf nflu k/fdz{ (career counselling) / l;kx?sf] ljsf; k]zf / Joj;fosf nflu k/fdz{sf (career counselling) ;fwgx? 2

3 ! kl/ro l6=o{=le=l6= ;km\6 l:sn kl/of]hgf (TEVT Soft Skills Project) lziff egqfno cgtu{tsf] k/lif0f kl/of]hgf xf]. lkmgnof08 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt o; kl/of]hgfn] lziff dgqfnonfo{ k fljlws ;xfotf k bfg ub{5. jt{dfg >d ahf/sf] dfu k"lt{ ug{ / /f]huf/lsf] ;'lglzrttfdf j[b\lwug{sf nflu Jojxf/ s'zn l;knfo{ ;fwf/0f lziffdf ;dfj]z u/l ;fwf/0f lziffsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fgble{stfdf j[b\lw ug{' o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'vo p2]zo xf]. o; kl/of]hgfn] s]lgb o txdf lziff ljefu kf7\oj md ljsf; s]gb / z}lifs hgzlqm ljsf; s]gb ;+u ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5. To:t} o; kl/of]hgfsf] k/lif0f epsf!) lhnnfdf /x]sf lhnnf lziff sfof{nox?, z}lifs tflnd s]gb x?, cu'jf ; f]t s]gbx? / ljb\ofnox?;+usf] ;xof]udf sfd ul//x]sf] 5. Jojx/f s'zn l;k ;Ifdtfsf] j[l4sf] nflu lzif0f l;sfosf cfjzos ljlw / lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; ug{ b]lv ;Dd TSSP -l6=o{=le=l6= ;km\6 l:sn kl/of]hgf_ n] z}lifs hgzlqm ljsf; s]gb ;+u ;xof]u ub}{ cfpsf] 5. o:tf ljlw tyf lqmofsnfkx?nfo{ d'n'se/sf!) lhnnfsf *) j6f ljb\ofnosf] siff ( /!) df k/lif0f u/l ljsf; ul/psf] lyof]. Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] lzif0f l;sfonfo{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf To; k/lif0faf6 k fkt cg'ej tyf ;'emfjx?nfo{ o; k'l:tsfdf ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. o; k'l:tsfsf] d"n nio lzifsx?nfo{ siff ( /!) sf] kl/dflh{t kf7\oj mdsf] sfof{gjogdf ;3fpg' xf]. jt{dfg kl/dflh{t kf7\oj mdsf] l;sfo pknlawdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. o; k'l:tsfsf] pb\b]zo lzifsx?nfo{ ljb\ofly{x?df Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?sf] ;Ifdtf j[b\lwsf nflu lzif0fdf ;'wf/ ug{ / kf7sf] k :t'ltdf k efjsfl/tf Nofpg k f]t;fxg ug{' xf]. o; k'l:tsf leq siff ( /!) sf ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ nlift u/l hddf ^ clgjfo{ ljifox?df Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] lzif0f l;sfosf] a'emfo ljsf;sf nflu c;n ceof;x?, o:tf l;ksf] cg's'ntfsf ljlwx?, ;d"x sfo{sf pkfox?, ljb\ofnox?sf 36gfj mdx? (Case Stories), lzifssf cg'ejx?, gd'gf kf7 / lj mofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ul/psf 5g\. 3

4 @= kf7\oj mddf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?m ljb\ofyl{sf nflu s] s:tf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? cfjzos 5g\ < ;'emfjm siff ( /!) df cwoog/t ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ s'g s'g Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?df hf]8 lbg] egg] yfxf kfpgsf nflu lzifs :jo+ kf7\oj mddf pnn]lvt kl/efiff / ;DalGwt ;fdfu Lx?af/] hfgsf/ x'g'kb{5. o:tf l;kx?;+u ;DalGwt l;sfo{ pknlawx? clgjfo{ ljifosf kf7\oj mddf klg kfpg ;lsg5. Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?m ;fdfgotof Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?n] JolQmnfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] k efjsf/l 9ª\un] k of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg'sf ;fy} hljg ko{gt l;sfosf]?kdf ljsf; ub{5g\. Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df JolQmn] k efjsf/l 9ª+\un] l;sg, sfo{ ug{ / cfkm" / cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] u'0f:t/nfo{ ;d]t ;'wf/ ub}{ cfly{s ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5. /f]huf/sf] ;'lglzrttf / ljb\ofno lziff kl5sf] prr lziff xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ljb\ofyl{x?n] Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ clgjfo{ 5. lziff k flkt kl5sf] /f]huf/lsf nflu cfwf/e"t l;ksf] klg pltts} cfjzostf kb{5. pbfx/0fsf nflu Hard Skills /fd f];+u k9\g / n]vg ;Sg', s'g} klg k]zfsf lgldq cfjzos k fljlws l;k xfl;n ug'{ cflb. tyflk s'g}klg sfo{ k efjsf/l 9ª+ \un] ;DkGg ug{ k fljlws l;ksf] 1fgn] dfq ;Dej x+b}g. /f]huf/bftfx?n] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k epsf JolQm hf] cfkm\gf u fxsx?nfo{ ;DxfNg, k efjsf/l ;~rf/ sfod ug{, ;d"xdf sfo{ ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd 5g\, To:tf JolQmx?nfO{ 5gf]6 ub{5g\. ljlegg kbfjlnsf] k of]usf sf/0fn] Jojxf/ s'zn l;kú nfo{ a'em\g sl7g jgfpsf] 5. :yfgfgt/0f of]uo l;kú, d'vo ;IfdtfÚ, /f]huf/ l;k / PSsfO;f}+ ztfljbsf l;kú h:tf zabfjlnx?sf] k of]u ul/g5 eg] csf]{lt o;sf] s'g} lglzrt k 0fnL klg 5}g. o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f l;kx?k ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / l;ksf] cfjzostf ;DaGwdf Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltn] kfg]{ k efj g} xf]. oblk o:tf l;kx?nfo{ a'emfpg h] h:tf zabfjnlx?sf] k of]u u/]klg jf o:tf l;kx?nfo{ h'g?kdf jul{s/0f ul/pklg o:tf l;kx?sf] dxtj ;DaGwdf s'g} låljwf 5}g lsgls o:tf l;kx? Jt{dfgsf d'vo ;Ifdtf x'g\ h;sf] k of]u h'g;'s} sfo{ jf :yfgdf ckl/xfo{ 5. ljb\ofnodf ;d]t lzif0f l;sfo{ lqmofsnfk ;+u;+u} ljb\ofyl{xn] o:tf l;kx?sf] ceof; ug]{ ub{5g\. 4

5 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5. æjolstnfo{ cftd ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;xeflutf / Jofj;flos hljgdf ;kmn x'gsf nflu cfjzos kg]{ j}olsts, ;xof]u, ;f]rfo, gjk jt{g tyf Jofj;flos l;kx ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos l;kx x'g\.æ j}olsts d d]/f] j}olstsl;k ljsf; ug{ rfxg5' h;af6 dm cfkm\gf] sfo{ /fd f;+u ;dod} k'/f ug{ ;S5'. ;d:of cfo kbf{ ;d:of gkg5fo{ ;dfwfg ug{ cftd ljzjf;sf ;fy ;dfwfg ug{ ttk/ /xg5'. ljbfno k'/f u/] kl5 pko'qm cª\s / /fd f] /f]huf/ kfpg] 5'. ;f]rfo d d]/f] ;f]rfo l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ rfxg5' h;af6 dm /fd f] ;+u l;sg ;S5'. k':tsaf6 l56[} ;'rgfx? k fkt ug{ ;S5'. j:t'x?sf] /fd f] ;+u ;xof]u d d]/f] ;xof]u l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ rfxg5' h;af6 dm ljbfnodf /fd f];+u ;d"xsfo{ ug{ ;S5'. c? JolQmx?nfO{ /fd f] ;+u a'em\g ;S5'. ;d'bfosf JolQmx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5'. ;j}hgfn] a'em\g] u/l gjk jt{g / Joj;fo d d]/f] gjk jt{g / Joj;fo l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ rfxg5' h;af6 dm al9 /rgftds eo sfd ug]{ gof+ tl/sf kqf nufp+5'. ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg kqf nufpg ;S5'. æsiff ( /!) df cwoog/t ;j} ljb\ofyl{n] ;j} ljifodf ljlegg Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? ceof; ug{ cfjzos 5.Æ 5

6 Jojxf/ s'zn l;k a'emfosf cg'ejx?m ;xfos lh= lz= c=, sfe ]. d]/f] a'emfodf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? d't{ jf k ToIf?kdf dfkg ug{ of]uo x'+b}g. loglx?nfo{ z}lifs d"no;+u} ;dfj]z ul/g5 h;af6 ljbfyl{n] o:tf l;ksf] ljsf; u?g. ljbfyl{x?nfo{ ol l;kx? l;sfpg] k s[of Ps bl3{sfnlg k s[of xf] c? Pp6f z}lifs bz{g xf] h;df d"nonfo{ log} lglzrt ;Ifdtf;+u cfjb\w ul/psf] x'g5. Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ j}olsts ;xof]u,ú ;f]rfo / gjk jt{g tyf Joj;flos u/l $ ;d"xdf jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. ol ;d"xx?n] siff ( /!) sf ;Dk"0f{ ljifox?sf] cwoog ;Gtf]ifhgs?kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ;a} Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ ;d]6\5g\. jt{dfg kf7\oj md k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ siff ( /!) sf] ljifout kf7\oj mdsf] pknlawsf]?kdf ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. l;sfo pknlawn] k To]s kf7, ljifo jf l;k ljsf;sf] If]qsf] cwoog kl5 ljb\ofyl{n] hfgg' kg]{ jf ug{ ;Ifd x'g'kg]{ Jojxf/nfO{ a'emfp+5. ljifo kf7\oj mddf pnn]v ul/psf l;sfo pknlawx?n] lzifsnfo{ ljb\ofyl{x?n] Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; ug'{kg]{ pko'qm ;dosf] klxrfg u/fp+5. o:tf l;kx? s]lx l;sfo pknlawdf k ToIf pnn]v ul/psf] 5 eg] cgo cj:yfdf l;sfo pknlaw xfl;n ug]{ ljlwx?df k ltlaldat ul/psf] 5. ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ s;/l Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; ug{ nufpg]< ;'emfjm ;a} ljifosf lzif0f / lzif0f ljlwx?nfo{ jl9 egbf al9 cgt/lqmoftds agfpg] h;n] ubf{ ljb\ofyl{x? :jo+ l;sg ;f]rfo ug{ / sfo{ ug{ ;lqmo x'g5g\. o;n] ;d"xdf sfo{ ug]{, l;h{gftds agg], ;'ema'emk"0f{ ljzn]if0f ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf l;kx? xfl;n ug]{ h:tf ljb\ofyl{sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? :jtm j[b\lw x'g5g\. Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? s;/l l;sg] < Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ ljrf/ jf ts{sf cfwf/df ljlegg l;kx?df jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. l;k Pp6f o:tf] lrh xf] h'g l;sg / ljsf; ug{ ;lsg5. l;k ljsf;sf] lhdd]jf/l lziff kb\wltsf] xf]. o:tf l;kx? ljsf; u/fpg] ;a}egbf pko'qm tl/sf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ kf7\oj mddf ;dflji6 ug{' xf]. o;af6 hl6n egbf hl6n l;sfo pknlawx? xfl;n ug{sf nflu cfwf/e"t jf k fljlws l;k nufot ;j} k sf/sf l;kx?nfo{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg5. Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? ljsf; ug]{ lqmofsnfkx?nfo{ cnuu} lzif0f ug'{egbf c? ljifosf] kf7\oj md / lzif0f;+u PsLs[t ug'{kb{5. s'g} lzifsn] cfkm\gf] ljifodf ;d"x sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ ljb\ofyl{x? ;+u} ldn]/ sfd ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g'kb{5. ha ljb\ofyl{x?n] efiffsf] ceof; u5{g\ pglx?n] To;sf] cy{ k i6\ofpg] sfo{ klg ;+u} ub{5g\. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;d"x sfo{ ubf{ xf];\ jf :jtgq?kdf sfo{ ubf{ xf];\ pglx?n] lglzrt ;dol;df leq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ l;sb5g\. 6

7 lgisif{df ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ljlegg Jojxfl/s lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmo ;xeful u/fp+bf ljlegg ljifodf pglx?sf] l;sfo / wf/0ffsf] ;'wf/ x'gfsf ;fy} pglx?sf] ptk ]/0ff / ;xeflutfdf j[b\lw epsf] x'g]5. Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] lzif0fdf ;dfof]hgm ;'emfjm ljbfyl{x?nfo{ Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?sf] ceof; ug{ cj;/ k bfg ug]{ kf7x?sf] lzif0f l;sfo of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ lzifsn] tlgj6f cfofdx? h:t} l;sfo pknlaw, ljlw / ljb\ofyl{sf] ptk ]/0ff ljr ;Gt'ng /fvg ;Sg'k5{. Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? ljsf;sf nflu kf7of]hgf! l;sfo{ pknlaw!_ pko'qm l;sfo pknlawsf] klxrfg ;a}egbf pko'qm lzif0f l;sfo ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf];. #_ l;sf?nfo{ ptk ]l/t ug{sf nflu ;s/ftds l;sfo jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'{xf];. k/lif0f ljbfnox?af6 lzif0f l;sfo lj mofsnfksf] cg'ej M lzifs,?kgb]xlm klxn] d k jrg ljlwsf] dfq k of]u uy]{. ljb\ofyl{ lgliqmo x'gy]. t/ clxn] d ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ l;sfo{df w]/} ;lj mo agfp+5'. siffdf d sd ylst x'g5'. dnfo{ ljb\ofyl{{x?nfo{ ljifoa:t' l;sfpg / pb\b]zox? k'/f ug{ w]/} ;lhnf] epsf] 5. siffdf lzifs / ljb\ofyl{ ldn]/ ;xsfo{ u5f}+{. lzifs,?kgb]lxm clxn] ljb\ofyl{{x? cfkm\gf] k9fodf?rl b]vfpg yfn]sf 5g\ / cfkm\gf] k :t'lt k bz{g ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. pglx? cfkm} ptt/sf] /rgf u5{g\ / a9l ;xeflu klg x'g5g\. 7

8 !_ l;sfo pknlaw Kff7\oj mdn] l;sfo pknlawnfo{ lzifssf nflu b}lgs of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ / l;sfonfo{ ;+ul7t ug{ ky k bz{g ug]{ Ps ;fwgsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;d]t pglx?n] s] s:tf s'/fx? l;sg] xf] / pglx? s'g l;kx?sf] ceof; ub}{ 5g\ egg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/l lbg'kb{5. o;f] x'g ;s]df ljb\ofyl{x? tl l;sfo pknlaw xfl;n ug{ tkm{ cu ;/ agb5g\. x/]s lzif0f l;sfo lqmofsnfkn] ljb\ofyl{nfo{ kf7\oj mddf pnn]v ul/psf l;sfo pknlaw xfl;n ug{sf nflu cu ;/ agfpg' k5{. lzifsn] lzif0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ klg k fkt ug'{kg]{ l;sfo pknlawnfo{ dwogh/ ug'{ kb{5. lzifsn] Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ;a} ljb\ofyl{x? siff bz k"j{ g} kf7\oj mddf plnnlvt ;Dk"0f{ l;sfo pknlawx? xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}gg\ tyflk k To]s ljb\ofyl{n] loglx?sf] k z:t ceof; ug]{ df}sf kfpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pglx?df Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?sf] j mlds?kdf ljsf; x'g lzif0f l;sfo lalwm lzif0f ljlwdf NofOg] ljljwtfn] l;sfodf j[b\lw x'g] s'/f ljlegg cg'ejx?n] b]vfpsf 5g\. cg'ejn] s] klg b]vfpsf] 5 eg] siffsf]7fdf lzifsn] lbg] %) ldg]6sf] k jrgsf] hddf!% k ltzt ljb\ofyl{x?n] #.$ efu :d/0f ug{ ;S5g\. prr:t/sf] l;sfosf] nflu ljb\ofyl{ :j+o ;xeflu eo sfo{ ug'{kb{5 h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k pglx?sf] Jojxf s'zn l;kx?sf] klg j[b\lw x'g5. gof+ ;dfwfgsf] l;h{gf ;fd'bflos sfo{ ljzn]if0f d"nofª\sg l;h{gf ug'{ k of]u If]q e d0f If]q sfo{ kl/of]hgf k of]u ug{ k jrg ;+u} k Zgf]Q/ Sfo{If] q siff 5nkmn v]n k bz{g e"ld sf ;d"x 5nkmn 36gf cwoog a'em\g k9fo{ u[xsfo{ k Zgf]Tt/ k jrg k/liff lnlvt sfo{x? k jrg ;+u} k Zg lzifs åf/f lgb]{lzt sfo{ v'nnf k Zgx? dlit:s dgyg ;"rgfsf] vf]hl :d/0f ug{ :jl;sfo lzif0f lzifs s]lgb t ljb\ofyl{ s]lgb t 8

9 dflysf] lrqdf afs;x?n] lzif0f l;sfosf ljlegg ljlwx?nfo{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\. k To]s afs;sf] prfo / :yfgn] cgt/ lqmofsf] tx / l;sfosf] k sf/nfo{ a'emfp+5g\. lrqsf] jfof+ lt/sf] cfwf/ efun] :j l;sfosf] ljlwnfo{ a'emfp+5. bfof+tkm{ qmdzm lzif0f ljlwx? ljb\ofyl{ s]lgb t / cgt/lqmoftds agb} hfg5g\. prr txdf ljb\ofyl{x?n] cfkm"n] ljb\ofnoja6 k fkt l;sfonfo{ :yfgfgt/0f u/l b}lgs hljgdf cfokg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ / prr txsf] l;sfo xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agb5g\. k/lif0f ljbfnoaf6 k fkt cgt/lqmoftds lzif0f l;sfo sf cg'ejx?m lzifs, df]/ªm g]kfnl ljifosf] siffdf ljbfyl{x?nfo{ ^.^ hgfsf] ;d"xdf jul{s/0f ul/psf] lyof]. k To]s ;d"xn] k wfgfwofks, uf=lj=;= sf g]t[tjx?, jftfj/0f ;DalGw sfd ug]{ :yfglo lgsfo nufotsf ljlegg :yfglo ;+3 ;+:yf / JolStTjx?nfO{ kq n]v]sf lyp / k To]s kqsf k fks legg legg lyp. lzifsn] siffsf] rf/}lt/ 3'dL3'dL ;a} ;d"xx?nfo{ pglx?n] s] s;/l sfo{ ul//x]sf lyp, s'g} ;xfotf cfjzos lyof] jf pglx?;+u s'g} lh1f;f lyof] ls j'em]/ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefp. siffsf] cgtodf k To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgf ;b:on] cfkm\gf] ;d"xsf] sfo{nfo{ siffdf jfrg u/]/ ;'gfp. lzifsm h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf pkfox?ú egg] kf7 k9fp+bf d}n] siffsf ;j} ljbfyl{x?nfo{ ltgj6f ;d"xdf af+8]/ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fo ltgj6} ef}uf]lns If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cj:yf / o;sf] ;+/If0fsf pkfox? vf]hg nufpf. ljb\ofyl{x?n] cfkm"n] kqf nufpsf s'/f gf6ssf] dfwodaf6 k :t't u/]. o; kl/of]hgf sfo{n] k To]s ;d"xsf ljbfyl{x?nfo{ cfkm\gf] sfo{df ;xeflutfsf nflu lgs} pt;flxt agfof]. o;j mddf ljb\ofyl{x?df cftd ljzjf;, ;~rf/ l;k / k :t'tls/0f l;ksf] ljsf; x'g uo pglx?sf] l;sfo kl/0ffdd'lv / bl3{sfnlg agg k'uof]. z'? z'?df ceo:t geo;s]sf] sf/0fn] gof+ lzif0f ljlwsf] k of]u lzifs tyf ljb\ofyl{ b'a}nfo{ sl7g x'g;s5 t/ cg'ejx?n] b]vfpsf 5g\ ls k of; g} o;sf nflu dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. lzifsn] cfkm"n] tflnddf l;s]sf gof+ ljlwx?nfo{ kl/if0f ug'{kb{5 h;af6 lzifsn] ljljw r'gf}lt, lg/fzf, k ult, ;Gt'li6 sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cgttm o:gf] gof+ ljlw / tl/sfx?sf] k of]udf ;kmntf k fkt x'g5. cfkm\gf] siff sf]7fnfo{ ;'xf+pbf] ljlw / k ljlwsf] dfq 1fg x'g' lzifssf] k"0f{tfsf] ;+s]t xf]og. a? ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg kqf nufpg ;Sg' cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] k ltladag ug{ ;Sg] ceof;stf{ x'g'sf] ;ª\s]t xf]. 9

10 #= l;sf?sf] ptk ]/0ff l;sfosf nflu ptk ]/0ff ctofjzos x'g5. ljb\ofyl{x? TotL a]nf l;sfo k lt ptk l/t x'g5g\ hltj]nf l;sfo eo/lxt, ;xh / ;'/lift aftfj/0fdf ;~rfng x'g5 / hlta]nf l;sf?x? ;lj mo?kdf cy{k"0f{ lj mofsnfkdf ;ª\nUg x'g5g\. l;sfo jftfj/0f ;sf/ftds / ;xh x'g'kb{5. zf/ll/s / dgf]j}1flgs?kdf cfggbbfol jftfj/0fn] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;xh, ;'/lift / Jo:t dx;'; u/fp+5. lzifssf] dgf]j[ltt ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ cfkm\gf wf/0ff / ljrf/ lgw{ss tyf cftdljzjf;sf ;fy JoQm ug{sf nflu ;3fpg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5. jftfj/0f ;xh gepdf ljb\ofyl{x?n] lgs} sd ljifoj:t' / Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? l;sb5g\. c+u] hl lzifs,?kgb]xlm d}n] d]/f ljb\ofyl{x?n] b[zo ;fdu Lsf] ;xfotfn] cem} /fd f] ;+u l;s]sf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. To;sf/0f lxhf] cfh d}n] cfkm\gf] kf7sf] k :t'lts/0fsf] nflu ;fdfu Lx? lgdf{0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5'. l;sfo /dfonf] x'g'k5{ /dfonf] jftfj/0fdf ljb\ofyl{x?n] cem} /fd f] ;+u l;sb5g\. untl tyf sldsdhf]/lx?nfo{ c;kmntf ;+u hf]8]/ gx]g]{ xf] eg] l;sfo /dfonf] x'g5. l;h{gftds / k of]uftds x'g'n] klg l;sfonfo{ /dfonf] agfp+5. k of]uftdstfn] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;"rgf vf]hl ug{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]hg :jmcg'ej k bfg ug'{sf] ;fy} ;+jfb / ;dfnf]rgftds ;f]rfosf] nflu k f]t;fxg ub{5. ;j} ljb\ofyl{x?sf] s'/f ;'Gg'k5{ / ;a} ljb\ofyl{x? of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;+w} ;lx ptt/ lbg5g\ egg] 5}g. lzifsn] o;nfo{ l;sfosf] Pp6f ljgb'sf]?kdf a'em\g'k5{. olb ljb\ofyl{x? ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lnp/ cfp+b}gg\ / cfkm"n] NofPsf ljrf/ jf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfonfo{ JoQm ug]{ k of; ub{}gg\ eg] pglxn] cfkm\gf] ;f]rfo / ;+rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}gg\. /fd f] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]df o;n] cgt/d'lv :jefjsf] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f / ljrf/ k :t't ug]{ cj;/ k bfg ub{5. sdhf]/ ljb\ofyl{x?n] :jm lj mofsnfk / ;d"xsfo{af6 klg kmfobf lng ;S5g\. o;n] pglx?nfo{ c?;+u} ;dfg?kdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; cj;/ k bfg ub}{ ;fylx?;+usf] ;dfgtfdf ;d]t j[b\lw ub{5. w]/} ljb\ofyl{x?n] lstfa k9]/ egbf cfkm} u/]/ w]/} /fd f] ;+u l;s5g\. ;'ljwfljxlg afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf / n}lª\us e"ldsfnfo{ r'gf}lt lbg ;d"x sfo{ Pp6f c;n ljlw xf]. l;sfo ;fgble{s x'g'k5{m 10

11 l;sfosf] ljifoj:t'nfo{ ljb\ofyl{sf] b}lgs jf pglx?sf] jf:tljstf;+u ;DjlGwt u/fpg ;s]df l;sfo ;fgble{s / rfvk"0f{ agb5. l;sfonfo{ ljb\ofyl{sf] k"j{1fg;+u ;DalGwt u/]df pglx?sf] ;+nugtf a9\g'sf ;fy} pglx?sf] a'emfo klg k efjsf/l x'g5. l;sfo al9 ;fgble{s / ;do;fk]if agfpg] ;DaGwdf s]xl pbfx/0fx?m lj1fg ljifodf h}ljs ljljwtfúm :yfglo hlj / lj?jfsf] vf]hlsf nflu ljb\ofnosf] v]n d}bfgsf] cwoog ug{ nufpg ;lsg5. :jf:yo, hg;+vof tyf jftfj/0f ljifodf kf]if0fúm ljb\ofyl{x?n] cfkm"n] 3/df s] vfg5g\ / pglx?n] vfpsf] s'/f sltsf] :j:y 5g\ n]vg ;S5g\. Effiff ljifo -g]kfnl jf c+u ]hl_ df n]vfoú M ljb\ofyl{x?n] ljb\ofno jf :yfglo ;d'bfodf k of]u ul/g] lr7l, kf]i6/ kdkn]6 cflbsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g. ;fdflhs cwoog ljifodf lgjf{rgúm ljb\ofyl{n] cfkm\g} siffsf]7fleq r'gfj k rf/k ;f/ / siff ;efsf] lgjf{rg ug{ ;Sb5g\. ul0ft ljifodf If]qldltÚM ljb\ofyl{x?n] cfkm\gf] siffsf]7fsf] jf:tljs If]qkmn kqf nufo{ sf]7fdf /Ë nufpg slt /Ë nfu5 / To;sf] nflu slt vr{ nfu5 kqf nufpg ;S5g\. l;sfonfo{ ljbfyl{x?sf] kl/j]z;+u hf]8\g] M lzifs, jfun'ª ljbfyl{x? cfkm\gf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? ceof; ug{ kfp+bf ctogt} v'lz x'g5g\. pglx? kf7\ok':ts / kf7\oj mdnfo{ cfkm\gf] ;dfh / cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/fx?;+u ;DalGwt u/fpg dg k/fp+5g\. ljb\ofyl{, Zj]ta/fx prr df=lj=, sfe] klxn] xfdln] slxno} l;h{gftdstf / gljgtfsf] nflu k z:t cj;/x? kfpgf}+. t/ clxn] xfdl lzifssf ;fy;fy};fyl, kl/jf/ ;d'bfoaf6 klg l;sb5f}+. d}n] lj1fgsf] Pp6f siffdf /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o?kdf s;/l! s]= hl= tf}n lgwf{/0f ul/g5 eg]/ kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/]+. o; sfo{n] dnfo w]/} s'/fx? vf]hg / l;sg ;xof]u k' ofof]. cfkm\gf] sfo{nfo{ k'/f ug{ d]/f] kl/jf/ :yfglo Jofkf/L ;+u k/fdz{ u/]+ ljlegg r'dassf] k of]u u/l ;fdfg hf]vg] j mddf cfkm\gf u fxsx?nfo{ s;/l 7U5g\ egg] s'/f klg yfxf kfpf.. 11

12 #= ;d"xsfo{sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf pkfox?m ;d"x sfo{sf] k of]un] s'g}klg kf7nfo{ :jtm Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ kf7df kl/0ft ub{5. cfh Ps afnsn] ;xof]usf dfwodn] h] ug{ ;S5 ef]ln pm cfkm}n] pqm sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5. -leuf]tl:s,!(%@_ cgt/f{li6«o cwoogx?n] b]vfpcg';f/ kf7 lzif0faf6 dfq} egbf ;d"xsfo{af6 w]/} s'/f :d/0f x'g], nfdf] ;do;dd :d/0f /xg], prr u ]8 k fkt ug]{ tyf ctogt ljsl;t ;dfnf]rgftds ;f]rfo, ljifoj:t'k lt ;s/ftds wf/0ff / l;sfok lt ptk ]/0ff sf] ljsf; x'g5. lzifsn] cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnonfo{ pko'qm x'g] vfnsf ;d"xsfo{sf] tl/sfx?sf] vf]hl ug'{kb{5. g]kfndf lzifsx?n] ;d"xsfo{ u/fp+bf Ps k s[ltsf] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5 w]/} h;f] lzifsdf 7"nf siffx?df ;d"xsfo{sf] k of]u ug]{ cftdljzjf;sf] sld 5. d"nofíg / ;xsdl{;+usf] 5nkmnn] lzifsnfo{ gof+ ljlw / /0flgltsf] vf]lhdf ;xof]u k' ofp+5. ;d"xsfo{nfo{ ;lx 9ª+\u9ª+\u9ª+ \un] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]df ljb\ofyl{x? ;lqmo x'g'sf] ;fy} Ps}k6sdf w]/}j6f Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ldl>t ceof; ug{ ;Ifd agb5g\. pglx?n] lgdg s'/fsf] ceof; ug]{5g\. j}olsts l;k cfkm\gf] l;sfok lt cfkm" :jo+nfo{ pq/bfol agfp/ / cfkm\gf] sfo{nfo{ ;DkGg u/]/ j}olsts l;kl;ksf] ceof; ug]{5g\. ;f]rfo l;k ;d:ofsf] ljzn]if0f / ;dfwfgsf] dfwodaf6 ;f]rfo l;ksf] ceof; ug]{5g\. ;xof]u l;k ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] cfbfgk bfg, ;Demf}tf / ;+jfb u/l o; l;ksf] ceof; ug]{5g\. gjk jt{g / Joj;flos l;k ;~rf/ / l;h{gftds sfo{sf] ceof;sf dfwodn] o; l;ksf] ceof; ug]{5g\. l;sfosf] j mdddf l;sfo ;d"xx?nfo{ ;lx 9ª+\un] lgb]{lzt / ;'k/lj]if0f ug'{kb{5. ljb\ofyl{x?sf] ;d"xx?;+u sfo{ ubf{sf] ;a} egbf u"nf] r'gf}lt eg]sf] ;j}nfo{ k efjsf/l?kdf sfo{ ug{ nufpg' xf]. lbopsf lj mofsnfkx? ;DkGg ug{ ;a} ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ pltt g} ;do gnfug] s'/fsf] Vofn ug{ klg cfjzos x'g5. ;d"x lj mofsnfksf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fjwflgk"j{s ug'{ kb{5 ljb\ofyl{nfo{ pglx?n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] af/]df klg ;fjwflgk"j{s ;~rf/ ug'{kb{5. ;d"x lj mofsnfk Toltj]nf k efjsf/l agb5 hlta]nf ;d"xsf] cfsf/ / o;sf] ;+/rgf pglx?n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{;+u d]n vfg5. 12

13 ;d"xsfo{sf] cg'ej / pbfx/0fm lzifs,?kgb]xlm ;fgf] siffsf]7fdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ljbfyl{ lyp. d}n] cfkm\gf nflu ;xof]ul x'g] # j6f pkfox? KffP+.!= xktf b]vl! dlxgf;ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/psf ;d"xx? 5fq / 5fqf b'j}sf] k ltltlwtjaf6 lgld{t 5g\. #= s]xl ;d"xx? sfdsf nflu siffsf]7f aflx/ klg hfg5g\. lj1fg lzifs, df]/ªm d]/f ljbfyl{x?n] ;d"xsfo{sf] dfwodaf6 kf7sf] lzif0f ubf{ l;sfoaf6 al9 cfggb lng5g\. ha ljbfyl{x? jl9 Jo:t /xg5g\ siff Joj:yfkg Tolt g} ;lhnf] x'g5. ljbfyl{x?sf] c;fgble{s Jojxf/df sld cfp+5. lzifs 3/fo;L c+sul0ftdf ljb't dx;'nú egg] kf7 lyof]. ljbfyl{x?nfo{ gd'gf ljn b]vfp/ ceof; u/fpg'sf] ;6\6f pglx?nfo{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/l jf:tljs ljn k bfg u/]. pglx? cfkm}n] ;a} lgodx? k9] / ltg'{kg]{ jf:tljs /sd kttf nufp. dnfo of] lj mofsnfk lgs} pknlawd"ns nfuof] lsgls ;j} ljbfyl{x? ;lqmo?kdf ;xeflu x'gsf ;fy} kf7sf] cgtodf pglx? ;j} lansf] /sd lx;fj ug{ ;Ifd ep h;n] pglx?nfo{ jf:tljs hljgdf ;d]t lgzro g} ;xof]u k'ug]5. c+u] hl lzifs, sfe ]knf~rf]s, lzif0fsf nflu ljbfyl{x?nfo{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]/ k To]s ;d"xnfo{ %.% j6f ;8s b'3{6gf ;DjlGw ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng ug{ nufoof]. ;dfrf/sf] ;ª\sng kl5 To;nfO{ k bz{g ul/of] / pglx?nfo{ a'+bfx? lbo To:t} k sfsf ;dfrf/x? n]vgsf nflu hf]8 lboof]. o; tl/sfaf6 kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] dfwodn] siff ( df Go"h :6f]/L (news story) lzif0f ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] eof]. ;d"xsf cfsf/x?m hf]8lm o:tf] ;d"x sfo{ h'g w]/} ljrf/x?sf] ;ª\sng egbf klg 1fg / cg'ejsf] cfbfgk bfgdf cfwfl/t x'g5. o:tf] ;d"x s'g} klg ;d:of jf k Zgsf] ttsfn ptt/ yfxf kfpg k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. ;fgf] ;d"x -# % hgf_m o:tf] k sf/sf] ;d"x ljrf/x?sf] ;ª\sng, 1fg jf cg'ejsf] cfbfgk bfg jf s'g} s'/fsf] ptkfbg ug{ pkof]ul x'g5. 13

14 7"nf] ;d"x -^!) hgf_m o:tf] k sf/sf] ;d"x cgt/lj moftds k jrg, b'ljwf jf 36gf cwoogsf] 5nkmn cflbdf pkof]ul x'g5. 7"nf] ;d"x Psdfq ljsnk epsf] cj:yfdf ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:onfo{ km/s km/s e"ldsf lbg'k5{ jf pk;d"xdf ljefhg u/l ; ;fgf sfo{x? lbg'k5{. ;d"x ;+/rgf ;d"xsf] ;+/rgfn] cfkm\gf ;fylx?;+u k fom cgt/lj mof / s'/fsfgl gug]{ ;fylx?;+u klg sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ lbg'k5{. sfo{ lg/gt/ /lx/xg] jf Ps ;d"xaf6 csf]{ ;d"xdf :yfgfgt/0f ug{ ;do nfug] cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;dd Pp6} ;d"x ;+/rgfdf /xg' pko'qm x'g5. ;d"xsf] ;'kl/j]if0f ;d"x sfo{sf] ;dodf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] lg/gt/ ;'kl/j]if0f, kyk bz{g / d"nofª\sg x'g'k5{. lzifs ljzj:t x'g h?/l 5 ls ljb\ofyl{x?n] pglx?nfo{ lbopsf] sfo{nfo{ /fd f] ;+u a'em]sf 5g\. lzifsn] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu lgb]{zg lbg'kb{5, ågbsf] ;fdfwfg ug'{kb{5 / ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;dodf g} sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglzrttf ug'{kb{5. t/ ;+w} o:tf sfo{df lgk'0ftf x'g5 egg] h?/l 5}g. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ceof; ul//x]sf 5g\ egg] s'/f :d/0f ug'{ dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. lzifsn] klg ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;lx tl/sf / ljlwsf] k of]u ug]{ u/l sfd ug'{kb{5. ;d"xsfo{sf] d"nofª\sg ;d"x sfo{ xf];\ jf Jojxf/ s'zn l;k loglx?sf] cjnf]sg / d"nofª\sg ;fdfgotof sl7g g} x'g5. tyflk ;d"xx?nfo{ pglx?sf] sfo{sf] af/]df k[i7kf]if0f lbg} k5{. ;d"xsfo{sf] d"nofª\sg lgdgfg';f/ # txdf ug{ ;lsg5.!= ljifoa:t'm ;d"x sfo{sf] ;dodf ljb\ofyl{x?n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgnfO{ k of]udf Nofp+5g\ / df]lvs k Zg jf k/liffsf] dfwodaf6 pglx?sf] a'emfosf] :t/sf] d"nofª\sg ug{ ptkfbgm ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xn] s'g} g s'g} s'/fsf] ] ptkfbg u/]sf] x'g5 h:t} df]8]n, kf]i6/, tflnsf, n]v, ;"lr cflb. o:tf] ptkfbgsf] u'0f:t/sf] cfwf/df ;d"x sfo{sf] d"nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg5. #= k lj mofm ljb\ofyl{x?n] s] ug]{, slxn] ug]{, s;/l ug]{ / s;n] s] ug]{ egg] s'/fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ub{5g\. ;d"xn] slttsf] k efjsf/l k bz{g ub{5 egg] s'/fsf] d"nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg5. k lj mofsf] d"nofª\sg ;xof]udf k of]u ul/g] Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] d"nofª\sgdf s]lgb t x'g'k5{. of] sfo{ ;d"xx? jf ;d"xsf k To]s ;b:on] slttsf] k efjsf/l k bz{g u5{ egg] s'/fsf] cjnf]sgdf e/ kb{5. ;d"x sfo{sf] ptkfbgsf] d"nofª\sgn] slxn] sfxl+ k lj mofsf] u'0f:t/sf] klg d"nofª\sg ub{5. s'g} s'g} kl/l:yltdf u'0f:t/lo ptkfbgsf k5fl8 s]xl l;ko'st ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ / c? ljb\ofyl{sf] s'g} e"ldsf g/x]sf] klg x'g ;Sb5. To;sf/0f ptkfbg / k lj mofsf] ;+u;+u} d"nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ x'g5. 14

15 k lj mof d"nofª\sgnfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ :j d"nofª\sg ug{ lbg' kb{5. :j d"nofª\sgn] ljb\ofyl{nfo{ c;n / OdfGbf/ agfp+5 eg] csf]{lt/ j}olsts l;k ljsf;sf] j[b\lw klg ub{5. cjnf]sg kmf/dsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;w+} cfjzos gx'g ;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;w+} ;Dej klg x+'b}g t/ klg o;n] l;sfo pknlawdf pnn]lvt s]xl kifx?sf] d"nofª\sgdf ;3fp k' ofp+5. o; sfo{n] lzifsnfo{ ;lx k[i7kf]if0f k bfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf] ;fy} p;sf] cjnf]sg l;ksf] klg ljsf; ub{5. of] kmf]6f]df tkfo+{ s] b]vg'x'g5< tnsf] kmf]6f]df b]vfop cg';f/ Toxf+ siffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f cfwf/e"t dfq 5 eg] ;'ljwfx? b'n{e 5g\. tyflk o; k sf/sf] siff Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t lzifsn] t'?gt ;d"x sfo{sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\. o;sf nflu b'oj6f klª\tnfo{ ldnfp/ ^ jf & hgfsf] ;d"x agfog5. ljbfyl{x?nfo{ Pp6f ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ nufp/ jf pglx?sf] ljrf/x? cfbfgk bfg ug{ nufp/ ;d"x lgdf{0fsf lgldq s'g} cltl/qm ;do vr{ gul/sg lzifsn] cfkm\gf] kf7sf] lzif0fdf ljljwtf Nopg ;S5. tkfo{ b]vg ;Sg' x'g5 ls ;j} ljbfyl{x? Jo:t 5g\ / cfkm\gf] sfo{df ulde/tf k"j{s ;ª\nUg epsf 5g\. lzifsn] 6f9}af6 k To]s ljbfyl{sf] d"nofª\sg ub{5 / ;d"x sfo{ s;/l cufl8 al9 /x]sf] 5 ;f] sf] klg d"nofª\sg ub{5. lzifs ljbfyl{x?nfo{ cfjzostf k/]sf] v08df ;xfot k bfg ug{ / ;lj mo?kdf ;xeful gx'g] ljbfyl{sf] klxrfg ug{ ttk/ x'g5. o;/l w]/} egbf w]/} ;d"x sfo{sf] ceof; x'g5 / ljbfyl{n] pglx?sf] ;xof]u l;ksf] ceof; u/]sf x'g5g\ ;fy} lzifsn] klg cfwf/e"t lgb]{zg / kyk bz{gsf nflu sd ;do vr{ u/] k'u5. h;af6 lzifsn] al9 ;do ljbfyl{sf] l;sfonfo{ c? k uf9 jgfpgsf nflu vr{ ug{ ;S5g\. 15

16 cjnf]sg / d"nofª\sgsf ljlwx?m ljb\ofyl{sf s:tf Jojxf/x?nfO{ hf]8 lbg]< w]/} ljb\ofyl{ ;ª\Vof epsf jf w]/} ;d"x epsf siffdf k To]s ljbfyl{sf] d"nofª\sg Ps} ;dodf ug{ w]/} hl6n x'g5. To;}n] lzifssf nflu o:tf] cj:yfdf j}slnks ljlwsf] cfjzostf kb{5. Psk6sdf s]lx lglzrt kif jf ljifodf dfq cjnf]sgnfo{ s]lgb t ug{ ;lsg5. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;d"xsf] ;+/rgf / ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf cfwf/df km/s km/s Jojxf/ b]vfpg] epsf]n] lzifsn] nfdf] cjlw;dd klg ljb\ofyl{sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb5g\. tn lbopsf] cjnf]sg kmf/fdn] cjnf]sgsf lgldt s]lx xf};nf k bfg ug{ ;S5. cjnf]sg kmf/d M ;d"x ;b:ox?m t'?gt sfd z'? u5{g\ lhdd]jf/l af+8kmf+8 u5{g\ sfo{df Jo:t /xg5g\ ;fgble{s jftf{nfk u5{g\ kfn}kfnf] jf]n5g\ Ps csf{nfo{ ;xof]u u5{g\ ldn]/ lg0f{o u5{g\ ldn]/ siffsf]7fsf] ;/;kmfo u5{g\ cfjzostfg';f/ ;xof]u dfu5g\ sfo{df Jo:t /xg5g\ cjnf]sg k ltljdjg / 5nkmn ljlwm siffsf] ;dflkt k"j{ ljb\ofyl{n] ;d"x sfo{df s:tf] k bz{g u/] eg]/ ;f]wl k ltljdjg ug{ nufpg ;lsg5. o; k sf/sf] k ltljdjgn] pglx?nfo{ s] ceof; ul/of], s] l;lsof] / / ;d"xdf s;/l sfo{ ul/of] egg] s'/fsf] dxz'; u/fpg ;lsg5. siffsf] ;dflkt kl5 lzifsn] ;xof]usf] k lj mosf] ;DaGwdf k ltljdjg ug'{k5{ / siff k"j{ lgld{t kf7of]hgf ;+u t'ngf u/]/ x]g'{k5{. s] s'/f /fd f] eof] / ;d"x sfo{nfo cem} k efjsf/l 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjzos 5 egg] s'/fdf lzifsn] Wofg k' ofpg h?/l x'g5. 16

17 $= Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?sf] ljsf;nfo{ ;dfj]z ug]{ kf7of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ;'emfjx? ;'emfjm lzifsn] kf7of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. o;n] lzif0fnfo{ l;sfo pknlawsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ug{sf ;fy} ;do Joj:yfkg / Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx?nfo{ ;dfj]z ug{ klg ;xof]u ub{5. oxff Pp6f kf7of]hgfsf] gd'gf klg k :t't ul/psf] 5. kf7of]hgfnfo{ k'gm k of]u jf c?;+u cfbfgk bfgsf lgldt ;'/lift /fvg'k5{. ljb\ofyl{, lzifs jf k wfgfwofksnfo{ c;n kf7 s:tf] x'g' k5{ elg k Zg u/]df ;Dejt km/s km/s pq/x? cfp+5g\. k wfgfwofksm æps pts[i6 of]hgf epsf], kf7\oj mddf cfwfl/t / ljb\ofnosf] /fd f] pknlawdf of]ubfg k' ofpg] kf7 g} c;n kf7 xf]æ lzifsm ætof] kf7 c;n kf7 xf] h;df d cfjzostf cg';f/sf] ljifoj:t' k'/f ug{ ;S5' / h;df d]/f ;a} ljb\ofyl{x? ;lj mo x'g5g\ / d]/f] ljifodf pts[i6 Ifdtfsf] k of]u u/l l;sb5g\.æ ljb\ofyl{m ætof] kf7 c;n kf7 xf] h;n] cfggb lbg5 / jf:tljs hljgdf k of]u ug{ ;Sg] s]lx s'/f k bfg u5{.æ dflysf ;a} ptt/x? ;To 5g\ / c;n kf7n] ol ;a} kifnfo ;d]6]sf] x'g'k5{. c;n kf7of]hgfsf] lgdgfg';f/sf ljz]iftf x'g5g\ M - Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg5. - kf7sf] k :t'lts/0fnfo{ c? ;+ul7t / cftdljzjfzl agfpg ;xof]u u5{. - kf7\oj md;+u} ;DalGwt ep/ dfu{lgb]{zg k bfg ub{5. - ljb\ofyl{x?sf] cfjzostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ vfnsf] of]hgf agfpg db\bt u5{. - ;xsdl{ ;fylx?;+u cfbfgk bfg ug{ ;lsg5. - of] lzifssf] k]zfut ljsf; epsf] k df0f xf]. kf7of]hgfn] r/0fab\w lj mofsnfksf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 h;sf] j md Pp6f lglzrt ts{sf cfwf/df ul/g5. kf7of]hgfsf] df]8]nnfo{ k of]u ugf{n] lzifsnfo{ siffsf]7fdf k j]z ug'{k"j{ g} lzif0f l;sfonfo{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu lrgtg ug{ ;Ifd agfp+5. kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]kl5 ;xsdl{nfo ;'emfjsf nflu b]vfpg ;lsg5. kf7of]hgfsf nflu ;'emfjx? { o; k'l:tsfsf] cgtodf k :t't ul/psf] 5. 17

18 kf7of]hgfsf] 9fFrf lzif0f ug]{ ljifo j:t'sf nflu kf7\oj mddf pnn]lvt l;sfo pknlwsf] klxrfg ug]{, h:t} lhbfyl{x? Af]nfOsf] qmddf ;f]rfo l;ksf] ceof; ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ Kf7ok':tssf] ljifoa:t', lzif{s / k]h 5f]6s/Ldf pnn]v ug]{ Kf7\of]hgf ljbfnom lzifsm ljifom siffm ljbfyl{ ;+VofM ldltm l;sfo pknlaw kf7\oj mddf pnn]v epsf lj mofsnfk k ltladag -kf7sf] lzif0f kl5_ lj mofsnfksf r/0fx? / k s[ofsf] j0f{g ug]{, h:t} klxnf] r/0fm ;d"x lgdf{0f bf]>f] r/0fm ;d"xx?nfo{ klqsfaf6 n]v k9\g nufpg], t]>f] r/0f ====================== rf}yf] r/0f ========================= ljifoa:t'm -kf7\oj md jf kf7\ok':tssf] ;Gbe{ ;d]t_ lzif0f l;sfo lqmofsnfk k s[of ;do -ldg]6_ lj mofsnfksf nflu cfjzos kg]{ ;fdfu L / ; f]tsf] ;'rl agfpg] h:t}m kf]i6/, dfs{/, ud cflb Kff7n] hf]8 lbpsf Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] klxrfg, h:t}m ;xof]u, l;h{gftds ;f]rfo, ;d:of ;dfwfg cflb. cfjzos ;fdu L Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; d'nof+sg tl/sf d'nof+sg ;DalGw d'vo kifm ;a}n]] ;d"xsfo{df of]ubfg k'/\ofp gk'/\ofpsf], ;dod} sfo{ ;s] g;s]sf] / k :t'lts/0fsf] u'0f:t/ ep gepsf] k To]s r/0fsf nflu cfjzos ;do ldg]6df pnn]v ug]{ kf7sf] lzif0f kzrft lzifsn] cg'ej / kf7sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjnfo{ ;d]6]/ 5f]6f] k ltljdag n]vg]. kf7of]hgf c+u ]hl ljifosf] ;dfrf/ n]vgú lzif0fsf] pbfx/0f xf] hxff ljb\ofly{x? Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; ub{5g\. 18

19 lgdg kf7of]hgf cª\u]hl ljifosf] ;dfrf/ n]vg (news story) lzif0fsf] pbfx/0f xf] h;df ljb\ofyl{x? Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ceof; u5{g\. School Teacher(s) Subject: English Reflection (after lesson) Class Grade 9 Class size Date Learning outcomes / curricular objectives The students will practice writing and speaking. Students should be able to: 1. Produce a variety of authentic text types 2. Design a variety of grade-appropriate visuals such as poster, slogan and advertisements 3. Present information, ideas and express feelings clearly and coherently 4. Participate in group projects (dramatization, role play etc.) Content (including curriculum or text book reference) News Story in English. The lesson is based on the newspaper story about milk production on the next page. Teaching and learning activities / procedures Time A double lesson is needed for this activity Step 1: Students will read the article on milk production, and after reading, discuss what it is about. Step 2: Short class discussion on the article, difficult words etc. After discussing the article, they are presented with the task: Make a campaign to drink more milk. Step 3: Divide students into four group tasks (not more six students in a group). If there are many students in the class, two or more groups will have the same task. Radio groups must prepare a short feature for radio where e.g. a doctor tells about the benefits of milk and a reporter tell about milk being wasted. Poster groups must design a milk advertisement poster Shop group must do a role play of a shop owner trying to sell more milk to all his customers Television group must prepare a short milk commercial for television 10 min. 10 min. 30 min. 30 min. 10 min. Step 4: Groups present their work Step 5: Feedback to the groups including feedback from students themselves Materials needed Poster paper, markers Soft skills students practice Creative thinking, communication and collaboration 19

20 Assessment Observing every student's contribution in group work, completion of task on time and quality of presentation. REPUBLICA NEPAL 14/09/2015 Around 40,000 litres of milk goes to waste every day as the demand for milk products have shrunk. You offer coffee or tea to your guest, but what would you think if someone offers you a cup of milk instead? A few may consider it normal, while many others may shrug their shoulders. But why am I talking about offering milk instead of tea and coffee as a social etiquette? Drinking milk can make your bones strong. More than that, you can also earn philanthropic virtues if you drink milk as this act will also help farmers. Their production won't go to waste. With the unforeseen milk holiday imposed by the dairy operators, milk has been wasted in recent days. Milk holiday is effective two to three days a week. Milk is losing its popularity as people are reluctant to drink milk and milk products. Milk producers are small-scale farmers. Therefore, drinking milk can have a big impact. The daily milk surplus is at about 40,000 litres per day, according to National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). If you drink additional 250 ml milk a day, the milk demand will increase to 650,000 litre per day, supposing that all residents of Kathmandu Valley start drinking milk. Do the maths, if each valley citizen drinks 250 ml milk a week. It will alone not only end current milk holiday but will create additional daily demand for 50,000 litres. ljb\ofnosf nflu kf7of]hgfsf] kf]6{kmf]lnof] /fd f kf7of]hgfx?nfo{ ljb\ofnodf ;ª\sng u/]/ /fvg ;lsg5 / c;n ceof;sf] k'gm k of]usf] ;'lglzrttfsf] nflu ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg5. ljlegg ljifosf] kf7of]hgfnfo{ kmfon jf kf]6{kmf]lnof] agfp/ /fvg ;lsg5 h;af6 gj k j]zl lzifsn] lzif0f l;kx? l;sg ;S5g\. o;nfo{ lhnnfsf] ; f]t a}+ssf]?kdf klg ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsg5 h;nfo{ ljifo lzifssf] a}7s jf tflnddf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg5. o; k sf/sf] kf]6{kmf]lnof]nfo{ lzifssf] cfkm\g} sif jf k wfgfwofkssf] sfof{no tyf lzifssf] ;xh kx'fr x'g] :yfgdf /fvg ;lsg5. 20

21 % lzif0f l;sfo lj mofsnfksf pbfx/0fx? M tn pnn]lvt tflnsf ^ j6f d'vo ljifosf nflu lj mofsnfkx?sf] ;ª\sng xf] h;n] Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] j[b\lw ub{5. ol lj mofsnfksf] d'vo pb\b]zo lzifsnfo{ kf7 of]hgf kmf/dsf] k of]u u/l kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ xf};nf k bfg ug'{ xf]. kf7of]hgf cfb]z lbgsf nflu geo k f]t;fxg ug{sf nflu dfq xf]. kf7of]hgfn] lzifsn] s] ug{ rfxg5g\ To;nfO{ dfq a'emfp+5. lzif0f ug]{ ljifoj:t' Pp6} ep klg ;f]sf nflu agfopsfb'o{j6f kf7of]hgf p:t} x'g ;Sb}gg\. k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] w]/} s'/fx? 36\g ;S5g\. olb ljb\ofyl{x? lzif0f sfo{df ;ª\nUg x'g5g\ / ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fodf hfg rfxg5g\ eg] l;sfosf gof+ cj;/x? ;d]t cs:dft k s6 x'g ;S5g\. csf]{tkm{ ljb\ofyl{x?n] kf7 l;sg g;s]df jf ;dodf sfd g;s]df kf7of]hgfnfo{ nlrnf] agfpg'kb{5 tfls cfjzostfcg';f/ kl/dflh{t ug{ ;lsof];. k To]s lzifsn] legg legg tl/sfn] lzif0f ub{5g\. To;sf/0f csf]{ lzifsåf/f lgld{t kf7of]hgfsf] k of]u ubf{ cfkm\gf ljb\ofyl{sf] cfjzostf tyf siffsf]7f, ljb\ofno cflbsf] cj:yfsf] oyfy{nfo Wofg lbo cfkm\gf] of]hgfsf] cg's'n agfpg'k5{. 21

22 IDEAS FOR ACTIVITIES IN ENGLISH Soft skills and learning outcomes Soft skills: Cooperation skills, personal skills, Innovation and business skills. Retrieve specific information from texts to analyse and synthesize by means of a variety of reading techniques and by working with others (pair, group, whole class) to find/locate information and give receive feedback Engage in group discussions, expressing opinions effectively Describe an object or event appropriately Learning activities Job seeking Students study different kinds of job advertisement from newspapers. Groups prepare a job advertisement for different positions at school e.g. a teacher, care taker, or canteen worker. They should list the soft and hard skills needed for the job. Role-play job interviews. Soft skills: Innovation and business skills, thinking skills Communicate appropriately in a variety of formal and informal situations Practice thinking skills when speaking Different jobs In pairs, students do a role-play of a job and a client to simulate real life situations. Students create their own stories for the situation. Salesman and customer Waiter and café guest 22

23 Traffic officer and taxi driver Tourist and guide Doctor and patient Other functions Soft skills: Cooperation skills, innovation and business skills, thinking skills Seek and provide required information using appropriate language Engage in group discussions, expressing opinions effectively Soft skills: Cooperation skills, thinking skills Develop writing process to enhance their written products Practice peer editing to improve writing Making a tour guide Groups locate and find interesting (cultural, historical, nature) places to visit in the local environment and make signs and a folder for a tourist walking route through local community. Write on the blackboard: "Did you do anything interesting last night?" Ask students how many words? (7) Tell students to individually formulate a reply using one word less (6 words). It could be: "Not really, I was at home". The dialogue continues using 5 words: "Were you at home alone?" Continue the dialogue until the dialogue ends with one word. Now students will work in pairs. Both students write a question using 7 words. Then they swap papers and both write a reply with 6 words which means they work on 2 dialogues. They continue with swapping and replying until the 23

24 one word reply. :jf:yo hg;+vof tyf jftfj/0f laifosf lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / l;sfo pknlaw Jojxf/ s'zn l;km j}olsts l;k, ;xof]u l;k, gjk jt{g tyf Joj;flos l;k k fs[lts ; f]tsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] k sf/, cj:yf / ;+/If0fsf] pbfx/0f;lxt klxrfg ug{, g]kfnsf] e"uf]n, h}ljs ljljwtf, b'n{e k+l5, hgfj/ / jf]6lj?jfdf kg]{ gsf/ftds c;/ sd ug]{ pkfox? kttf nufpg Jojxf/ s'zn l;km j}olsts l;k, ;xof]u l;k ljb\ofno, sfo{if]q, If]q e d0f / v]ns'bdf k fylds :jf:yo x]/rfx ;'/Iffsf] k of]u ug]{, l;sfo lj mofsnfk :yfglo jftfj/0f ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xx?n] ko{6snfo cfslif{t ug]{ /dfonf jftfj/0flo :yn, :yfglo k fs[lts ; f]tx? h:t}m jf]6lj?jf, jgohgt', tyf r/fr'?ª\ulsf] af/]df ;"rgf ;ª\sng u5{g\. ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xx?n] jftfj/0fnfo s;/l vt/f l;h{gf epsf] 5, o;nfo s;/l ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsg5 kttf nufpf5g\ / gful/snfo ;r]t u/fpg kf]:6/ lgdf{0f u5{g\. ljb\ofyl{n] cfkm\gf] ljb\ofno jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf ul/g] k fs[lts ;kmf/lsf] l8hfog u/l ToxfF s] s] s'/f cjnf]sg ug]{ xf] To;sf] j0f{g ub}{ kdkn]6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\. /f]u / :jf:yo ljb\ofylx?n] ljutdf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfo{ s]s:tf /f]ux? Nfu]sf lyp ;f]w]/ /f]usf] klxrfg u5{g\ / d'vo /f]ux?sf] ;"lr agfo{ siffdf k :t't ug]{5g\. ljb\ofylx?n] ljb\ofno If]q j/k/ /f]u km}ng ;Sg] ;Defljt If]qsf] gs;+fsg u5{g\. sxff s;/l ljb\ofyl{nfo /f]u nfu5< 24

25 Jojxf/ s'zn l;km j}olsts l;k pkef]stfx?nfo cled'vls/0f ub}{ kf]if0fo'st :j:yo vfgf / ;+/If0fsf] af/]df a0f{g ug]{ Jojxf/ s'zn l;km j}olsts l;k / ;xof]u l;k hg;+vof k efj k lj mof / tlj hg;+vof a[l4sf] AofVof ub}{ hg;+vof Joj:yfkgsf] pkfox? klxrfg ug]{. To:tf /f]u km}ngaf6 /f]sgsf nflu ljb\ofyl{x?n] of]hgf agfpf5g\. km/s km/s ;d"xn] km/s km/s /f]unfo hf]8 lbg5g\. Kff]if0f ljlegg k sf/sf vfgf tyf k]o kbfy{nfo s;/l ;+ul7t / aul{s/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf sifffdf 5nkmn u5{g\, ljb\ofyl{x?n] Ps xktfdf cfkm"n] vfg] / lkpg] s'/fsf] ;"lr agfpf5g\. Ps xktfdf cfkm"n] pkef]u ug]{ vfb\o kbfy{sf] ;d"x agfo ljb\ofyl{x?n] tflnsls/0f u5{g\. Cfkm"n] :jf:yo tl/sfn] vfp gvfpsf] siffdf 5nkmn u5{g\. hg;+vofsf] ultzlntf ljb\ofyl{x?n] cfkm\gf afh] ah};+u ;f]w]/ kl/jf/sf] j[iflrq lgdf{0f u5{g\. siffsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+Vof Pslqt u/l slthgf cl3nnf] k':tfdf hgd]sf / slt hgf pglx?s} k':tfdf hgd]sf x'g, kqf nufpg nufpf5g\. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;d"xut?kdf k fkt tyofª\snfo Pslqt u/l csf]{ k':tfdf kl/jf/df slthgf ;b:o x'g]5g\ cg'dfg u5{g\. pglx?n] siffsf] a[lb\bb/nfo /fli6«o tyof+s;+u t'ngf u5{g\. 25

26 g]kfnl laifosf lj mofsnfksf tl/sf/pkfox? Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / l;sfo pknawl Jojxf/ s'zn l;km j}olsts l;k, ;f]rfo l;k / ;xof]u l;k Ozf/f -xfpefp_ cjnf]sg u/]/, tfn ;'g]/, gf6s x]/]/ / clejolst ;'g]/ df}lvs?kdf ;~rf/ ug{, ;flxto -syff, sljtf, lgagw ==_ ;'g]/ df}lvs?kdf JoSt ug{, k"j{ 1fg / cg'ejsf] ;DaGw lgdf{0f u/]/, k ltlj mof / ;+j]usf] j0f{g ug{, Jojxf/ s'zn l;km gjk jt{g / Joj;flos l;k, ;xof]u l;k, tyf ;f]rfo l;k cfkm\gf ljrf/x? ;d'bfo;+u cf}krfl/s / ljgd?kn] ;~rf/ ug{, k[i7e"ld tof/ ug{, ljrf/0flo k Zg tyf k :tfjx?sf] l;h{gf ug{, ts{;+ut cg'dfg ug{, >Jo ;fdfu Lsf] k of]u ug{, s'g} laifo;+u ;DalGwt yk hfgsf/l vf]hg / k ltlj mof hgfpg, l;sfo lj mofsnfk syff eg5g\ ljb\ofylx?n] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfo{ kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfodf elgg] :yfglo syffx? egg nufo ;d"xdf ;'gfpg] k of]hgsf nflu n]v5g\, siffdf ;'gfpgsf nflu ;a}egbf pts[i6 syffsf] klxrfg u5{g\, ljb\ofylx?n] kl/jf/;+u lsg ljlegg syffx? ;'G5g\ / To;nfO lsg x:tfgt/0f ul/g5 / To:tf syffx? s;/l / slxn] elgg5 egl ;d"xdf 5nkmn u5{g\. lj1fkg n]vgsf] snf ljb\ofylx?n] xfn;dd kttf gnfu]sf] t/ dflg;nfo{ cfjzos kg]{ s'g} cfljisf/ cyf{t s'g} gjl;lh{t j:t'sf af/]df dlit:s dgyg u5{g\. pglx?n] o:tf] cfljisf/ s:tf] b]lvg5 / of] s] sfdsf nflu k of]u ul/g5 egg] af/]df snkgf ug{'kb{5. o:tf] cfljisf/ kfgl ;kmf ug]{ df]afon, kfln; ug{ gkg]{ h'ttf jf cgo l;h{gftds s'/f x'g ;S5g\. pglx?n] o:tf] ptkfbg 26

27 ljifo;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgfsf] /]s8{ ug{ / JofVof ug{, s;n] lsgg] 5 / s:tf] b]lvg5 eg]/ klg 5nkmn ug{ cfjzos x'g5. ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] ptkfbgsf kmfobfsf af/]df lj1fkg lgdf{0f u5{g\. o;sf nflu pglx?n] kf]i6/ lgdf{0f ug]{ jf /]l8of] cyjf 6]lnlehg lj1fkgdf e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\. Jojxf/ s'zn l;km ;xof]u l;k, gjk jt{g / Joj;flos l;k jfbljjfb, ;+jfb / 5nkmn ;lj motfk"j{s ;'Gg / ;xeful x'g, cfkm\gf ljrf/x? cf}krfl/s / ljgd tl/sfn] JoSt ug{, ljrf/0flo k Zg / k :tfjx? lgdf{0f ug{, ts{;+ut cg'dfg ug{ k]zf ltdlnfo s'g s'g k]zfsf] af/]sf yfxf 5< ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;d"xdf ljdz{ u/l pglx?n] hfg] a'em]sf k]zfsf] ;"lr agfpf5g\. csf]{tkm{ pglx?n] cfkm\gf ;fyl / Oi6ldqn] ckgfpsf k]zfnfo ;"lra4 u5{g\. u[xsfo{sf?kdf pglx?n] 3/df ;f]wg ;S5g\. ljb\ofyl{sf ;d"xn] pglx?n] yfxf kfpsf] ljlegg k]zfnfo k]zfsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df jul{s/0f u5{g\. ljb\ofylx?n] pglx?n] b]v]sf] ;fgble{stfsf cfwf/df 3/aflx/sf] sfd, 3/ jf ljb\ofno glhssf] sfd, prr kfl/>ldssf] sfd, Go"g kfl/>ldssf] sfd, k'?ifsf] nflu sfd, dlxnfsf] nflu sfd, nf]slk o sfd cflb ;d"xdf jul{s/0f u5{g\. k To]s ;d"xn] yk 5nkmnsf nflu Pp6f k]zf 5gf]6 u5{g\ / lgdg k Zgsf] hjfkm lbg5g\m ltdl pst k]zfdf s] sfd u5f}{< ltdl pst sfo{ s;/l u5f}{< 27

28 sfdsf nflu s] nufpf5f}< s'g s'g ;fdfu Lsf] k of]u u5f}{< sf];+u sfd u5f}{< sxff sfd u5f}{< ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ siffdf k :t't u5{g\. lj1fg laifosf] lj mofsnfksf tl/sf/pkfox? Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / l;sfo pknawl Jojxf/ s'zn l;km ;xof]u l;k, ;f]rfo l;k / j}olsts l;k ljifoa:t'sf] tyo / k Zgsf] klxrfg ub}{ ljb\ofyl{x?n] j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f, l;b\wfgt / lgodsf] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; ug]{5g\. l;sfo pknawl lj1fg ljifodf cfwfl/t x'g]5. l;sfo lj mofsnfk v]nx? lj1fgsf ljljw If]q;+u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' / tyodf cfwfl/t eo xflh/l hjfkm jf af]8{ u]dsf] lgdf{0f u5{g\, ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xn] v]nsf nflu sf8{klttdf k Zg / ptt/ lgdf{0f u5{g\. pglx?n] kf7\ok':ts jf c? ; f]taf6 ;"rgf / tyox?sf] vf]hl u5{g\. Pp6f ;d"x lj1fgsf] Pp6f If]qsf nflu lhdd]jf/ x'g5g\. pbfx/0fsf] nflu ef}ltszf:q, /;fogzf:q, hljlj1fg, vuf]nzf:q jf e"lj1fg cflb. 28

29 Jojxf/ s'zn l;km ;xof]u l;k, ;f]rfo l;k / j}olsts l;k jf]6lj?jf tyf hljhgt'nfo c;/ kfg]{ ttjx? -xfjf, k sfz, tfkj md, df6f], kfgl / hlj_ sf] j0f{g ug{, cfwf/e"t cfjzostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ dflg;sf] jf]6lj?jf tyf cgo hlj hgfj/dfly x'g] lge{/tf JoVof ug{. hljg /Iff syfm siffsf] ;a}hgf Pp6f xjfohxfhdf ofqf ul//x]sf 5g\ h'g hxfh cgsg6f/ 6fk'df b'3{6gf x'g5 t/ ;a}hgf hlljt /xg5g\. pst hxfh /8f/sf] kbf{af6 nf]k x'g5 / s;}n] klg hxfh cjt/0f u/]sf] :yfg kttf nufpg ;Sb}g. snkgf ug{'xf]; tkfon] hxfh ljikmf]6g x'g' cufl8 kffrcf]6f j:t'x? ;'/lift lgsfng ;Sg'x'G5. ljb\ofyl{x?n] hxfhaf6 lgsfng] kffrcf]6f j:t'sf] ;"lr agfpf5g\. ljb\ofyl{x?n] ;d"xut?kdf hxfhaf6 s] j:t' ;'/lift lgsfn] ;fylx?nfo{ eg5g\. syfnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg]m snkgf ug{'xf];\ pb\bf/k"j{ tkfon]! aif{;dd pst 6fk'df /xg' k5{. ToxfF afrgsf] nflu cfjzos kg]{ ;fdfu Lx?sf] ;d"xdf ;"lr agfpf5g\. ljb\ofyl{x? ;d"xdf /x]/ km/s laifoj:t'df sfd u5{g\m vfgfsf] ;'/Iff s;/l ug]{, kfgl s;/l ;'/lift ug]{, cfjf; s;/l lgdf{0f ug]{, sk8f s;/l agfpg], cgo kifx? h:t} /f]uaf6 s;/l arg], ;d"xx?n] pglx?sf] ;dfwfg k :t't u5{g\. 29

30 Jojxf/ s'zn l;km ;xof]u l;k / j}olsts l;k lj?jfnfo ju{ / hgfj/nfo{ hfltdf jul{s/0f ug{ / pbfx/0f;lxt loglx?sf ljz]iftf atfpg, hdlg / kfgldf kfog] ljlegg k sf/sf hljx?sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{, lj?jf / hgfj/sf] cg's'ngsf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug{. Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M ;xof]u l;k, ;f]rfo l;k / j}olstsl;k ljifoj:t'sf tyo / k Zgsf] klxrfg ub}{ ljb\ofyl{x?n] j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f, l;4fgt / lgodsf] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; ug]{ 5g\. l;sfo pknlaw lj1fg ljifodf cfwfl/t x'g]5. ljb\ofyl{x?n]{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/l ljb\ofnosf] rf}/df kfog] lj?jf vf]h]/ hddf u5{g\ /, ;"lr agfpf5g\. ;a} ;d"xn] kttf nufpsf lj?jfx?sf] ;"lr agfo To;nfO jul{s/0f u5{g\. tl lj?jf / hgfj/x? ToxfF lsg kfog5 / ltglx?n] rf}/sf] jftfj/0fdf s;/l cg's'ng u/]sf 5g\ egg] af/]df siffdf 5nkmn u5{g\. cjwf/0ff M lxf8 / s'/fsfgl u/ of] lj mofsnfk lj1fg ljwf - ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg, hlj lj1fg, vuf]n lj1fg / e" lj1fg _ leqsf d'vo cjwf/0ffsf] k'g/fj[lq / k'gj{ndf k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. lzifsn] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ lj1fgsf] 5gf]6 ul/psf] s'g} Ps ljwfaf6 d'vo cjwf/0ffx? ;f]wg] / To;nfO{ sfnf]kf6ldf ;"rlab\w ug]{, pbfx/0fsf nflu M dfkg M cfwf/e"t PsfO{ / tthgo PsfO an M ult, an / Ogl;{of, Go'6gsf] lgodx?, rfn, ;Gt'lnt / c;gt'lnt an ogq M df]d]g6sf] lgod, oflgqs kmfobf, ult (velocity) cg'kft / ogqsf] sfo{ifdtf sfo{, zlqm / ;fdyo{ M zlqmsf] k sf/, sfo{ zlqm / ;fdyo{ 30

31 alrsf] cgt/ ;DaGw, dfgj zlqm k To]s ljb\ofyl{n] # j6f wf/0ffsf] 5gf]6 u/]/ sfklsf] tlgj6f 6'j mfdf n]v5g\. x/]s 6'j mfsf] k5fl8 pqm cjwf/0ffsf] 5f]6f] j0f{g n]v5g\. o;f] ul/;s]kl5 ljb\ofyl{x? siffdf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ ;Ifd x'g' k5{. :yfg cefj epdf ljb\ofno xftfdf siff aflx/ klg nfg ;lsg5. lzifsn] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ hf]8ldf aff8\5g\. To;kl5 x/]s hf]8ldf Pp6f ;fyln] csf]{ ;fylsf] xftaf6 Pp6f sfuh lng5 / 5gf]6 u/]sf] cjwf/0ffsf] JofVof u5{. klxnf Pp6f ;fyln] csf]{ ;fylsf] JofVof ;'G5, k9\5 / p;sf] j0f{gsf] af/]df k[i7kf]if0f k bfg u5{. pglx?n] of] sfo{ kfn}kfnf] u5{g\. lzifsn] km]l/ of] k lqmof bf]xf/\ofpg] 5g\. ul0ft ljifosf] lj mofsnfksf nflu tl/sfx? M Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / l;sfo pknlaw Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M gjk jt{g / Jofj;flos l;k, ;xof]u l;k If]qkmn ;Fu ;DalGwt ;fwf/0f ;d:ofx? -sfk]{6 lj5\ofpg], /ª nufpg], Knfi6/ ug]{_ xn ug{ / pqm If]qkmndf nfug] nfut lx;fa ug{ l;sfo lj mofsnfkx? ;tx If]qkmn r/0fx?!= $b]lv ^ hgf ljb\ofyl{sf] ;d"x agfp/ pglx?nfo{ ;d"x 31

32 Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M ;xof]u l;k, gjk jt{g / Joj;flos l;k ;do;fgble{s ul0flto l;k / b}lgs hljgdf cfokg]{ ;d:ofsf] ts{k"0f{ tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf/ ug]{ Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M ;xof]u l;k, gjk jt{g tyf Jofj;flos l;k sfo{ lbg] h:t} M olb siffsf]7f /ª/f]ug ug'{ kg]{ xf] eg] To;df nfug] /ªsf] cffsng ug{ nufpg] siffsf]7f /ª nufpg slt vr{ nfu5 lx;fa ug{ nufpg] ljb\ofyl{ ;d"xx?nfo{ sf]7fsf] cfsf/ gfkg nufo{ em\ofn 9f]sf afx]s $ j6} lettfsf] If]qkmn lgsfng nufpg] /ª, /ª nufpg] a ; jf /f]n/ / /ªsf] nfut Ps ln6/n] slt ju{ ld6/nfo{ k'u5 ;f]sf] cfwf/df d"no lx;fa ug{ nufpg] sf]7fdf /ª nufpg nfug] hddf nfut ;d"xx?nfo{ k :t't ug{ nufpg] ljb\ofnodf cfotg / ;txsf] lx;fa ug]{ $ hgf ljb\ofyl{sf] ;d"xx? agfpg] / ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ gfkg] lkmtf jf :s]n jf b'a} lbg]. pglx?nfo{ cfotg jf ;tx lgsfngsf nflu pko'qm j:t'x? h:t} kfgl 6\oflª\s, OF6f, kvf{n, sf]7f cflb ljb\ofnosf] d}bfg jf ejgx?df vf]hg nufpg]. k To]s ;d"xn] cf cfkm\g} dfkg / lx;fa u5{g\. To;kl5 pglx?n] c? ;d"xx?nfo{ ;f]wgsf lgldt ul0ftlo ;d:ofx? lgdf{0f u5{g\. pbfx/0fsf nflu olb Ps hgf ljb\ofyl{nfo{! ju{ ld6/ If]qkmn rflxpdf siffdf hddf slt hgf ljb\ofyl{ x'g ;S5g\ < cyjf kfgl ;]lg6ln6/ kfgl c6\g] lunf;af6 slt k6s kfgl lgsfng ;S5g\ < k To]s ;d"xn] o:tf # b]lv % j6f k Zg lgdf{0f u5{g\. ;d:ofx? lgdf{0f eo;s]kl5 c? ;d"xx?nfo{ ceof; ug{ lbg' k"j{ lzifsn] tl ;d:ofx?sf] hffr u/l cfjzostfg';f/ ;'wf/ u5{g\. a6\6fsf] l;dl (Beans in a Jar) r/0f! M $ b]lv ^ hgfsf] ;d"x agfo k To]snfO{ l;dln] 32

33 3g, 3gfsf/ j:t'x? / lqe'hfsf/ cfwf/ epsf lk Hd afx]s cgo lk Hdsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn, cross-sectional area / cfotg ;DalGw ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] Jojxfl/s l;k k bz{g ug{ el/psf] Ps Psj6f kf/bzl{ a6\6f lbg] M a6\6f gvf]ln / gulg ToxfF sltj6f l;dlsf bfgf 5g\ Psbd l56f] cg'dfg ug{ nufpg]. r/0f # M ljb\ofyl{x?n] Pp6f lglzrt ptt/sf] lg0f{o u/]kl5 To;nfO{ u fkm jf tflnsfsf]?kdf sfnf]kf6ldf n]vg]. r/0f $ M To;kl5 ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ :s]n lbp/ gfkg nufo{ ;'qsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ug{ nufpg]. r/0f % M cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df k To]s ;d"xn] lbpsf] glthf af]8{df l6kg] r/0f ^ M To;kl5 ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ a6\6f vf]ng nufp/ l;dl ugg lbg] / jf:tljs ;+Vof af]8{df l6kg] 33

34 ;fdflhs cwoogsf nflu lj mofsnfksf tl/sfx? M Jojxf/ s'zn l;k / l;sfo pknlaw Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M ;xof]u l;k, ;f]rfo l;k ;fdflhs ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug{ / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? kttf nufpg Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M ;xof]u l;k j}olstsl;k g]kfnl gful/sn] s;/l zlstsf] ceof; / /fhlglts lg0f{onfo{ k efljt kf/l /fhlglts ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; u5{g\ JofVof ug{ Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M gjk j{tg / Joj;flos l;k, ;xof]u l;k /f]huf/l, /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gf, /fli6«o tyf cgt/fli6«o ahf/df cfjzos l;ksf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff j0f{g ug{. >dnfo{ ;Ddfg l;sfo lj mofsnfk ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfgx? km/s km/s ;d"xn] :yfglo :t/sf km/s km/s ;fdflhs ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u5{g\, h:t} M e i6frf/, j]zofj[lq, nfu' cf}ifw b'jo{;g, e'sdk kll8t, 3/af/ ljxlg, j]/f]huf/l, vfg]kfglsf] cefj, vfb\o ;ª\+s6 cflb. k To]s ;d"xn]!! j6f ;d:of;fu sfd u5{g\. pglx?n] ;d:ofsf] af/]df w]/} egbf w]/} ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/l ;dfwfgsf lgldt ;'emfj lbg5g\. kf7\ok':ts, OG6/g]6 jf :yfglo afl;gbf;fusf] cgt/jftf{sf] dfwodaf6 ;"rgf k fkt u5{g\. ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] af/]df sfd ug]{ :yfglo ;+3 ;F:yfaf6 Ps hgfnfo{ lgdtfp/ k Zgf]Q/ u5{g\. Gfful/s r]tgf lgjf{rg ljb\ofyl{x?n];/sf/sf] lgdf{0f / lgjf{rg s;/l x'g5 egg] yfxf kfpg ;+ljwfgsf] cwoog u5{g\. ljb\ofyl{x?n] siff k d'v, cwoif, siff k jstf cflbsf] Joj:yf u/l siff af]8{ u7g u5{g\. siffsf]7fdf r'gfj / o;;fu} r'gfj k rf/ k ;f/sf] cfof]hgf u5{g\. siff k d'vn] lg0f{o ug{ ;3fpg], cwoifn] To;sf] /]s8{ /fvg] / k jqmfn] lzifs, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjsnfo{ hfgsf/l u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5g\. lzifsn] ljlegg lsl;dsf /f]huf/lx?sf] ;"lr k bz{g ug]{ - ;Dej ep;dd %) lsl;dsf_ 34

35 ug{sf nflu >d ug]{ sfo{df ;+nug x'g. ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ ;d"x agfpg nufo{ sfdnfo{ lgdgfg';f/sf] ;d"xdf jul{s/0f ug]{, prr kfl/>lds k]zf sfd Go'g kfl/>lds k]zf sfd prr hf]lvdo'qm sfo{ k'?ifn] ug]{ sfo{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfo{ clzliftn] ug]{ sfo{ prr lziff xfl;n u/]sfn] ug]{ sfo{ sfdsf] jul{s/0f / s'g sfo{ sfxf k5{ siffdf 5nkmn u5{g\ To;kl5 ;d"xx?n] lgdg k Zgsf] 5nkmn u/l To;nfO{ siffdf k :t't u5{g\. lsg s'g} sfo{ c?egbf OHhltnf] x'g5 < lsg dflg;x?n] s'g} sfo{ dlxnfsf nflu dfq} / s'g} k'?ifsf nflu dfq} xf] egg] 7fG5g\ < s'g sfo{nfo{ al9 kfl/>lds lbg'k5{ / s'gnfo{ sd < :yfglo ;d'bfodf s;/l w]/} egbf w]/} /f]huf/l l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg5 < Jojxf/ s'zn l;k M gjk j{tg / Joj;flos l;k, ;xof]u l;k k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{sf] (career counseling) ;fwg /f]huf/l, /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gf, /fli6«o tyf cgt/fli6«o ahf/df cfjzos l;ksf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff j0f{g ug{. >dnfo{ ;Ddfg ug{sf nflu >d ug]{ sfo{df ;+nug x'g]. ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{sf] ;fwgdf /x]sf lj mofsnfkx? r/0fa4?kdf k'/f ug{ nufpg]. 35

36 ^= ljb\ofyl{sf nflu ;fwg M k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{ (career counseling) / l;k ljsf; r'gf}ltx? M ;'emfj M k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{nfo{ oxff ljb\ofyl{x?sf] eljiosf] /f]huf/lsf lgldt pglx?sf] cfkm\g} l;k, cfsf+iffsf] af/]df ;r]tgf a9fpgsf nflu k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. ljb\ofyl{x? pglx?sf] eljiosf] lziff, /f]huf/lsf] cj;/ / o;;fu ;DalGwt cfkm\gf] l;k ljsf;sf] tx / To;sf nflu s;/l cufl8 a9\g] egg] s'/fx?df cgle1 x'g5g\. o;kl5sf k[i7x?df ljb\ofyl{x?sf] l;k ljsf;sf] d'nofª\sg ug]{ / pglx?sf] k]zf tyf Joj;fo / eljiosf of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] ;fwgx?nfo{ k :t't ul/psf] 5. ljb\ofyl{x?n] o;nfo{ l;sfo lj mofsnfksf] pbfx/0fsf?kdf jif{sf] Psk6s ug{ ;Sg]5g\. k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{sf ;fwgx?sf] pb\b]zo ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ pglx?sf] l;k / cfsf+iffsf] af/]df ;r]t agfpg' xf] h:t} pglx?df s] s'/fdf /fd f 5g\, s] agg ;S5g\, s] ug{ dg k5{, s:tf l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ cfjzos 5 cflb. To; ;dodf pglx?n] cfkm\gf] of]hgf ;kmn agfpg] tl/sf jf sldtdf niodf k'ugsf nflu cfkm"nfo{ cfjzos kg]{ ;"rgfsf] of]hgf agfpg z'?jft ub{5g\. o;n] ljb\ofyl{x?df Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] j[b\lw ub{5 h;n] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ l;sgsf nflu yk ptk ]l/t ub{5. ol ;fwgx?n] ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ pglx?sf] k]zf tyf Joj;fosf] 5nkmndf ;xeful x'gsf nflu k :yfg ljgb'sf]?kdf sfd u5{g\ / ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{ k]zf tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{sf] j[xt lj mofsnfkx?df ;+nug u/fpf5g\. o;sf cltl/qm k/fdz{ lj mofsnfknfo{ kf7\oj mddf klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg5 h:t} M k]zf tyf Joj;fo d]nfsf] cfof]hgf, k]zf Joj;fo cwoog kl/of]hgf, If]q e d0f cflb. 36