g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff

Transcription

1 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff.5

2 2. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq

3 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 1 ;dtf ;dliff kq blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff

4 2. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq ;dtf ;dliff kq ;+of]hg 8f= g/]gb dª\un hf]zl 8f= /jlgb /fo cg';gwfg n]vg Ol/zf ;'jfn cg'jfb ;Dkfbg /fh]gb dxh{g cg'jfb ;xof]u ljgf]bljqmd s];l cg';gwfg ;xof]u ef]nf kf;jfg ch{'g ljzjsdf{ h]al ljzjsdf{ 6]g;'af du/ftl 6]saxfb'/ ljzjsdf{ Joj:yfkg pd]z ;fksf]6f ;~h' ltvql k sfzg ;fg]kf, nlntk'/, g]kfn kmf]g M )! %%@)*%! info@samatafoundation.org sf7df8f}+, g]kfndf d'lb t of] ;dliff kq tof/ kfg{df y'k } ;ª\3;+:yf / JolQmsf] cd"no ;xof]u /x]sf] 5. g]kfnl blnt n]vgaf/] ljlegg ;flxtosf/, cg';gwfgstf{ / k f1x n] ljlegg b:tfj]h / k sfzg pknaw u/fp/ ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\. ljlegg If]qsf lj1x n] k sfzgk"j{ o; ;dliff kq cwoog u/]/ ;'emfj lbpsf 5g\. o; ;dliff kqsf] cg';gwfg, n]vg / k sfzgsf nflu /fo6\; 8]df]qm];L P08 OGSn'hg kmg8 OGPlAnª :6]6 k f]u fd (RDIF/ESP) n] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. o; k lqmofdf g];gn OG8f]d]G6 km/ 8]df]qm];L (NED) / cf]k]g ;f];fo6l OlG:6Ro'zg (OSI) sf] k fljlws ;xof]u /x]sf] 5. o; ;dliff kqdf JoQm ljrf/, ljzn]if0f / lgisif{df pglx sf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g.

5 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 3 ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 g]kfndf ;a}egbf ptkll8tdwo] klg ptkll8t ;d'bfo xf] blnt. g]kfndf ljbdfg /x]sf] k'/fgf] c;dfj]zl /fhoaf6 ctolws?kdf kll8t eps} sf/0f blnt ;d'bfoaf/] sd dfq} af]lnpsf] / n]lvpsf] 5. x'g t g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vg z'? epsf] klg ^ bzs x'g nfuof], t/ klg blnt;dagwl n]vg eg] slnn} 5. blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] s] n]lvpsf] 5, s] n]lvpsf] 5}g, ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf]. o;;dagwl n]vgdf sf] slt ;lqmo 5g\, pglx?sf] ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf] sf/0f s] xf], vf]hlsf] ljifo g} xf]. oxl rf;f]sf ;fy ;dtf kmfpg8]zgn] blnt n]vgaf/] vf]h cg';gwfg ug{] k of; u/]sf] xf]. /, oxl k of;sf] qmddf blnt n]vgsf d'vo k j[lqsf] gs;fª\sg ug{] sf]l;; ul/psf] 5. gs;fª\sg ubf{ blnt ljifosf] 1fg ptkfbgsf ;Defjgf / ;Ldfaf/] a'em\g] df}sf klg k fkt epsf] 5. /, yfxf epsf] 5, blnt n]vg s'g s'g d'2f, cfgbf]ng / ;+:yfaf6 k efljt /x]sf] /x]5. x'g t g]kfnsf k To]sh;f] cfgbf]ngdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5. t/, blntsf d'2f eg] tl cfgbf]ngsf /fli6«o Ph]G8fd} ljnlg x'g] u/]sf 5g\. To;}sf] k ltljda blnt n]vgdf klg :ki6?kdf b]lvpsf] 5. To;f] t klxn] bof / s[kfsf] :j/} a];l ;'lggyof] blnt cfgbf]ng / n]vgdf. ca eg] lj:tf/} dfgjlo clwsf/sf] cfjfh d'v/ x'g yfn]sf] 5, rfx] Tof] ;fg} :j/df lsg gxf];\. oxl :j/af/] cg';gwfg / n]vg ul/psf] 5, blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq M g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliffúsf] gfddf. ca k'/fgf] c;dfj]zl /fhosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] qmddf blnt cfgbf]ng ;3g / Jofks x'g' h?/l 5 eg] blnt n]vgnfo{ ;zqm kfg'{ ctofjzos 5. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq;dagwl o; ;dliff kqn] o:t} cfzf / cfu x ug{ vf]h]sf] 5. blnt cfgbf]ngsf] ;a}egbf sdhf]/ kf6f] xf], blnt;dagwl 1fg ptkfbgsf] cefj. oxl cefj sd ug{] p2]zon] :yflkt ;dtf kmfpg8]zgn] jif{sf] cgt/fndf of] ;dliff kqsf] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] xf]. To;}n], o; ;dliff kqsf] cg';gwfg / n]vgdf vl6psl Ol/zf ;'jfn;lxt ;Dk"0f{ 6f]nLnfO{ wgojfb. g]kfnl blnt n]vgaf/] ljlegg b:tfj]h, k sfzg ;fdu L / uxg ;'emfj pknaw u/fp/ ;xof]u ug{] 8f= s[i0f e rg, /fhs'df/ lqvql / eqm ljzjsdf{nufot cgo lj1x nfo{ klg wgojfb. To:t}, /fo6\; 8]df]qm];L P08 OGSn'hg kmg8sf k':ts cf]emf / e/t g]kfnlnfo{ klg wgojfb. ;dtf kmfp08]zg

6 4. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq n]vssf] tkm{af6 y'k } JolQmTjsf cg'ej / cgtb[{li6sf sf/0f o; ;dliff;dagwl cg';gwfg ;Dej epsf] xf]. o; cg';gwfgsf] qmddf d}n] cgtjf{tf{ ug{] cj;/ kfpsf tl ;a} k f1, ljåfg\, clwsf/sdl{ tyf kqsf/nfo{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5'. kbd ;'Gbf; / ch{'g ljzjsdf{k lt cfef/l 5' d. pxffx d]/f ;+jfbstf{ t x'g'x'g5 g}, pxffx n] cfjzos kf7ø;fdu L pknaw u/folbg'sf ;fy} cgtjf{tf{ ;+of]hg ul/lbp/ dnfo{ 7"nf] u'g nufpg'epsf] 5. ef]nf kf;jfgnfo{ wgojfb. pxffn] wg'iff / ;Kt/Lsf k/fdz{ e]nfx df ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]ng'eof]. tl e]nfdf d}n] blntdfly s'g ljifodf zf]w ul/g'k5{ egg]af/] o'jfx sf] b[li6sf]0f yfxf kfpf. kf;jfgn] y'k } cgtjf{tf{df d]/f] ;fy lbg'eof], gd'gf tyofª\ssf] g]kfnl v08 tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{'eof] / dnfo{ dw]zl blntsf d'2f lg/gt/ x]ssf u/fo/xg'eof]. h]al ljzjsdf{nfo{ cfef/ k s6 u5{'. pxffn] tyofª\s jul{s/0f ug{ ;3fpg'sf ;fy} blnt / ldl8ofaf/] cd"no ;"Idb[li6 k bfg ug{'eof]. To:t}, Pkms] km]nf] ch{'g ljzjsdf{ / /fdflzif rf}w/lnfo{ klg wgojfb. zf]w ;xof]ul 6]G;'af du/ftl;fu} OG6g{x dlgif ltvql, zfgtf xdfn, dgh' kl/of/ / ;l/tf kl/of/n] tyofª\s ;ª\sng / To;nfO{ r':tb'?:t ug{ tyf vf; kf7ø efusf] ;f/;ª\if]k n]vg dnfo{ lg/gt/ ;xof]u ug{'eof]. lg/gt/ dfu{lgb{]z / k ltlqmofsf nflu 8f= g/]gb dª\un hf]zl / 8f= /jlgb /fok lt cfef/l 5'. dxtjk"0f{ ;'emfjsf nflu ;dtf kmfpg8]zgsf sd{rf/l wgojfbsf kfq x'g'x'g5. o; ;dliff kqsf] ;Dkfbg / l6kk0fl ul/lbg ;do lbg'x'g] j]n]:nl sn]hsf k f]km];/ lqm:6f]km/ SofG8NofG8 / sf7df08' kf]i6 b}lgssf 1fg' clwsf/lnfo{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxg5'. g]kfnl efiffdf cg'jfbsf nflu ljgf]bljqmd s];l / cg'jfb;fu} ;Dkfbgsf nflu /fh]gb dxh{gnfo{ klg d cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxg5'. o; ;dliff kqsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ dxh{gn] ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf lg/gt/ ;/;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg'eof]. cgtodf, ;l/tf kl/of/nfo{ wgojfb. of] ;dliff kqsf nflu zf]w ug{] / n]vg] qmddf pxffn] dnfo{ lg/gt/ xf};nf lbg'eof], k Zg / cgtb[{li6 klg k bfg ug{'eof]. d pxffsf] ;/fxgf u5{'. Ol/zf ;'jfn ;dk{0f ;'efif bgf{n -h'g *,!(*) b"/bzl{ / k v/ clwsf/sdl{, blnt cfjfhsf] ;'g'jfo u/fo5f8\g] h;sf] k lta4tfn] of] ;dliff;dagwl cg';gwfg / k sfzg ;Dej eof].

7 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 5 ljifo ;"rl á á ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 n]vssf] tkm{af6 á ;f/f+z á kl/ro ^ & á efu! M blnt n]vgsf] k fb'ef{j / ljsf; (!=! g]kfndf hftk yf M sfg'gl ;+lxtf / blnt klxrfg (!=@ ;flxtodf blnt M kll8t / d'vl/t!)!=# ;fdflhs /fhgllts n]vg / blnt clwsf/sdl{!%!=$ k fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo!&!=% ljsf; / blnt ;]jfu k ]; / blnt á M ;ª\Vofdf blnt á lgisif{ #* á pk;+xf/ $! á cg';"rl $@ á ;Gbe{;fdu L $%

8 6. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq ;f/f+z g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfodflysf] n]vg kftnf] 5 / ;fk]lifs kdf slnn} 5. oblk, s]xl jif{otf g]kfnl blntdflysf] 1fg ptkfbg psfnf] nflu/x]sf] 5. t/, hghflt / ljz]ifflwsf/k fkt afx'g, If]qL / g]jf/sf t'ngfdf of] j[l4 ;':t 5. oxff 1fg ptkfbg eggfn] 1fg l;h{gfsf w]/} :j knfo{ a'lemg5, rfx] tl sljtf, pkgof;h:tf ;flxto n]vg, k fl1s cg';gwfg, Pglhcf] cfopglhcf] k ltj]bg, ;/sf/ tyf /fhgllts bnsf b:tfj]h x'g\ of >Jo b[zo ptkfbg x'g\. 1fg ptkfbgsf] k lqmof blnt cfgbf]ng;fu} cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 / of] cfgbf]ngsf] kl/k"/s epsf] 5. lsgeg], ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nlfu /fhgllts k otg dfq} kof{kt x'fb}g. o; ;dliff kqn] ;g\!($) jl/kl/b]lv cfh;dd blntdfly h]hlt n]lvpsf 5g\, tl ;fdu LdWo] s]xl /rgfsf] k j[lqaf/] ;dliff ug{]5. blnt n]vgnfo{ Oltxf;a4 ug{, o;sf k d'v k j[lqdfly hf]8 lbg of] ;dliff kq sfg'gl ;+lxtf, ;flxto, ;fdflhs /fhgllts cfgbf]ng, k fl1s ;d'bfo, ljsf; If]q / k ];df k fkt lnlvt ;fdu Ldf s]lgb t x'g]5. ljutdf blnt n]vgsf] ;ª\u x ug{] / l6kk0fl;lxtsf ;Gbe{;"rL k sflzt ug{] k otg epsf lyp. tyflk, blnt n]vgsf] k fb'ef{j / ljsf;qmdsf] ;dliff epsf] lypg. o; ;dliff kqn] ToxL l/qmtfnfo{ klg k"/f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5. of] ;dliff kq!# hgf blnt / u}/blnt ljåfg\, cg';gwfgstf{, kqsf/ / clwsf/sdl{sf lj:t[t cgtjf{tf{, uxg 8]:s ;dliff / g]kfnl blntdflysf n]vgx sf] gd'gf tyofª\s ;ª\u xdf cfwfl/t 5. gd'gf tyofª\s ;ª\u x g]kfnl blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] ;ª\sng, jul{s/0f / ljzn]if0f xf]. blnt n]vg;dagwl o; ;dliff kqn] b]vfpsf] 5, lxhf] zf;s ju{;fu ;xfg'e"lt / s[kfb[li6 vf]hg] k j[lq cfh cfp/ clwsf/ / zlqm bfal ug{] alnof] k j[lqdf ablnpsf] 5. of] km]/abn blntsf] cj:yfnfo{ x]g{] blnt / u}/blntsf b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]ul epsf] 5. b[li6sf]0fdf cfpsf] of] kl/jt{g vf;u/l ;flxtodf kf]lvpsf] b]lvg5, hxff cfh blntnfo{ zlqmzfnl gfossf kdf k :t't ul/psf] kfog5. n]vgsf] j[l4 / ltgn] k s6 ug{] ljrf/af6 s] klg k :6 x'g5 eg] blntx n] ;dsfnlg k ultzln zlqm;fu ldn]/ nuftf/ cfˆgf Ph]G8f cufl8 a9fo/x]sf 5g\. /f0ffzf;g / k~rfotl zf;gsfndf g]kfnl sfª\u ];;Fu, ax'bnlo k hftgqdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ ;Fu / cgtodf, hgo'4sf] ;dodf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ ;Fu ldn]/ blntx n] cfˆgf Ph]G8fnfO{ cufl8 a9fo/x]. blnt cfgbf]ngsf k To]s r/0f / ljlegg /fhgllts kf6l{;fusf] ;xsfo{n] blntx nfo{ s]jn qmlds j[l4k/s nfe dfq} lbpsf 5g\. To;}n] cfh ;ª\3Lo g]kfndf blnt cfgbf]ng ;dfj]zls/0fsf] d'2fdf s]lgb t x'g' / blnt ;jfn ;Daf]lwt x'g] ;'lglzrttfsf nflu ;zqm 9ª\un] nflukg{' cfzro{sf] ljifo xf]og. o; ;dliff kqn] cg';gwfgstf{, n]vs, kqsf/ / cgon] 5gf]6 u/]sf ljifosf cfwf/df blnt n]vg k j[lqdf /fhgllts k j[lq k ltljldat epsf] b]vfpsf] 5. k fl1s ;d'bfodf, clxn]sf cg';gwfgstf{x n] ;+:s[ltnfo{ egbf klxrfg, gful/stf / k lt/f]wsf k ZgnfO{ hf]8 lbpsf 5g\. o;}sf] ljsf;sf] qmddf /fhgllts ;dfj]zls/0f goff ljifo xf]. To;}u/L, 5fkf dfwoddf ;ª\3Lotfsf ;d;fdlos d'2f / ;sf/ftds sf/afxlsf ljifo xfal 5g\. blnt n]vg nfdf] ofqf to u/]/ cfpsf] xf], t/ kl/jt{g / k ultsf] clen]vls/0fsf nflu cem w]/} s'/f ug{ affsl 5g\. lsgeg], ;g\!($) b]lv kl/ksj x'g yfn]sf] blnt n]vg cem} klg slnn} 5.

9 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 7 kl/ro ;dfhdf s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] :yfg dfkg ug{ k ydtm p;sf] Oltxf; n]vgsf] dfkg ug{'k5{. g]kfndf /fhf dxf/fhf / zlqmzfnl JolQmsf Oltxf; dfq} n]lvpsf] 5, k7gkf7g u/fopsf] 5. cfh xfdln] egg] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf blntx n] dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyp. tyflk, Oltxf;sf clen]vdf pglx af/] s]xl klg pnn]v epsf] 5}g. blntsf j]bgf / ;d:ofk lt c;r]t u}/blntx n] blntsf jf:tljstfaf/] v;f]vf; 9ª\un] k ltljldat ug{] n]vgl l;h{gf ug{ ;s]gg\. ltgsf n]vgn] blnt d'lqmsf nlfu g dfu{ agfpg ;S5g\, g o;nfo{ lgb{]z ug{ g} ;S5g\. cfx'ltn] eg]sf 5g\, kl;gfsf] ugwsf] af:gf cf/gdf 3g / vnfftl rnfpg] nf]xf/ bdklqnfo{ dfq dx;'; x'g5.ú cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]hg / n]vg blnt cfkm}+ cu ;/ x'g'k5{.! kbd ;'Gbf; blnt clwsf/sdl{ / blnt n]vgsf] k f/ldes sfnsf blnt sljx dwo] Ps x'g\. ;dtf kmfpg8]zg af]8{sf cwoif x'g'sf ;fy} pgl blnt ;flxto tyf ;+:s[lt k lti7fgsf klg cwoif x'g\. blnt ;flxto tyf ;+:s[lt k lti7fg blnt ;d'bfosf ;fdflhs /fhgllts ;ª\3if{dfly dxœjk"0f{ /rgf k sfzg ug{] sfd cgf}krfl/s?kdf z'?cft ug{] ;+:yf xf]. g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ rf/ txdf ljefhg ug{] lxgb" j0f{joj:yfsf] tnnf] txdf 5 blnt ;d'bfo. o; ljefhgdf a fxd0f jf k'/f]lxt ;a}egbf dfly 5g\, To;kl5 5g\ IfqLo, hf] /fhf / of]4f x'g\. t]; f] txdf j}zo 5g\, hf] Jofkf/L x'g\. /, ;a}egbf tn 5g\ z'b, hf] ls;fg / dhb'/ x'g\. ol rf/dwo] c5"túnfo{ pglx sf sfdsf] k s[ltsf sf/0f cz'4ú dflgg5. klxn] c5"tú elgg] ;d'bfox clxn] cfkm"nfo{ blnt eg5g\. blntsf] cy{ x'g5 ;f]l;psf] of lkln;psf]. blnt zabn] clxn] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\vofsf]!# k ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\g] ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs klxrfgnfo{ ;ª\s]t u5{ o; zabnfo{ g]kfnl blnt cfgbf]ngsdl{x cfgbf]ngaf6 :yflkt u/]sf] klxrfgsf] gfd egb5g\. blntn] cfˆgf] Oltxf; cfkm}+ n]v'g\ egg] ;'Gbf;sf] cfsfª\iff To:tf] blnt cfvofg a'gg] cfsfª\iff xf], hf] u}/blntx af6 tf]8d/f]8 ul/psf] blntn] cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]hg'k5{ / n]vg'k5{. lsgeg], blnt Oltxf;sf] cfvofg cl:ttjdf 5, t/ ptkl8gåf/f n'sfopsf] 5Ú egb} ;'Gbf; k"0f{tm blnt Oltxf;sf] cl:ttj :jlsf5{g\. t;y{, of] vf]hl klxno} cl:ttjdf epsf] lrhnfo{ cgj]if0f u/]/ z'? x'g5. of] ;dliff kqsf] p2]zo blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] j:t'ut ;dliff k :t't ug{' xf]. o;sf nflu tn lbopsf ol k Zgsf] hjfkm vf]lhg]5 M blntaf/] s] n]lvpsf] 5 < n]vg k j[lq / uf]/]6fx slxn]sf x'g\ < s;n] n]v] < blnt;dagwl n]vgsf ax; s] s] x'g\ < n]vgnfo{ s]n] k ]l/t u of] < cfvofg eg]sf] lnlvt kf7 dfq} xf]og. o;n] ult, g[to, lrqsnf, k/dk/fut df}lvs syfh:tf clejolqmsf dfwodnfo{ klg ;d]6\5. ol clejolqmdfkm{t s;/l blnt cfvofg lgld{t x'g5g\, ol eljiosf cg';gwfgsf nflu ljifoj:t' x'g ;S5g\. of] ;dliff lnlvt kf7df dfq} s]lgb t /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] k j[lq klxnofpg' b'o{ sf/0fn] ctofjzos ceof; xf]. klxnf] sf/0f xf] blnt 1fg ptkfbgdf s] ul/psf 5g\ / s] ul/psf 5}gg\ egg]af/] P]ltxfl;s af]w /fvg' dxœjk"0f{ x'g5. oxff 1fg ptkfbg eg]sf] Tof] k lqmof xf], h;sf] dfwodn] tl JolQmn] 1fg ptkfbg u5{g\, h;sf] k/dk/fut / ck/dk/fut tl/sfn] 1fg ptkfbg ug{] sfddf kx'fr 5. 1fg ptkfbgsf] lglxtfy{ xf] 1fg cfkm}+ cl:ttjdf cfpfb}g. o;sf] /rgf ;fdflhs tj/n] x'g5. of] ljbdfg zlqm ;+/rgf / zlqmxlgdfly s;/l zf;g ug{ rfxg5 egg] o;sf clek fox sf] ;"rs xf]. # of] ;dliff kqdf 1fg ptkfbgsf k fl1s l;4fgt / ax;af/] 5nkmn ul/g]5}g. lsgeg], o;sf] nio n]vgsf] lj:t[t ;dliff ug{' / To;sf k d'v k j[lqdfly hf]8 lbg' dfq} xf]. o; ;dliff kqn] g]kfnl blntdfly n]lvpsf ;a} s[ltsf] ;dliff klg ug{]5}g. o;n]! kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgl. k"0f{ cgtjf{tf{sf nflu x]g{'xf];\ ufoql l:kefsn] Oltxf;nfO{ cfvofg;fu hf]8]sl l5g\. pgn] eg]sl l5g\, of] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fsf ptkfbg 36gfx sf] c;da4 syf j0f{g xf].ú ufoql l:kefs, c ln6]//l l/lk h]g6];g ckm b ;afn6g{, ;afn6g{ :6l8h, efu %, /0flht u'xf -goff lbnnl,!(*&_, k[i7 (@. # ;}4flGts ax;sf nflu x]g{'xf];\, ;g\!(^( df k sflzt ldz]n km"sf]sf] b cfls{of]nf]hl ckm gn]hú -1fgsf] k'/ftœj_.

10 8. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq cl3nnf k j[lqegbf lans'n legg k j[lq :yflkt ug{] vf;vf; s[ltsf] dfq} ;dliff ug{]5. t;y{, of] ;dliff kq s'rlsf] rf}8f cf3ft xf], h;n] blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dli6ut lrq sf]b{5. o; ;dliffn] c nfo{ x/]s kifsf] ;"Idtd cwoog / ;DejtM g]kfnl blntdfly n]lvpsf ;a} k d'v s[ltsf ;dliff ug{ k f]t;flxt ug{]5. ;ª\If]kdf, o;n] ol ljifodf vf]hl ug{]5 M!_ c5"túx lj?4 ul/psf lje]bsf/l ceof;nfo{ ljlwjt\ ug{] kf7ø k blnt;dagwl n]vg #_ n]vgn] cg';/0f u/]sf k j[lqx $_ tl k j[lqnfo{ uxg?kdf k efj kfg{] /fhgllts / j}rfl/s zlqmx. ;du df, o; ;dliff kqn] g]kfndf hf/l blnt ljdz{nfo{ ljlgdf{0f ug{] k of; ug{]5. blnt;dagwl n]vg klxnofpg'sf] bf]; f] sf/0f xf] s:tf] 1fg ptkfbg ul/psf] 5 / s:tf] ul/psf] 5}g < blnt;dagwl l;lh{t 1fgn] s;/l blnt;dagwl ax;nfo{, cgttm blnt cfgbf]ngnfo{ g} cfsf/ lbpsf] lyof] / lbg]5 egg] ljzn]if0fsf nflu cfwf/ k bfg ug{]5. zlqmsf] utoftdstf -kfj/ 8fOgfldS;_ l;h{gf ug{df 1fg ptkfbg, /fhgllts cfgbf]ng, ;ª\qmd0fsfn / o;sf k efjsf cgt;{dagwx k :6 5g\. ;dfhzf:qsf] ljsf; /fhgllts ;ª\qmd0fdfly s;/l lge{/ x'g5 egg] ;DaGwdf 8f= r}tgo ld>n] pnn]v u/]sf 5g\M ;dfhzf:qsf] k fb'ef{j / o;sf] ljlzi6 k s[ltsf] ljsf; ;ª\qmd0fsf] k s[ltsf cfwf/df lgb]{lzt x'g5. cyf{t\, s] / s'g /fhgllts / cfly{s ;+/rgf, If]q, ljrf/, ;+:yf, ju{ / ;d"xn] ;ª\qmd0f xffls/x]sf 5g\Ù k an ;+/rgfx n] sd k an ;+/rgf, sd zlqmzfnl, t/ k lt:kwl{ ;+/rgfsf] ;fk]lifs zlqm;fu s;/l ;ª\qmd0f sf/f]af/ u5{g\ < k fom clws zlqmzfnln] sd zlqmzfnlsf] rl/qlrq0f ug{] / pglx sf nflu af]ng]ú clwsf/ xtofpf5g\ -ld> (*_. ;dfhzf:q;dagwl ld>sf] wf/0ff blnt;dagwl n]vgdf klg nfu" x'g5. lsgeg], 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL ;fdflhs /fhgllts cfgbf]ngx sf] k s[ltnfo{ o;n] cfsf/ lbpsf] 5. x'g t g]kfnl ;dfhdf 5'jf5"t w]/} k sf/n] ljbdfg /x]sf] 5. blntsf] xftaf6 kfgl gvfg', blnt / u}/blntalr lax]jf/l x'g glbg', blntnfo{ ufoj:t'sf l;gf] kmfng afwo kfg{', pglx nfo{ dlgb/ k j]zdf lgif]w ug{' 5'jf5"tsf cg]s?k x'g\. cem, ljbdfg zlqm ;+/rgfx n] blntsf s'g s'g d'2f p7fop, s;n] / s'g b[li6sf]0fn] n]lv/x]sf lyp cflb lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\. o; ;dliffn] zlqmzfnln] s'g xb;dd blnt ;d'bfoaf/] af]n]sfú 5g\, To;sf] hffr ug{]5. o;sf ;fy}, ;dliffn] sd zlqmzfnlsf nflu af]ng] of] k j[lq blnt ;d'bfoleq 5 ls 5}g, To;sf] klg n]vfhf]vf ug{]5. blnt n]vgleqsf ljljw k j[lqsf] cjnf]sgn] blnt cfgbf]ngnfo{ ljrf/n] k efljt kfl//x]sf k df0fsf] kdf sfd ug{]5. o; ;dliff kqsf b'o{ efu 5g\. klxnf] efu kl/df0fftds 5 eg] bf]; f] u'0fftds. gd'gf tyofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu k of]u ul/psf dfgssf sf/0f ol b'o{ efunfo{ cfk;df ldnfpg' r'gf}tlk"0f{ lyof]. klxnf] efun] blnt;dagwl n]vgsf] P]ltxfl;s k j[lqnfo{ phfu/ u5{. n]vg ; f]tsf cfwf/df o; efunfo{ klg ljlegg v08df affl8psf] 5. o:tf v08x nfo{ d"ntm 1fg ptkfbgsf] If]qsf kdf lng ;lsg5. tl v08 x'g\ sfg'gl ;+lxtf, ;flxto, ;fdflhs /fhgllts cfgbf]ng, k fl1s ;d'bfo, ljsf; If]q / k ];. o:tf v08x sf] z[ª\vnfn] /]vlo P]ltxfl;s l;nl;nfnfo{ Oª\lut ub{}g. ljlegg v08 cgt;{dalgwt 5g\ / Ps v08 csf]{ v08df vlk6psf 5g\. Ps If]qsf] n]vgn] k fomh;f] csf{] If]qsf] n]vgnfo{ k efljt u/]sf] 5 / b'o{ cnu cnu v08sf n]vg w]/} k6s Ps;fy epsf lyp. x/]s v08n] 1fg ptkfbgsf ;a} If]qdf blnt ;jfn / d'2f s;/l p7] clg ltgsf] ljsf; s;/l eof] egg] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fdfly l;+xfjnf]sg ug{]5 / k efjzfnl s[ltnfo{ dxœj lbg]5. o; ;dliff kqsf] bf]; f] efu kl/df0fftds 5 / blntaf/] n]lvpsf /rgf ;ª\slnt tyofª\sdf cfwfl/t 5. o; efun] blntdfly s;n] n]lv/x]5, nf]slk o ljifo s] s] x'g\ egg]h:tf zf]wk Zgsf hjfkm vf]hg b'o{ ;o ^& gd'gf /rgfnfo{ ljzn]if0f u/]sf] 5. /, zf]wk Zgaf/] sfo{ljlw v08df a9l rrf{ ul/g]5. of] ;dliff kqsf] tof/l ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gcufl8sf] jftfj/0fdf ul/psf] xf]. of] ;dliff kqsf] d'vo ;Ldf xf], blntdfly g]kfnl / cª\u ]hl efiffdf n]lvpsf ;a} /rgfdf kx'fr gk'ug' / cª\u ]hl efiffsf /rgfdf a9l lge{/ x'g'. blnt cfgbf]ngsf k f/ldes r/0fsf /fhgllt krf{ of blntdflysf] klxnf] cvaf/l n]vh:tf k fylds ; f]tdf cfwfl/t o:t} ;dliff ug{ kfp lgss} klg rfvnfubf] x'gyof]. kss} klg blnt;dagwl ;Dk"0f{ lnlvt kf7 ;ª\u x ug{ / clen]vls/0f ug{ w]/} ;do / ; f]t nfu5. ;DejtM of] ;dliff kq To:tf] k of;sf nflu k :tfjgf x'g ;S5.

11 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 9 efu!m blnt n]vgsf] k fb'ef{j / ljsf; s'g} ;d"xdfly ptkflbt 1fg To; ;d"xn] ljsf; ug{] cfvofg / cfsf/ lbg] ljdz{sf nflu dxœjk"0f{ x'g5. ptkflbt 1fgn] dxœjk"0f{ d'2fx dfly hf]8 lbg5. o;n] ax;x sf] u7g u5{. /, /fho / ;dfhaf6 aflx/ kfl/psf blnth:tf ;d'bfosf dfu / bfalsf] gs;fª\sg u5{. ;fy;fy}, ptkflbt 1fgn] hftdf cfwfl/t lje]b / 5'jf5"t;Fu ;DalGwt blnt / u}/blnt b'j}sf :jfy{ / Ph]G8fnfO{ klg ;ª\s]t u5{. wfld{s cfwf/df zf;sx åf/f l;lh{t klxrfgnfo{ c:jlsf/ ug{ blnt cfvofg cl:ttjdf cfpsf] b]lvg5. hftk yflj/f]wl c;xdlt / cfqmf]zsf k f/ldes clejolqmb]lv g} o;sf] ljsf; eo/x]sf] 5. blntx sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf k hftflgqs, jfdkgyl, dfcf]jfblh:tf ljlegg /fhgllts cfgbf]ngaf6 blnt cfgbf]ng k efljt /x]sf] 5. ljsf;n] ptkgg u/]sf kl/jt{gsf afxo zlqmx n] klg ;d:of klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfg vf]hg gjlg bz{g, ljrf/ / k4lt k :tfljt u/]/ blnt cfvofgdf cfˆgf] 5fk 5f8]sf 5g\. blnt cfvofgnfo{ cfsf/ lbg] n]vgsf] ;dliff ug{ o; ;dliff kqn] kf7øut 1fg ptkfbgsf ^ k d'v If]qsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5. tl x'g\ sfg'gl ;+lxtf, ;flxto, ;fdflhs /fhgllts cfgbf]ng, k fl1s If]q, ljsf; / k ];. ;dliff kqsf] klxnf] efunfo{ s]xl lgwf{l/t If]qdf pkljefhg ul/psf] 5. of] v08 d"ntm 8]:s ;dliff, dfgjzf:q / ;dfhzf:qsf ljåfg\x ;Fusf] lj:t[t cgtjf{tf{, blnt cwoog;fu ;DalGwt 5. o;sf ;fy}, of] v08 dw]z / blnt;fu ;DalGwt s'g If]qsf] cg';gwfgdf a9l sfd ug{'k5{ egg] lgsof}{n ug{ wg'iff, ;Kt/L / sf7df8f}+df ul/psf # j6f k/fdz{ e]nfdf cfwfl/t 5.!=! g]kfndf hftk yf M sfg'gl ;+lxtf / blnt klxrfg klxn] /fhfdxf/fhfx / kl5 k wfgdgqlx sf cfb]zdf hf/l epsf ljlegg sfg'gl ;+lxtfn] g]kfndf hftk yf :yflkt u/fp. Ps ;d"xsf nflu sfg'gl k fjwfgsf] Joj:yf / csf{] ;d"xsf nflu lgif]w u/]/ ;Qf;Lg clehft ju{n] c5"túsf] klxrfg l;h{gf u of]. $ t;y{, of] klxrfg sfg'gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] z'4ú / cz'4úsf] låefhg dfq} xf]og. Pp6f ;d"xnfo{ jf:tf gug'{ / csf{] ;d"xsf] kif lng'n] blntsf] /fhgllts klxrfg l;lh{t eof]. oxl klxrfgsf] l;h{gf;fu} z'? x'g5, blnt cfvofg. blnt klxrfgnfo{ /fhoaf6 k"jf{u xl?kdf k of]usf sf/0f ptkgg lje]b / ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cgtosf nflu cljlr5gg ;ª\3if{sf kdf blnt cfvofg lg/gt/?kdf rln/x]sf] 5. sfg'gl ;+lxtfx cl3 CUj]bh:tf wfld{s u Gyn] >d ljefhgdf cfwfl/t hftsf] lxgb" cjwf/0ffnfo{ Jojxf/df NofP / ;fdflhs ;+:yfnfo{ k efljt u/]. ljlegg zf;sn] wfld{s cf}lrtonfo{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{sf nflu k of]u u/]. o;df pglx n] slxn]sfxlf a fxd0f k'/f]lxtx sf] d2t lnp. pbfx/0fsf nflu, hol:ylt dnnn] ;dfhnfo{ ljlegg hftdf ljefhg ug{ / o;nfo{ ;ª\ul7t ug{ pglx sf] ;xof]u lnp. oxl k lqmofdf sfd x'fb} hffbf hftsf] ljefhg sfg'gl kd} ;+:yfut eof]. kl/0ffdtm lje]b / 5'jf5"tsf] ceof; z'? eof]. lsgeg], /fhon] x/]s hft / pkhftnfo{ lje]bs ljz]ifflwsf/ / afwotf k bfg u of] -a]g]6 ^_.Ú t;y{, hftk yfsf] ljlwjt\ ;ª\utLs/0f / 5'jf5"t;DaGwL ceof;sf] kf7ø k df0fn] blnt cfvofgsf nflu k :yfgljgb' pknaw u/fp. slj tyf n]vs cfx'ltsf] lstfa g]kfndf j0f{joj:yf / ju{ ;ª\3if{Ún] g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ hftsf cfwf/df >]0fLa4 ;dfhsf?kdf s;/l Jojl:yt ul/of] egg]af/] ;lj:tf/ JofVof u/]sf] 5. % df cfhsf] afudtl pktosfdf rn]sf] lnr5lj zf;gdf j0f{joj:yfcgtu{t rf/ j0f{ /!* hft lyp -cfx'lt o; Joj:yfaf/] Ps $ ;fd"lxs /fhgllts klxrfg lgdf{0fdf /fhosf] lje]bsf/l sfg'gl ;+lxtfsf e"ldsfaf/] yk a' g dxd'b dfdbfglsf] l;l6hg; PG8 ;Ah]S6Ú -gful/s / sd{_ pkof]ul 5. % o; lstfasf] /fhgllts k efjaf/] k fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo v08df rrf{ ul/g]5.

12 10. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq lnr5lj lznfn]vdf pnn]v ul/psf] 5, h;nfo{ ;dfhdf j0f{ ljefhgaf/] g]kfnsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;fdu L dflgg5 -jh frfo{ ;g\!(&$_. o;df 5'jf5"t pnn]v gep klg ljlegg hftdfly yf]kl/psf lgif]w / ;hfosf ljlegg kl/df0fn] hftdf cfwfl/t e]befjsf] k'li6 u5{g\. ;g\ ^)) b]lv oxff 5'jf5"t ceof;df cfof]. o;sf] k df0f lnr5lj /fhf c+z'jdf{sf zlnfn]vdf kfog5 -cfx'lt dnn j+zn] lnr5ljx sf] cg's/0f u of] / afudtl pktosfsf] ;dfhsf] lxgb"s/0f ug{] lnr5lj k of;nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbof]. ;g\!#^) df hol:ylt dnnn] ;dfhnfo{ rf/ j0f{ / ^$ hfltdf ljefhg u/] / 5'jf5"tnfO{ j}wflgs kdf nfu" u/] -k"j{jt\_. ;qf}+ ztfablsf] z'?lt/ uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxn] ;dfhnfo{ rf/ j0f{ / #^ hftdf ljefhg u/]/ j0f{joj:yfdf km]/abn u/] -k"j{jt\_. j0f{ ljefhgx hftdf cfwfl/t km/skm/s :j ksf ljz]ifflwsf/ / ;hfo;fu} lg/gt/ rln/x]. ol ljefhgnfo{ hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;g\!*%$ df d'n'sl P]g hf/l u/]/ alnof] agfolbp. d'n'sl P]g klxnf] sfg'gl ;+lxtf lyof], h;n] c5"túnfo{ kfgl grng] 5f]Ol56f] xfng'kg{]ú hftsf kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] lyof] / c5"tnfo{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] ;a}egbf tnnf] efudf /fv]sf] lyof] -e rg / cgo dfly pnn]lvt ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ / sfg'gl ;+lxtfn] ;dfh ljefhg / /fhgllts j[qdf blnt klxrfg l;h{gf ul//xfbf c sfg'gl ;+lxtfsf nio k"j{ ceof;x nfo{ cg'df]bg ug{' lyof]. /fhf dx]gb n] ;g\!(^# df 5'jf5"tsf] cgto u/]. To;kl5 ;g\!(() sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgn] hftlo e]befj / 5'jf5"t cgtosf] 3f]if0ff u/]. df hftlo e]befj tyf 5'jf5"t -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]gÚ kfl/t x'g' hftlo e]befj / 5'jf5"t ceof;nfo{ ck/fw dfgg] lbzfdf sf];]9'ª\uf lyof]. hftlo e]befj / 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gl P]g tyf Joj:yf g} blnt cfvofgsf] s]gb df 5g\. ol P]g s]xl xb;dd blnt cfgbf]ngsf pknlaw x'g\. ltgn] k efjsf/l sfof{gjogsf] dfu ug{ blntsf] df]ndf]nfosf] zlqm a9fpsf 5g\. t/, o:tf P]g / sfg'gsf sdhf]/ sfof{gjog / k jt{gn] ubf{ blntn] e]befj ef]lu/xg'k/]sf] 5. blntsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf sfg'gl ;+lxtfsf sdhf]/ldfly w]/} n]lvpsf 5g\, vf;u/l k ];n] o; ljifonfo{ w]/} p7fpsf] 5. tyflk, o:tf n]vgn] ljlegg ;/sf/l glltsf d"nofª\sg ug{] sfd eg] 5'6fPsf] 5.^!=@ ;flxtodf blnt M kll8t / d'vl/t sfg'gl ;+lxtfdf afx]s ;flxtodf blnt;dagwl k f/ldes n]vg kfopsf 5g\. ;fdfgotof k ultzln ;dlifsx n] blnt n]vgnfo{ tlg r/0fdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ -kf08]o / e /fo{ ;g\!(%) b]lv!(%( ;Ddsf] n]vg klxnf] r/0f xf]. o; bzssf] n]vg ju{sf b[li6n] blntn] ef]u]sf r/d zf]if0f / cgofodf s]lgb t lyof]. of] blntsf ;d:ofdf :ki6tm s]lgb t 5}g, hftlo e]befjdf dfq} s]lgb t 5. bf]; f] r/0f ;g\!(^) b]lv ;g\!(&* ;Ddsf] n]vg xf]. o; r/0fsf] n]vgn] klxnf] r/0fs} k j[lqnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbpsf] 5. t/, o;n] hftlo e]befjlj?4sf P]gsfg'g;Fu hf]l8psf] c;gt'li6nfo{ clejoqm u/]/ s]xl goff ug{ vf]h]sf] 5. blnt n]vgsf] t]; f] r/0f slxn] z'? eof], k :6 5}g. sf]xl ;g\!(&* kl5 o; r/0fsf] z'?cft epsf] ts{ u5{g\ eg] sf]xl ;g\!(() df k hftgq k'gm:yfkgf epkl5 dfq} t]; f] r/0f z'? epsf] dfg5g\ -kf08]o ax'bnlo k hftgqsf] zf;gsfndf ;flxto ;d[4 eof]. oblk, ;dfhsf] bnut /fhgllts/0faf6 ;flxto klg d'qm x'g ;s]g. blnt ;+r]tgf j[l4 eo/xfbf blntsf ;d:of klg Pglhcf]s/0f ep. /, pglx sf ;d:ofnfo{ u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfsf ld;g, ;kgf, nio / of]hgfsf lx;fan] tof/ ul/of]. ;g\!(%! df /f0ff zf;gsf] cgto gep;dd blntx n] cfˆgf cg'ej n]vg z'? u/]gg\. To:tf] z'/cft x'gcl3 u}/blntn] c5"tkgflj?4 cfjfh p7fpsf lyp. hxflgoff /f0ffzf;g -;g\!*$^!(%!_ n] ;fdflhs cj:yfdflysf] ;flxltos clejolqmnfo{ s'l07t kf/]sf] lyof]. ;fy}, hgtfn] ljb f]x ug]{ 8/n] ;fdflhs si6sf] clejolqmnfo{ bafpg /f0ffzf;gn] ;De fgt ju{sf] ;fgf] j[qdf z}lifs cj;/nfo{ ;Lldt u/]sf] lyof]. t/, r/d bdgsf/l cj:yf / s8f ;]G;/ l;kn] klg n]vsx nfo{ hftlo e]befjdfly snd rnfpg /f]sg ;s]gg\. ;+;f/el/ pklgj]z cgtosf] nx/ rln/x]sf] Tof] ;dodf /f0ffzf;glj/f]wl /fhgllts cleofg z'? eof]. /fhgllts cleofgn] ;flxtodf lgsf; e]l6/x]sf] lyof]. ^ s~rgk'/, ;Kt/Ldf gf]e]da/ df ul/psf] dw]zl blnt / u}/blnt o'jf e]nf.

13 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 11 o;af/] k"j{;ef;b\, blnt clwsf/sdl{ tyf ;flxtosf/ cfx'ltn] ;xl 9ª\un] pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. pgsf] 7DofO 5, ;+:s[lt / ;dfh clek fodf cnu cnu /xg ;Sb}gg\. /, o;df ;flxtosf] e"ldsfnfo{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;lsgg -9'ª\u]n c7f/f}+ ztfablsf] dwolt/ hf];dgl ;Dk bfosf ;Gtx n] n]v]sf sljtfn] hftlo e]befj / 5'jf5"tlj?4 k f/ldes ;flxltos ljb f]x z'? u/] -kf08]o %#_. ;g\!*%) lt/ rn]sf] wfld{s ;f+:s[lts cleofg lyof] of]. hf];dgl ;Dk bfon] nf]slk o lxgb"jfbsf] lj/f]wdf ;fdflhs lx;fan] ;r]t, :jefjn] ljb f]xl goff sljtfú -bf; ;g\!((!m!%@_ l;h{gf u of]. /, hf];dgl ;Dk bfosf ;Gtx n] goff sljtfsf sf/0f h]ng]n ef]ug'k/]sf] lyof] -kf08]o %#_. of]udfof Gof}kfg]n] hf];dgl ;Gtx n] z'? u/]sf] k j[lqnfo{ cftd;ft\ ul/g\ / hftk yfsf] lj/f]wdf n]lvg\ t/, blntsf ;d:of jf c5"tkgfnfo{ p7fpg] sfd g ;Gtx n] u/], g of]udfofn] ul/g\. pglx n] hftk yfsf 7"n7"nf ;d:ofnfo{ Wofg lbp. hftlo e]befj / 5'jf5"t;DaGwL hf];dgl sljtfkl5 df}gtfsf] nfdf] sfnv08 /Xof]. ;g\!(#^ df k sflzt nidlk ;fb b]jsf]6fsf] d'gfdbgún] of] df}gtf eª\u u of]. o; v08sfjosf] Ps kª\lqm g]kfnl hglha f]d} 'lg8psf] 5 M dflg; 7"nf] lbnn] x'g5, hftn] x'fb}g.ú a fxd0f ep klg b]jsf]6f j0f{joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] >]0fLa4tfnfO{ / >]0fLa4 ;dfhn] :jls[lt lbpsf] cgofonfo{ 3[0ff uy{]. b]jsf]6fn] hftk yflj/f]wl y'k } sljtf n]v]. Ps ;'Gb/ RofldgLÚ sljtfdf pgn] klxnf] k6s Ps blnt dlxnfnfo{ gflosf agfp. Ps blnt dlxnfsf] ;f}gbo{nfo{ k ]dk"0f{ 9ª\un] sb/ ub{} pgn] ;f+:s[lts dfgotf etsfolbp/ Ps gjlgtfsf] ;"qkft u/] -kf08]o %^_. To;kl5 afns[i0f ;dsf] dxfsfjo lr;f] r'nxf]ú / df]bgfy k l>tsf] dxfsfjo dfgjú cfp. k ultzln ;dfnf]rs 8f= tf/fsfgt kf08]osf] bfal 5 lr;f] r'nxf]ú prr hftsf n]vssf] JolQmut cg'ejdf ;Lldt ep klg blnt gfos epsf] klxnf] dxfsfjo epsfn] of] dxœjk"0f{ 5. Tof] klg Tolt a]nf, hlt a]nf hftlo e]befjsf] lj/f]w uf}0f k j[lqsf kdf b]vf kb{}lyof] / o;n] ;flxtosf] d"nk jfxdf k j]z ul/;s]s} lypg -k"j{jt\_. /f0ffzf;gsf] ktgn] n]vsx sf nflu hftk yf / 5'jf5"tdfly n]vg goff If]q v'nf u of]. ;g\!($) sf] bzssf] cgto / ;g\!(%) sf] bzssf] z'?lt/ g]kfndf sdo'lg:6 cfgbf]ng z'? eof] / o;n] prfo lnof]. kl/0ffdtm blnt ;flxtosf] ;+;f/df ;j{xf/f ju{nfo{ ljbdfg ctofrf/af6 d'qm ug{ ju{ ;ª\3if{ cfjzos 5 egg] ljrf/ JofKt eof]. o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\!(%$ df k sflzt d'lqmgfy ltldln;gfsf] pkgof; sf] c5"t <Ú dxœjk"0f{ 5. o;n] hftlo lje]bsf] ceof;leq jul{o ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u of] / To;nfO{ ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] lx:;fsf kdf gx]/l jul{o e]befj pgd"ng x'fb}g egg] ljrf/ k :t't u of] -e /fo{ ((_. /f0ffzf;gkl5sf] 5f]6f] k hftflgqs ofqfnfo{ /fhf dx]gb sf] k~rfotl Joj:yfn] lj:yflkt u of]. pgn] ;g\!(^# df hftlo e]befj cgtosf nflu ;+zf]lwt d'n'sl P]gsf] 3f]if0ff u/]. goff P]gn] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;fdflhs kl/jt{g NofPg / lgif]wsf/l zf;gn] sdo'lg:6 / blnt cfgbf]ngdf pmhf{ ylklbof]. k~rfotl zf;gdf n]vsx n] P]g k"0f{tm pknlawljxlg epsf] egb} Joª\Uo s;]. ;'dg >flktsf] agb 9f]sf v'n]sf]ú To;}sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf]. ;g\!(() df epsf] hgcfgbf]ngn] ax'bnlo k hftgq :yfkgf u of]. /fhgllts :jtgqtfn] blnt;dagwl n]vgdf goff t/ª\usf] ;ª\s]t lbof]. o;cl3 blnt ;jfn;dagwl n]vgx clgjfo{tm blnt jf:tljstfdf s]lgb t lypgg\. logdf blntsf ;d:ofnfo{ ;fdgtl zf]if0fsf] 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] c+zsf kdf dfq} x]l/gyof] -kf08]o blntnfo{ ul/a, zlqmxlg / cfjfhxlgx sf] 7"nf] ;d'bfoleq /flvpsf] lyof]. k ultzln sf]0faf6 blntnfo{ s]jn ;j{xf/fsf] lx:;fsf] kdf x]l/gyof]. To;}n] pglx sf] ;fd'bflos hftlo klxrfgnfo{ jul{o klxrfgn] 5fofFdf kf/]sf] lyof]. o:tf vfnsf n]vgx k hftflgqs cfgbf]ngkl5 lg/gt/ cfo/x] klg ax'bnlo k hftgqsf] cjlwdf blnt ;d:ofdf s]lgb t n]vg z'? eof]. vu]gb ;+u f}nfsf] pkgof; h"gsl/lsf] ;ª\uLtÚ klzrd g]kfnsf blntx sf] jf:tljs hljgsf] lrq ptfg{ ;Ifd 5. To;f] t pkgof; ljjfbf:kb klg 5. k ultzln ;dfnf]rsåo lgg' rfkfufo{+ / /d]zk ;fb e /fo{sf ljrf/df pkgof;sf ;sf/ftdsegbf gsf/ftds kif w]/} 5g\. pglx sf] ts{ 5, gfos blnt ep klg p;nfo{ g]t[tj lbopsf] 5}g / pkgof;n] blnt cfgbf]ngsf] Pglhcf]s/0fnfO{ k f]t;fxg u/]sf] 5. ;fy}, ;+u f}nfsf klxn]sf syfegbf ljk/lt pkgof; ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] ljrf/af6 ljd'v 5 -rfkfufo{+ &_.

14 12. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq z/b\ kf}8]nsf] lnv]ú / To;kl5 l;dfgf jfl/kfl/ú klg h"gsl/lsf] ;ª\uLtÚ k sflzt eps} ;dolt/ 5flkPsf lyp. blntsf d'2fnfo{ ;fjwfglk"j{s / ;+j]bgzln 9ª\un] p7fopsfn] kf}8]nsf b'o{ pkgof;nfo{ ;dfnf]rsn] ;/fxgf u/]sf lyp -e /fo{ g}sfk] ;ls{glúh:tf] ;zqm syf n]v]sl kfl/hftsf h'7l bldglsf] clejolqmú / Pp6L :jf:gldfg5]ú sljtf ljz]if pnn]vo 5g\. pgn] blnt dlxnfnfo{ gflosf agfpsl l5g\ / hftlo zf]if0fnfo{ jul{o sf]0fn] x]/]/ l;h{gftds cgtb[{li6 k :t't u/]sl l5g\. df k sflzt >j0f d'sf?ªsf] la;] gurl{sf] aofgú g]kfnl ;dfhdf xnrn Nofpg ;Ifd sljtf xf]. la;] gurl{ P]ltxfl;s JolQm x'g\. g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fstf{ k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxsf ;'hlsf/ /x]sf gurl{ /fhfsf lgs6 ;Nnfxsf/ klg lyp -kf]v/]n df ;/sf/n] gurl{sf j+zhsf] j:tl p7fpsf] lyof]. blnt epsf sf/0f gurl{x n] a]xf]g{'k/]sf] ctofrf/sf lj/f]wdf d'sf?ªn] la;] gurl{sf] aofgú n]v]. sljtf slt nf]slk o eof] eg] dflg;x n] l6s6 sf6]/} sljtf ;'g]. xªsªdf klg o;sf] jfrg eof]. blnt ;+j]bgfsf s'/f ubf{ clxn] klg la;] gurl{nfo{ pnn]v ul/g5. & To;}n] d'sf?ªsf] sljtfdf xfdl goff k j[lq b]v5f}+, h;sf sf/0f 7"nf] ;d'bfo blntx n] ztfablof}+;dd ef]u]sf ctofrf/;fu cfkm"nfo{ hf]8]/ x]g{ ;Ifd epsf] 5. blnt ;flxtodf clwsf+z k f/ldes n]vg u}/blnt ;d'bfosf n]vsn] u/]sfn] ltgn] k :t't u/]sf b[li6sf]0fdf kf7s ;hu x'g'k5{. cfkm}+ u}/blnt n]vs vu]gb ;+u f}nf blntsf ljifodf u}/blntn] n]vg] k j[lqk lt Tolt ;sf/ftds 5}gg\. Ps cgtjf{tf{df pgnfo{ g]kfnl ;flxtodf blnt hljg s;/l lrq0f ul/psf] 5 egl ;f]lwpsf] lyof]. pgn] eg]sf lyp M blnt hljgnfo{ g]kfnl ;flxtodf d'vo b'o{ sf]0faf6 lrq0f ul/psf 5g\. klxnf] sf]0faf6 blntx nfo{ g]kfnl ;dfhsf boglo kfqsf kdf k :t't ul/psf 5g\. ;flxtosf] of] zfvfdf blntx sf] a/flar/fú 5lj 5 M blntx ul/a 5g\, boglo 5g\, sdhf]/ 5g\, cfjfhljxlg 5g\, pglx df cftd;ddfgsf] cefj 5, To;}n] pglx bofsf of]uo 5g\, cflb. bf]; f] sf]0faf6 lrlqt blntx sf] v/fa lgolt klg klxnf] sf]0faf6 lrlqt pglx sf] 5ljeGbf legg 5}g. oblk, o; sf]0faf6 lrlqt blntx nfo{ cfkm"nfo{ jt{dfg gf/slo hljgdf k' ofpg] kl8s / zf]ifs ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;+/rgfx lj?4 d' L p7fpg cfu x ul/psf] x'g5. of] sf]0fn] blntsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] leql tx;dd k'ug] of ;fdflhs / P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df blnt hljgsf y'k } cfofd b]vfpg] of aofg ug{] si6 p7fpfb}g. o;n] s]jn ;fdfgols/0fsf] ;xf/f lng5 / ;a} ;fdflhs tyf /fhgllts zlqmnfo{ ttsfn cfqmd0f ug{ ;'emfpf5 -;+u f}nf ;+u f}nf blnt hljgk lt u}/blnt b[li6sf]0fsf] ;ª\If]kLs/0f u5{g\ / k f/ldes blnt ;flxtosf ;Ldfaf/] xfdlnfo{ ;r]t u/fpf5g\. To;sf] ;Ldf xf], blnt ljifonfo{ Gofo ug{ g;sg'. kbd ;'Gbf;sf] ljrf/ klg o:t} 5 -as;! x]g{'xf]nf_. ;flxton] ;d'bfodf cfkm"ú / c Úsf] ;fd"lxs b[li6sf]0f agfpg dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n5 / kl/0ffdtm ltg} klxrfgsf cfwf/df zlqm ;DaGw ag5g\. To;}n] blnt ljdz{df klg kll8t blntk lt u}/blntsf] b[li6sf]0f g} xfal epsf] 5. lziff / k sfzgdf blntx sf] gugo kx'frsf] cy{ lyof], blntsf cfjfh ;'Gg g;lsg]u/l dw'/f x'g'. ;+u f}nfsf cg';f/ lziff kfpsf yf]/} blntn] hljgnfo{ ulx/f], lj:t[t / ;"Id 9ª\un] k/lif0f ug{ú ;dfhzf:qlo k f/ldes 1fgsf] cj;/ kfpgg\ / cgttm pglx u}/blnts} b[li6sf]0faf6} n]vg yfn] blnt n]vssf] gfd lnfbf hjfx/ /f]sfsf] ;a}egbf klxn] cfpf5. blnt afa' / a fxd0f cfdfsf ;Gtfg /f]sfn] cfdf;fu n]vk9 l;s]sf lyp. pgl ;g\!(^# df g]kfnl ;flxtosf] kl/b[zodf k j]z u/]. ;g\!(^# b]lv!(*) sf alrdf pgn] tlg sljtf;ª\u x k sfzg u/],!@ j6f syf n]v]. tldwo]!! j6f jf/]g6ú syf;ª\u xdf k sflzt 5g\. To;kl5 pgn] b'o{ pkgof; km];'jfú / g]luof/ú -ck sflzt_ n]v] ;g\!(*! b]lv!((# ;Ddsf] cfˆgf] n]vg j[lqsf] bf]; f] r/0fdf pgn] lgagw / syfsf ;fy} n3'pkgof; ;'efifsf] l;gb'/ú / bfz{lgs lstfa cda]8s/ e;{]; lxgb"jfbú n]v] -ljzjsdf{ #)_. pgsf] n]vg JolQmut hljgaf6 k ]l/t lyof]. pgn] ;fdflhs cy{zf:q / /fhgllts tyf n}lª\us c;dfgtfsf ljifodf klg snd rnfp -ljzjsdf{ /f]sf k~rfotl Joj:yfk lt akmfbf/ ep klg pgn] hftk yf / o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf c;dfgtf / cgofosf] lj/f]w ug{ Joª\Uosf] cf}hf/ k of]u u/]. pgn] & kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgl

15 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 13 blnt ;flxtodf dfq} xf]og, blnt ;flxto k lti7fg :yfkgf ug{ klg of]ubfg u/]. /f]sf hd/fú -;g\!(&!_, d'lqmú -;g\!(&!_, d'lqmrqmú -;g\!((!_ sf ;Dkfbs klg lyp * blnt ;flxtosf/ hjfx/ /f]sfú gfds lstfadf pld{nf ljzjsdf{n] /f]sfsf] JolQmTj / s[lttjnfo{ k sfz kf/]sl l5g\. k~rfotl Joj:yfdf n]vg z'? u/]sf cgo n]vsdf 6Lcf/ ljzjsdf{ / kbd ;'Gbf; lyp. pglx n] ;flxto / blnt cleofgdf sljtfdfkm{t sl/c/ z'? u/]sf lyp. 6Lcf/ ljzjsdf{sf ess'nfo{ /ffuf]ú sljtfdf ul/a / lk5l8psf dflg;nfo{ ul/g] cdfgjlo Jojxf/ lrlqt ul/psf] 5. oblk, pgl ;f]em} blntsf ;jfndf n]vb}gg\. hftlo e]befjlj/f]wl kbd ;'Gbf;sf] sljtf Tof] o'jsú ;g\!(^$ df g]kfn /fhslo k 1f k lti7fgaf6 k sflzt lxdfglú gfds klqsfdf 5flkPsf] lyof]. o;/l k ltufdl k~rfotl Joj:yfdf tlg blnt sljn] blnt r]tgf clejolqmdf cu'jfo u/]. ax'bnlo k hftgqsf] :yfkgfkl5 klg /f]sf / ;'Gbf;n] hftk yflj?4 lg/gt/ n]lv/x]. lsgeg], blntsf ;d:of ;dfkt epsf lypgg\. blntsf ;d:ofn] udel/ Wofgfsif{0f ug{ dfq} yfn]sf lyp. ;'Gbf;n] bzsf}+sf] k lta4tfn] klg k efjsf/l blnt cfgbf]ng ug{ g;lspsf]df b'mvdgfp ub{} n]v]sf] d]/f] sljtfú pnn]vo 5 -kf08]o ^(_. lsgeg], o; sljtfn] blnt cfgbf]ngdf z'?b]lv nflu/x]sf cflwsf/sdl{x sf] dgml:yltnfo{ emnsfpf5. hjfx/ /f]sfkl5 blnt ;d'bfosf] Oltxf; n]vg k sfzgaf6 cfkm\gf] ;flxltos ofqf yfn]sf /0f]Gb a/fnl syf, sljtf, pkgof;, gf6sh:tf ;a} ljwfdf n]vg] / ;a} ljwfdf blnt ;d:ofnfo{ phfu/ ug{] ;flxtosf/df kb5{g\. blnt hftlo ;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf;Ú -Oltxf;_, eut ;j{lht ljzjsdf{ú -hljgl_ Oltxf;sf] Ps k}sfú -pkgof;_, cfkm\g} JoyfÚ -gf6s_, blntsf] b}nf]ú -syf;ª\u x_ sf ;fy} ;d'b kfl/sf] pkxf/ú -;+:d/0f_ h:tf pgsf lstfa k sflzt 5g\. ;g\!(() sf] hgcfgbf]ngkl5 b]lvog yfn]sf slj cfx'ltsf dfs;{jfbdf cfwfl/t bfz{lgs c8fg;lxtsf /rgfn] blnt ;d:of / ;ª\3if{df dxœjk"0f{ ;flxltos of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\. t/, kf08]osf cg';f/ pgsf] pkgof; goff 3/Ún] k"j{k j[lq g} ;dft]sf] 5 / a fxd0fjfbl b[li6sf]0faf6 n]lvpsf] pkgof;n] blntnfo{ s]gb df /fv]sf] 5}g. csf{]tkm{, ;g\!((# df k sflzt pgsf] sljtf ux'fuf]/f] clk msfú eg] blnt ;flxtosf] cu 0fL l;h{gf xf]. sljtfdf pgn] c5"tx nfo{ cd]l/sfsf sfnf hflt;fu t'ngf u/] / blnt cfgbf]ngdf blif0f Pl;ofeGbf k/af6 k ]/0ff vf]hg / blnt ;d:ofnfo{ kfy{sotfsf] n]g;af6 x]g{ cfu x u/]. df cfx'ltn] :vngú pkgof; n]v]. o;n] blntsf /fhgllts / cfly{s ;ª\3if{nfO{ k'ghllj{t ul/lbpsf] 5 -e yf]/} k sfzg u/]/ klg w]/} Voflt sdfpsf cfx'lt blnt ;flxtosf/df t cu 0fL 5Fb}5g\, u}/blnt ;flxtosf/df klg pgl caan 5g\. To;/L g} cgo pbodfg ;flxtosf/x df ;/f]h lbn' / 8Da/ kxf8l klg pkgof;, gf6s / sljtf ljwfsf ;dlk{t blnt ;flxtosf/ x'g\. ( x'g t blnt;dagwl clwsf+z ;flxto kxf8l blntdf s]lgb t 5. e /fo{sf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ / dw]zsf blntaf/] ;fx } sd n]lvpsf 5g\ -e /fo{ ;dsfnlg n]vs gf/fo0f 9sfnsf] syf;ª\u x zx/ogqúleqsf] cy{tgqú syfnfo{ sf7df8f}+sf blntdfly n]lvpsf] pts[i6 l;h{gf dfgg ;lsg5. t/, blnt -Rofd]_ gfos epsfn] cy{tgqú syf blntaf/] 5 egg] k efj dfq} lbg5. o;n] blntsf ;d:ofdfly ljrf/ u/]sf] 5}g. s]xl jif{otf sf] l;gf] cfgbf]ng jf rdf/ cfgbf]ng, dfcf]jfbl hgo'4 / dw]z cfgbf]ng n] /fhoaf6 pk]lift ;d"xsf kl8fsf] ptvgg u/] / pglx sf cfjfhnfo{ cu :yfgdf NofP. Clif/fh a/fn, O:dfnL, 3gZofd 9sfn / ;gt /]UdLcflb s]xl n]vsn] dfq} dw]zl blntsf b"/j:yfnfo{ ljifo agfp. blnt cfvofg;fu} blnt ;flxto s] xf] t egg] ax; klg z'? epsf] 5.!) o; ax;sf] d"ndf b'o6f k Zg lglxt 5g\ s;n] n]vof] / s] ;Gb]z lyof] < Psflt/, s]xl JolQmsf dtdf blntåf/f n]lvpsf], blntsf ;d:of / r'gf}tl k ltljldat epsf, blnt d'lqmpgd'v blnt cfgbf]ngnfo{ Pstfa4 / ;ª\ul7t ug{ blntx nfo{ k ]l/t ug{] ;flxto g} blnt ;flxto xf]. pglx sf] egfo 5, blnt d'lqmsf] ;Gb]z gepsf] ;flxtonfo{ blnt ;flxto dfgg ;lsgg. csf{]lt/, blnt, u}/blnt * hd/fú /fgl ldn; dfwolds ljbfnoåf/f k sflzt epsf] lyof]. d'lqmú / d'lqmrqmú g]kfn /fli6«o blnt tyf hgljsf; kl/ifb\n] k sflzt u/]sf] lyof]. ( blnt ;flxtosf/x sf] gfdfjnl cg';"rl! df lbopsf] 5.!) of] k Zg blnt ;f}gbo{zf:q;fu ;DalGwt 5, h'g cd]l/sfdf ANofs cf6{ d'ed]g6n] ;'? u/]sf] sfnf hfltsf] ;f}gbo{zf:q;fu ;dfg 5. o;;dagwl yk cwoogsf nflu lgg' rfkfufo{+sf] g]kfnl ;flxtodf blntú -?kfgt/0fm ;dfh cwoogm $, n]v / pgs} kl5nnf] k':ts blnt ;f}gbo{zf:q / ;flxtoú -@)^*_ pkof]ul 5g\.

16 14. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq h;n] n]v]sf] ep klg blntx sf] hljg lrq0f ug{] ;flxtonfo{ blnt ;flxto egg ;lsg] ts{ ug{]x klg 5g\. o;/l ax; z'? x'g' klg blnt cfvofgnfo{ uxg / Jofks kfg{] k lqmofsf nflu ;xof]ul g} x'g5. g]kfnsf blntdfly n]lvpsf] ;flxton] ca blnt cfvofg ;xfg'e"lt vf]hg]af6 clwsf/ / zlqm bfal ug{] :t/df :yfgfgt/ epsf] b]vfpf5. sdo'lg:6 ljrf/n] blnt cfvofgnfo{ ;zqm k efj kf/]sf] 5. lsgeg], o;n] blnt lrgtsx nfo{ ljzj:t kf/]sf] lyof], blnt d'lqmsf] Ps dfq dfwod ju{ ;ª\3if{ xf] egb}. sdo'lg:6 k efjn] blnt /fhgllts ;r]ttf a9fof]. ;fy}, o;n] blnt klxrfgsf] Pp6f dfq kif jul{o / hftlo k e'tjdf s]lgb t ep/ blnt cfvofgnfo{ lbue ldt klg kf of]. jt{dfgdf blnt d'lqm k fkt ug{] ljrf/ sdo'lg:6 k j[lqx af6 b"/ eo/x]sf] 5. blntnfo{ ;j{xf/f dfgg] ls gdfgg] egg] ljifodf ljjfb rln/x]sf] 5. sdo'lg:6 cfgbf]ngaf6 c;d~h;sf] l:yltdf k/]sf s]xl blnt lrgtsdfem JofKt ljzjf; 5 M ;dfhdf blntx ;j{xf/fegbf klg tnnf] cj:yfdf 5g\.!! cu 0fL blnt ;flxtosf/ cfx'ltsf] bfal 5 hftlo >]0fLaf6 ptkgg cfwf/e"t ;d:ofnfo{ ju{ ;ª\3if{n] ;dfwfg u5{ ls ub{}g, blntx n] k'glj{rf/ ug{ 'kg{] a]nf eo;s]sf] 5.!@ ljjfbx hf/l /xfbf ;flxto n]vgsf] qmdljsf;n] :ki6 k j[lqsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ blnt cfjfh ;zqm eo/x]sf] 5 / blnt kfqx n] cftd;ddfg kfo/x]sf 5g\. o;f] eo/xfbf klg dw]zl blntx eg] Jofks kdf cfjfhljxlg} 5g\. as;! M blnt ;flxto tyf ;+:s[lt k lti7fgsf] ofqf kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgl ;dfhdf s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] :yfg /]vfª\sg ug{ k ydtm p;sf] Oltxf;sf] /]vfª\sg ug{'k5{. g]kfndf /fhf dxf/fhf / zlqmzfnl JolQmsf Oltxf; dfq} n]lvpsf] 5, k7gkf7g u/fopsf] 5. cfh xfdln] egg] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf blntx n] dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyp. tyflk, Oltxf;sf clen]vdf pglx af/] s]xl klg pnn]v epsf] 5}g. /fi6«lgdf{0fdf blntx sf] of]ubfg vf]hb} hfg] xf] eg] la;] gurl{nfo{ kfog5. pgn] k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf cy{ ;ª\sng ug{ dxœjk"0f{ ;Nnfx lbpsf lyp. eldlglw ltjf/ln] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgnfo{ clen]vls/0f ug{ kffr efusf] lstfa n]v]sf 5g\. To;df la;] gurl{af/] Pp6f cwofo 5. of] cwofonfo{ ;g\!(** df d}n] cnuu} k sflzt u/]+. u}/blntn] blntaf/] h]hlt n]v]sf 5g\, s'g} l;h{gfn] klg blntsf d'6' / cftdfnfo{ 5'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. u}/blntx blntsf b'mv / ;d:ofaf/] a]va/ epsfn] pglx n] blntsf] jf:tljstf emlnsg] n]vg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\. o;y{ u}/blntsf] n]vgn] slxno} blnt d'lqmsf] dfu{ agfpg of o;nfo{ lgb{]z ug{ ;Sb}g. blnt cfkm}+ cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]hg / n]vg cufl8 a9\g'k5{. blnt ;flxton] kl8f a]xf]/]sf] lyof], lsgeg] n]vs w]/} lypgg\ / h;n] n]v], pglx ;Fu k sfzgsf nflu cfly{s ; f]t lypg. cf;nfubf blnt n]vsnfo{ ;xof]u ug{] / blnt ;flxltos ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{] cfjzostf b]v]/ ;g\!((@ df cfx'lt, hjfx/ /f]sf, /fdz/0f bgf{n / d}n] blnt ;flxto k lti7fg :yfkgf u/]sf xf}+. /f]sf cwoif / d pkfwoif lyof}+. k lti7fg ;+:yfksx sf] k"0f{tm JolQmut nufgldf rn]sf] lyof]. k lti7fgn] blnt ;flxtosf k ult / ultljlwsf vf]hl ug{ yfnof]. o;n] ax; / 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ yfnof]. y'k } blnt n]vsn] udel/ cfly{s cj/f]w ;fdgf ug{ k/]kl5 d}n] d]/l cfdfsf] ;Demgfdf /Tgdfof blnt ;flxto ;+/If0f ;ldltú :yfkgf u/]+. cfdfsf] jflif{s >f4df vr{ ug{] /sd blnt ;flxtodf of]ubfg ug{ rfxgy]+. ;ldlt blnt ;flxto k lti7fgsf] elugl ;+:yf agof] / blntdflysf cfvofg / u}/cfvofg k sflzt ug{ yfnof]. k f/dedf blnt ;flxto k lti7fg ;flxtodf s]lgb t lyof]. t/, Oltxf;sf] vf]hl ug{] qmddf nf]s;+:s[lt / cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df o;sf] k lti7fk"0f{ k :t'ltsf] cfjzostf dx;'; ul/of]. Oltxf;;Fu} blnt ;+:s[ltsf] klg cg';gwfg ug{' h?/l lyof]. oxl b[li6sf]0fn] blnt ;flxto k lti7fgnfo{ blnt ;flxto tyf ;+:s[lt k lti7fgdf kfgt/0f ul/of]. of] /fi6«jofkl k lti7fgdf cfx'lt;lxt ( hgf k ltli7t ;flxtosf/ 5g\. o;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf #$ hgf ;flxtosf/ 5g\. cfly{s ;ª\s6 em]ng' k/] klg of] k lti7fgsf kdf lg/gt/ rln/x]sf] 5. k lti7fgsf] :yfkgfkl5 w]/} n]vs cfpsf 5g\ / blnt n]vsx dfem cem w]/} n]vg'k5{ egg] efjgf ljsl;t epsf] 5.!! ch{'g ljzjsdf{;fu s'/fsfgl!@ k"j{jt\

17 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 15!=# ;fdflhs /fhgllts n]vg / blnt clwsf/sdl{ blntx cfˆgf] cfgbf]ngnfo{ ;uj{ g]kfnsf] ;a}egbf k'/fgf] /fhgllts cfgbf]ng 7fG5g\. lsgeg], of] g]kfnl sfª\u ];sf] :yfkgfegbf klg cl3 z'? epsf] xf]. ;fdflhs cj:yf / cgofosf ;flxltos clejolqmx /fhgllts cfgbf]ng;fu ldl;g5g\ / ;xcl:ttjk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod u5{g\. ;flxto / /fhgllts cfgbf]ngn] Ps csf{nfo{ pmhf{ lbg5g\ / To;afkt b'j} x'ls{g5g\. w]/} blnt /fhgllts kdf ;lqmo epkl5 pglx n] hftlo e]befjlj?4 n]vg yfn]. blntdfly pknaw n]vgsf] j[l4n] blnt / u}/blntdfem ;r]tgf a9fpg tyf blnt cfgbf]ngsf] prfo a9fpg ;xof]u u of]. o; cwofodf /fhgllts ;ª\u7gsf ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs cfgbf]ngsf] ;ª\lIfKt k/]vf sf]g{ vf]lhpsf] 5. lsgeg], /fhgllts ;ª\u7gx 1fg ptkfbg / ljrf/ lgdf{0fsf s]gb Lo ynf] lyp. ltgn] k sfzg u/]sf krf{, k'l:tsf, a'n]l6g, kqklqsf cflbn] blnt /fhglltsdl{nfo{ k hftlgqs ;ª\3if{sf] cjlw / To;kl5 klg blnt Ph]G8f 3';fpg] tyf zlqmdfly ;d'bfosf] kx'fr ls6fg ug{] :yfg lbp. /f0ffzf;glj/f]wl /fhgllts cfgbf]ngsf a]nf blntx n] cfkm"nfo{ ;ª\ul7t u/]/ cfˆg} cfgbf]ng z'? u/]. ;j{hlt ljzjsdf{n] ;g\!($& df ljzj ;j{hg ;ª\3 gfds klxnf] blnt ;ª\u7g :yfkgf u/]. ;ª\u7g / hftlo e]befjaf/] k sfzg u/]/ ;j{hlt hftk yfnfo{ n]vgdf /fhgllts kn] lj/f]w ug{] klxnf] JolQm lyp -ls;fg ()_. ;j{hltn] ef/tdf lxgb" u Gy k9]sf lyp. To;}n] 5'jf5"tsf] lxgb" ceof;sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ pgl;fu alnof] cfwf/ lyof]. cfˆgf k sfzgsf sf/0f pgl kqmfp k/]. ToxL a]nf sf7df8f}+df ;xif{gfy skfnln] ;'hlsf/ o'lgog vf]n] -ls;fg (!_. Jofj;flos PstfnfO{ k jw{g ug{' / hftlo e]befjaf/] ;'hlsf/x nfo{ ;r]t ug'{ o'lgogsf] nio lyof]. ;g\!($& b]lv!(%& ;Dd yk ^ j6f blnt ;ª\u7gsf :yfkgf ep -ls;fg (!_. g]kfn /fli6«o kl/ul0ft kl/ifb\ u7g epkl5 dfq} blnt ;d'bfosf] klxnf] a'n]l6g ;dfh ;]jfú k sflzt eof] -ls;fg ($_. o; a'n]l6gsf ;Dkfbs 6Lcf/ ljzjsdf{ lyp. ;g\!(%) sf] cgtolt/, blnt cfgbf]ngdf /fhgllts u'6, g]t[tj ljjfb / ;fª\u7lgs k'gm;+/rgf b]lvog yfn]. lsgeg], g]kfn sdo'lg:6 kf6l{n] g]kfnl sfª\u ];nfo{ /fhgllts?kdf r'gf}tl lbg yfn]sf] lyof] -ls;fg (%_. kl/0ffdtm g]kfn /fli6«o kl/ul0ft kl/ifb\ /fli6«o c5"t d'lqm kl/ifb\df kfgtl/t eof]. 6Lcf/ ljzjsdf{sf] ;DkfbsTjdf d'lqm kl/ifb\n] klxnf] blnt klqsf d'lqmú k sfzg u of] -k"j{jt\_. of] d'lqm kl/ifb\sf] k rf/ftds klqsf lyof]. o;sf n]vx n] ;"Id kdf k~rfotl Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w uy{]. o;}alr blnt ;ª\u7gx h'6\g] / km'6\g] ub{} ljsl;t eo/x]sf lyp. o;} qmddf g]kfn /fli6«o blnt hgljsf; kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf eof]. 6Lcf/ ljzjsdf{ klg o; ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 lyp / ;g\!(&) df pgn] bf]; f] blnt klqsf blnt cfjfhú ;Dkfbg u/]. ;~hljglú k~rfotsfndf k sflzt t]; f] blnts]lgb t klqsf lyof]. o;n] ;flxltos /rgf 5fKg] uyof{] eg] d'lqmú / blnt cfjfhú ;fª\u7lgs ultljlw / blnt r]tgf clej[l4df s]lgb t lyp.!# k~rfotsfndf k sflzt a'n]l6g / klqsfn] ;d;fdlos ljifodfly n]vy] / a]nfavt ;flxto klg k sfzg uy{]. /fho ;+/rgfsf ;Ldfleq /x]/ k sfzgx n] /fhgllts ;ª\u7gx nfo{ d~r k bfg u/]. of] d~rnfo{ clwsf/ dfu ug{ xf]og, hftlo e]befjlj?4 sf/afxlsf nflu /fhfsf] cg'u x vf]hg k of]u ul/of].!$ tl a'n]l6g / klqsfsf n]vafx]s /fhf;dif k :t't ul/psf 1fkgkq / ljlgtkqh:tf cgo k sf/sf /fhgllts n]vgsf] klg cfkm\g} dxœj 5. tl ;fdu Ln] blntsf] cj:yf, pglx sf] /fhgllts r]tgfsf] :t/ tyf ljrf/ / blnt d'lqmdf pglx sf] kx'fr a' g d2t u5{g\. 1fkgkq / ljlgtkqx cwoog ug{ kfopsf] ep blnt cfgbf]ng sxff plepsf] lyof], k :6 yfxf kfpg ;lsg5. o;} qmddf ;g\!(&) sf] cgtolt/ k~rfotlj/f]wl cfgbf]ngn] ult lng yfnof]. oxl cfgbf]ngalr blnt cfgbf]ng klg s] lgisif{df k'uof] eg] hftlo e]befjsf] cgtosf nflu g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ ;a}egbf klxn] k hftgq rflxpsf] 5. oxl efjgfcg' k ;dfh ;'wf/ d~rn] k ltlglwú gfds ;"rgfkq -Go'hn]6/_ sf] k sfzg cf/de u of] -ls;fg ;g\!# kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgl!$ k"j{jt\

18 16. blnt n]vgsf] k ((_. t/, of] ;"rgfkq b'o{ cª\s dfq lglsng ;Sof] / ;g\!(*) sf] hgdt;ª\u xkl5 of] agb eof]. k~rfotsf] cgtokl5sf] o'udf goff blnt ;ª\u7gx :yfkgf ep / goff klqsfx k sflzt ep. ol goff 3fgsf ;ª\u7gx n] blnt clwsf/ / k ltlglwtjsf] v'ndv'nf dfu u/]. d"nk jfxdf af}l4s ;ª\u7gx sf] k fb'ef{j;fu} blnt ;d'bfon] klg ;g\!((# df g]kfn ptkll8t blnt hftlo d'lqm ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u of] -ljzjsdf{ ##_. ltns kl/of/, kb\dnfn ljzjsdf{, 5ljnfn ljzjsdf{, cfx'lt, kbd ;'Gbf;h:tf clwsf/sdl{ / g]tfx cfa4 /x]sf] of] k f/ldes af}l4s ;ª\u7g lyof]. ;dfhn] ;dfgtfú k sfzg uyof{]. ax'bnlo k hftgqsf cf/ldes jif{x df of] k d'v klqsf lyof]. kbd ;'Gbf;sf cg';f/ ;dfgtfún] k hftflgqs kl/k ]Iodf blnt cfgbf]ngsf nflu lgb{]zs l;4fgt k :t't u/]/ cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof]. of] ljrf/sf lx;fan] k ultzln klqsf lyof]. o;n] blntsf] cfˆgf] /fhgllts ljrf/, /fhgllts ;dfwfg, ;dfj]zls/0f / sf]6fsf] cfjzostfdfly /rgfx k sflzt uyof{].!% o;n] blntsf ;d:ofsf ; f]t lxgb" wd{ / ;fdgtl Joj:yf epsf] :ki6 pnn]v u of]. /, blntsf k fylds Ph]G8f s] x'g'k5{, ax; u of]. o;n] ldq / lj/f]wlx sf] klxrfg ub{} /0fgLlts df]rf{agbl u of] / efjl lbzfaf/] ljdz{ u of]. /, o;n] ;dy{g u/]sf] lbzf k ultzln lyof]. kbd ;'Gbf; eg5g\, blntn] hlxn] klg k ultzln zlqm;fu ;xsfo{ ug{]5. lsgeg], xfd f ;d:ofnfo{ c pkfoaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsfb}g. xfd f] cfgbf]ng ;a}egbf k'/fgf] / cu ufdl xf]. xfd f dfu slxn]sfxlf k ultzln /fhglltsdl{sf nflu klg xb};ddsf] k ultzln x'g5. h:tf], wd{lg/k]if /fhosf] dfu.ú!^ xfn blnt ;Gb]zÚ, hgptyfgú, g]kfnl d~rú / ;dfgtf ;Gb]zÚ blnt ;jfndf s]lgb t k ltli7t klqsf x'g\.!& g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ ;Da4 blnt ;Gb]zÚn] s /kgyl b[li6sf]0faf6 af}l4s ax; rnfpf5.!* blnt klqsfx df /fhgllts kf6l{sf k efj 3';]sfn] pglx kf6l{sf g]tfnfo{ k Zg ug{ ;Sg] x}l;otdf k'u]sf 5g\. x'g t blnt ;jfndf s]lgb t klqsf c klg 5g\. t/, tl Pglhcf] / u}//fhgllts ;+:yfx af6 k sflzt x'g5g\. ol klqsfaf/] k ]; / blnt la6údf tn rrf{ ul/g]5. kqklqsfdf k sflzt /fhgllts n]vgafx]s k"0f{ a:g]t / ;'efif bgf{nsf] ;Dkfbgdf hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/n] lgsfn]sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ / cf/if0fsf] /fhglltú ;fdflhs /fhgllts n]vgsf] pnn]vglo k':ts xf]. o; k':tsn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] d'v}df blntsf nflu ljz]ifflwsf/, cf/if0f / ;dfg'kflts k ltlglwtj;dagwl n]vdfkm{t /fho k'g;{+{/rgfsf] ax;nfo{ k5\ofpsf] 5. To:t}, ;'efif bgf{ns} csf]{ lstfa ;+ljwfgdf blnt M ;ef;b\ ;+jfbú csf{] ;fdflhs /fhgllts n]vg v08df dxœjk"0f{ lstfadf k5{. lsgeg], o; lstfan] blnt ;ef;b\x n] blnt cfgbf]ngsf] ljut / eljionfo{ s;/l x]/]sf 5g\ egg]af/] cgtb{[li6 k bfg u5{. blnt clwsf/sdl{, g]tf tyf kqsf/ bgf{nn]!* hgf blnt ;ef;b\;fu cgtjf{tf{ lnpsf 5g\. lstfan] goff ;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 x'g nfu]sf blnt clwsf/;dagwl ;jfnsf ljj/0f / cfkm"n] p7fpsf ;jfnnfo{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;ef;b\x n] u/]sf tof/l / lnpsf /0fgLltaf/] zf]wvf]hú u/]sf] 5 -bgf{n ;+ljwfg;efdf %) hgf blnt ;ef;b\sf] pkl:ylt l;ª\uf] blnt cfgbf]ngsf] dxœjk"0f{ pknlaw xf]. t;y{, cfgbf]ngsf ;fgble{s k Zgx df blnt g]tfsf b[li6sf]0f k :t't ug{] of] lstfa pnn]vo 5. /f0ffzf;gsf] cgtob]lv, k~rfotsfnel/, ax'bnlo k hftgqsf] z'?cftdf / dfcf]jfbl hgo'4sf a]nf blnt ;fdflhs / /fhgllts clwsf/dl{x sf] n]vgn] blnt cfjfhdf ljzfn dfqfdf j[l4 u of]. k~rfotsfndf s[kfb[li6sf nflu cg'/f]w ug{] n]vgn] clwsf/ dfu ug{ yfnof]. /, cfh blnt n]vgn] ;Qfdfly bfal ul//x]sf] 5, /fhodf blntsf] lx:;f dflu/x]sf] 5. t/, clwsf/ / zlqmsf] bfaldf sdhf]/l klg ljbdfg /x]sf] 5. blnt ultljlw / ;ª\u7gx a9] klg!% k"j{jt\!^ k"j{jt\!& /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n;Fu s'/fsfgl. ljzjsdf{sf] k sfzf]gd'v lstfadf klg pknaw.!* /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n;Fu s'/fsfgl.

19 g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 17 /fhgllts dfu k~rfotsfnsf cg'u xsf nlfu cg'/f]wegbf w]/} legg 5}gg\. lsgeg], blnt ;d'bfo cem} klg ;a}yf]s /fhon] g} lbg] ck]iff u5{, s]jn efiff km/s epsf] 5.!( ;ª\u7g / clwsf/sdl{x sf] /fhgllts ljv08g csf{] k j[lq xf]. of] k j[lq pglx sf n]vgdf bfz{lgs / /fhgllts em'sfjsf kdf emlnsg5. k f/ldes /fhgllts n]vgsf ljifo hftlo e]befjnfo{ v's'nf] agfpg' lyof]. kl5, /fhgllts k 0ffnLdf sf]6f, cf/if0f / k ltlglwtjsf] dfu x'g yfnof]. k f/ldes /fhgllts n]vgsf ; f]t ljlegg /fhgllts ljrf/n] k efljt /fhgllts ;ª\u7g lyp. t/, tl ;ª\u7g k ToIftM kf6l{df cfa4 lypgg\. kl5 ljlegg kf6l{ of ltgsf elugl ;ª\u7gaf6 cfpsf /fhgllts n]vg d'vkqsf kdf cfp.!=$ k fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo blntdfly k fl1s n]vg sdhf]/ /xfb} cfpsf] 5. of] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{] ljlegg sf/stœj 5g\. klxnf] xf], ;fdflhs lj1fgdf k"0f{ k]0f k fl1s cg';gwfg z'? epsf] w]/} epsf] 5}g. bf]; f], blntsf] ;jfnnfo{ /fli6«o /fhglltsf d'2f of ljlegg sf/0fn] Wofg kfo/x]sf ;d'bfosf d'2fsf t'ngfdf uf}0f dflgg5. t]; f], blnt ;d'bfosf] z}lifs :t/ Go"g 5. :gfts tx jf To;eGbf dflysf] lziff k fkt ug{] blnt Ps k ltztegbf sd 5g\ -a]g]6 k fl1s ;d'bfon] l/qm 5f]8]sf] :yfg s]xl xb;dd Pglhcf], cfopglhcf], /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o cg';gwfg s]gb / ljifolj1 ;d"x -ly+s 6\ofª\s_h:tf ljsf;] ;+;f/n] el//x]sf] 5. o; If]qsf n]vgaf/] csf{] v08df 5nkmn ul/g]5. :6]eg kmf]ndf/sf cg';f/ k f/ldes k fl1s blnt n]vg hftlo cwoogsf] Ps k lyof], hf] ;g\!(&) lt/ k fb'ef{j epsf] lyof] &%_. ;g\!(&@ df k sflzt Kofl6«l;of sfkngsf] lk :6 PG8 san;{m c :68L ckm ;f]l;on r]gh Og P lxgb" len]hú -k'/f]lxt / ;fsl{x M Pp6f lxgb" ufpfsf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;dagwl cwoog_ d"n?kdf cwoog e d0fdf cfwfl/t blntdflysf] k f/ldes hftlo ljj/0f -PYgf]u fkml_ xf]. sfkngn] blnt / u}/blntalrsf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgllts cgtlq{mof k :t't u/]sl l5g\. pgsf] ljj/0fftds ljzn]if0fn] prr hftúsf a fxd0fn] tnnf hftúsf ;fsl{x nfo{ u/]sf k ToIf / ck ToIf zf]if0f / e]befjnfo{ pbfª\uf] kfl/lbpsf] lyof]. To;}u/L, a]g6 Pl/s af]u{:6«f]dsf] ;g\!(*) df k sflzt b Kof6«g PG8 b k~r M len]h EofNo'h PG8 k~rfot 8]df]qm];L Og g]kfnú -;+/Ifs / k~r M k~rfotl k hftgqsfnlg g]kfndf u fdl0f d"no_ prr hflt;fu cgthf{tlo ;DaGwdf :yfglo /fhglltsf] k efjú cwoog ul/psf] 5 -kmf]ndf/ &%_. ol b'j} PYgf]u fkmln] ;d'bfodf blntsf] c ;Fusf] ;DaGwaf/] cwoog u/]sf lyp. x'g t PYgf]u fkmln] ;g\!(() df dfq} blntdfly k"0f{tm Wofg s]lgb t u/]sf] xf] -kmf]ndf/ &%_. df:s]l/g]s -;g\!((%_ n] wfdlemffqmlaf/], Sof/f]n ltª\u]n] bdfo{ hfltn] ahfpg] k~r}afhfaf/] / j];]yfpg]t -;g\!((*_ n] ufog] hfltsf ufosdfly cwoog u/]sf lyp -kmf]ndf/ &%_. cg6r]an lxlnª M c blnt cfo'j{]lbs 8fS6/ k md g]kfn ;km;{ lxh sg6«lh OnÚ -c:k[zo pkrf/ M cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf /f]uaf6 kll8t Ps g]kfnl blnt cfo'j{]lbs 8fS6/_ df k/dk/fut cf}iflwaf/] Dof/L Sofd/g sf] dfgjzf:qlo cwoogn] klg g]kfndf blntx?sf] cfo'j{]lbs 1fg / ceof;;fu} pglx sf] ;ª\3if{nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5. Sof/f]n ltª\u]sf] cl:kl;o; Do'lhs Og P r]lghª ;f];fo6lm b bdfo{ Do'lhl;oG; ckm g]kfnú -ablnfbf] ;dfhdf dª\unsf/l ;ª\uLt M g]kfnsf bdfo{ ;ª\uLtsf/x _ gfds k':ts k"0f{ / lj:t[t ;fª\ullts PYgf]u fkml xf], h;n] bdfo{ / pglx sf] ;ª\uLtsf] ;Dk"0f{ tl:a/ lvrg oyf;dej sf]0fnfo{ ;d]l6psf] 5 -Sn]6g ;g\!(($m #(%_.Ú bdfo{ hftsf cwo]tf /fdz/0f bgf{nn] g]kfnsf] ;ª\uLt / afhfx af/] lj:t[t n]v]sf 5g\. pgn] g]kfnl afhfú, ;ª\uLtsf] lj:t[t cjnf]sgúnufot ;+:s[lt / afhf;dagwl bh{gf}+ lstfa n]v]sf 5g\. pgsf bh{gegbf a9l kf08'lnlk cem} klg ck sflzt 5g\. ;g\!((* df klxnf] k6s k sflzt Dof/L Sofd/gsf] lstfa cg b Ph ckm b cl:kl;o;m h]g8/ PG8 sf:6 Og g]kfnú -kljqtfsf] ;LdfGtaf/] M g]kfndf lnª\u / hft_ ;'b"/klzrdsf tnnf hftúsf dlxnfsf n}lª\us / hftlo ;DaGwaf/]!( k"j{jt\