bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f

Transcription

1 M bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f ågåsf] ;dodf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf k ltlglwd"ns 36gfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljzn]if0f cg';gwfg n]vg sf]if/fh Gof}kfg] dfwjk ;fb uf}td ;~ho cof{n

2 M bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f ågåsf] ;dodf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf k ltlglwd"ns 36gfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljzn]if0f cg';gwfg n]vg sf]if/fh Gof}kfg] dfwjk ;fb uf}td ;~ho cof{n

3 of] k'l:tsf k sfzgsf] d"ne"t p2]zo dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3g / b08xlgtfsf ljifodf glltut 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg' xf]. af}l4s tyf z}lifs k of]hgfy{ ; f]t v'nfo{ o; k'l:tsfsf c+zx k of]udf Nofpg ;lsg]5. of] k'l:tsfdf JoQm ljrf/, ljzn]if0f / lgisif{ n]vssf x'g\ù To;df PP;8L ;xdt gx'g ;S5. Alliance for Social Dialogue -;fdflhs ;+jfbsf nflu ;xsfo{_ ISBN: gllt 5nkmnkq ;+of]hg tyf ;DkfbgM lzj ljz+v] cfj/0f ;HhfM z]xgfh afg' k yd ;+:s/0fm PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu ;lrjfno ;f];n ;fog; axfm kf]:6 as; sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gm $$&@*)&, ˆofS;M $$^!^^( asd@asd.org.np

4 ljifo;"rl ;f/f+z tyf ;'emfj!!= kl/ro $!=! cwoogsf] p2]zo cwoog ljlw 36gf tyf 36gf:yn;DaGwL hfgsf/l kll8t;dagwl hfgsf/l kll8s;dagwl hfgsf/l kll8tx sf] cj:yf / ck]iff!) #= ;z:q ågå / dfgjclwsf/!# #=! /fli6«o sfg'g tyf ;Demf}tfx!$ #=!=! g]kfnsf] cgtl/d #=!=@ lj:t[t zflgt #=@ cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjlo sfg'g!% #=# dfjclwsf/ ;+/If0f ;d'bfosf] wf/0ff / k of;!( #=$ kl/k"/0f / b08sf nflu sfg'gl #=% ;+:yfut txaf6 epsf $= cwoogsf] cg';"rl! #)

5 wgojfb of] gllt 5nkmnkq PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu -PP;8L_ sf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/psf] xf]. 5nkmnkq tof/ ug]{ qmddf xfdlnfo{ ljlegg dxfg'efjx n] ;'emfj, ;Nnfx tyf ;"rgf hfgsf/l lbp/ ;xof]u ug'{epsf] 5, o;sf nflu xfdl pxffx k lt cfef/ k s6 ub{5f}f. df8l 36gfsf kll8t tyf kll8t kl/jf/x n] :ynut cwoogsf] qmddf cfˆgf egfox lg;ª\sf]r /flvlbp/ xfdlnfo{ ;xof]u ug'{eof]. To;}u/L 5nkmnkqsf] kf08'lnlkdf cd"no ;'emfj lbg] PP;8Lsf cwoif ;'zln Kofs'/]n, ;b:o dlgb/f zdf{, lgb]{zs xl/ zdf{ / pk lgb]{zs k ]d ;fksf]6fnfo{ xflb{s wgojfb lbg rfxg5f}f. 5nkmnkq tof/lsf] qmddf :ynut cwoog ug'{sf ;fy} k sfzgsf] ;+of]hg tyf kf08'lnlk ;Dkfbg ul/lbg' epsf]df PP;8Lsf jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t lzj ljz+v]nfo{ klg xflb{s wgojfb lbg rfxg5f}f. :ynut cwoogsf] qmddf w]/} ;xof]u ug'{epsf cgn v8\sfk lt s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f}+. sf]if/fh Gof}kfg] dfwjk ;fb uf}td ;~ho cof{n

6 k sfzslo lj=;+= ^# sf] hgcfgbf]ngkl5 g]kfndf /fhgllts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ljifo;fu hf]l8psf y'k } goff d'2f / kifx ;txdf cfpsf 5g\. ltgn] zf;gk4lt, /fhg}lts k lqmof / ljutdf :yflkt ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf cg]sg\ yk k Zg p7fpsf 5g\. clxn] eo/x]sf 5nkmn / ax;nfo{ ljzn]if0f ubf{ /fho / gful/ssf] ;DaGw tyf gful/s gful/salrsf] ;DaGwdf olt w]/} k Zgx ;fob g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s p7]sf xf]nfg\ egg ;lsg5. kl5 klxrfg, k ltlglwtj, k'glj{t/0f, clwsf/sf ;fy} ljutdf epsf] pk]iff / e]befjsf nflu Ifltk"lt{, ;jnls/0f / ;dfj]zls/0f h:tf ljifox df k z:t 5nkmn / ax;x eo/x]sf 5g\. ol ljifox nfo{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ cl3 a9\g] k4lt / k lqmofx eg] :yflkt eo;s]sf 5}gg\. oxl s'/fnfo{ Wofgdf /fvb} PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu -PP;8L_ n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgllt / ljlegg gllt;fu ;DalGwt d'2fx dfly 5nkmnsf] bfo/fnfo{ km/flsnf] kfg{] p2]zon] of] 5nkmnkq k sfzgsf] ;'?cft u/]sf] xf]. gllt 5nkmnkq z[ª\vnfdf g]kfnl ;dfhsf ljlegg ljrf/nfo{ k :t't ug{ ;Sg] cg';gwfgstf{ tyf ljzn]ifsx sf] n]vx nfo{ ;d]l6g]5. n]vx df JoQm ljrf/ n]vssf lghl x'g\. ltgn] PP;8Lsf] ;+:yfut wf/0ffnfo{ k ltlglwtj gug{ ;S5g\. PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu -PP;8L_ ;lrjfno

7

8 ;f/f+z tyf ;'emfj!= tyo / lgisif{ b]lv ;'? epsf] ;z:q ågåsf] ;dodf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3g tyf HofbtLsf 36gfx dwo] ;fpgdf /fd]5fksf] bf]/daf h]7df lrtjgsf] df8ldf epsf b'o{ 36gfnfO{ k ltlglwd"ns 36gfsf] kdf lnp/ of] cwoog ul/psf] xf]. /fd]5fksf] bf]/dafdf ;fpg #@ ut] ttsfnlg zfxl g]kfnl ;]gfsf d]h/sf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf] ;+o'qm ;'/Iff kmf}hn]!( hgf JolQmnfO{ kq]m/ lgmz:q u/l 8fF8fs6]/L egg] PsfGt :yfgdf nul uf]nl xfgl xtof u/]sf] lyof]. ;f] 36gfkZrft\ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] ;]gfnfo{ ;xof]u ;'/fsl u/]sf] cleof]u nufo{ tlg hgf :yfglo JolQmx sf] xtof u of]. To:t} lrtjg df8lsf] affb/d'9] ut] g]kfn sdo'lg:6 kf6l{ -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] a;nfo{ PDa'; yfk]/ ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpfbf #% hgf ;j{;fwf/0f ofql tyf tlg hgf g]kfnl ;]gfsf hjfgsf] d[to' epsf] lyof] eg] cgo &# ofql ;Vt 3fOt] epsf lyp. bf]/daf tyf df8l b'j} 36gfdf o' /t kifx å/f lgmz:q ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;fd"lxs xtof ul/psf]n] ol 36gfdf cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjlo sfg'g -h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ljb f]xl kifnfo{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] ;femf wf/f #_ sf ;fy} cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfg;d]t cfslif{t x'g cfpf5. plnnlvt cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf k fjwfgcg';f/ bf]/daf / df8l 36gf o'4 ck/fwsf] kl/lwleq kb{5g\. o:tf 36gf epsf sltko b]zdf Gofo lg k0fsf nflu ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3n] g} 6«fO{Ao'gnÚ agfpsf] x'g5. sltko b]zdf rflxf ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u agfp/ ågåsfndf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf 36gf / k j[lqnfo{ 5fglag u/l lg0f{o lng d2t u/]sf] kfog5. cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gl k fjwfgsf cfwf/df dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gstf{n] JolQmut kdf kmf}hbf/l bflotj jxg ug}{kg]{ x'g5. :j]r5frf/l kdf JolQmsf] hljg x/0f ug]{ sfo{nfo{ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'gx n] klg 5'6 lbpsf 5}gg\. /fhon] kxn ug]{ xf] eg] ol b'j} 36gfsf] sfg'gl cleof]hg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'gcgtu{t klg x'g ;S5. lj:t[t zflgt ;Demf}tf nufot cgtl/d df ågåsf ;dodf 36]sf 36gfsf] 5fglagsf lgldt ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ul/g] pnn]v ul/psf] 5. t/ xfnsf lbg;dd ;f];dagwl sfg'g;d]t ag]]sf] 5}g. o;n] o:tf uxg k s[ltsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{tkm{ /fli6«o :t/sf

9 /fhgllts bnx df OR5fzlQm g} gepsf] ;Í]t u5{. kl/0ffdtm ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx df /fhoaf6 Gofo kfog] cfzf 36\b} upsf] b]lvg5. /fho jf /fhgllts kif lzlyn eof] egb}df o:tf 36gfsf bf]iflnfo{ b08 / kll8tnfo{ Gofo lbnfpg] ;jfndf gful/s ;dfh tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;d'bfox ;':tfpg jf lg/fz x'g ldnb}g. ltgn] t cem ;Ël7t eo{ yk bafa ;[hgf ug]{ / cfjzostfcg';f/ 36gfnfO{ cgt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{ sfd;d]t ug'{ cjzos x'g5. dflysf 36gfsf kl8sx nfo{ pglx ;Da4 ;+:yf jf /fhgllts kf6l{n] sfaf{xl ul/;s]sf] jf /fhgllts k s[ltsf] d'2f eg]/ arfpg] k of; ul/psf] 5. t/ o:tf] k lqmofn] s'g} sfg'gl cy{ /fvb}g. cfk/flws :t/sf] 36gf epsf]n] kl8sx nfo{ sfg'gl bfo/fdf NofP/ sfaf{xl ul/g'kb{5 / kll8tx nfo{ ttsfn kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'kb{5. /fhon] olt sfd ug{ ;s]df dfq b]zdf xfn b]vf k/]sf] b08xlgtf / u}/hjfkmb]xlsf] ;+:s[ltdf lgogq0f ug{ ;lsg] cfzf ug{ ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/; g]kfn ;/sf/ ågåsf a]nf epsf bf]/daf / df8l 36gf h:tf udel/ k s[ltsf kmf}hbf/l d'2f zl3 ;'g'jfo u/l 6'ª\Uofpgsf nflu ljz]if cbfnt jf GofofwLs/0fsf] u7g x'g'kg]{, dfgjclwsf/ tyf cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'gsf] pnnª\3g ug]{ JolQm tyf lgsfox pk/ oyfzl3 5fglag u/l bf]iflpk/ sfg'gl sfaf{xl ul/g] s'/fsf] ;'lglzrttf ug'{kg]{, kll8tsf kl/jf/sf] cfjzostfcg';f/ kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{. h:t} kll8tsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] z}lifs cfjzostf, hlljsf]kfh{g;dagwl cfjzostf, ckfë epsfx sf] pkrf/ / cfjzos ef}lts ;fwg ljt/0f, :jf:yo ;]jfsf] ;'lglzrttf cflb. g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ df8l tyf bf]/daf 36gfsf bf]iflx -cfb]z lbg], of]hgf agfpg], sfof{gjog ug]{, ;xof]u ug]{;d]t_ nfo{ oyfzl3 k x/lnfo{ a'emfo{ 5fglag sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{kg]{. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u cfof]un] df8l / bf]/daf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] u/]sf l;kmfl/;sf] sfof{gjogsf nflu k efjsf/l cg'udg ug'{kg]{, l;kmfl/; sfof{gjog gug]{ clwsf/lsf gfd g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;fj{hlgs u/l dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gstf{sf] kdf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{.

10 ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo dfgjclwsf/ prrfo'qmsf] sfof{no df8l / bf]/daf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf l;kmfl/;sf] sfof{gjog tyf prrfo'qmn] df8l 36gfsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf ;'emfjx sf] sfof{gjogsf lgldt g]kfn ;/sf/dfly bafa l;h{gf ug'{kg]{. gful/s ;dfh tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;d'bfo bf]/daf tyf df8l 36gfsf kll8tnfo{ Gofo lbnfpg lg/gt/ kxn / cg'udg ug'{kg]{, kl8snfo{ sfg'gl bfo/fdf Nofpg] k lqmof cufl8 a9fpg lg/gt/ bafa ;[hgf ug'{kg]{.

11 bf]/daf / df8l M legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f!= kl/ro g]kfndf sl/a!! jif{;dd rn]sf] ;fn_ ;z:q ågåsf sf/0f!#,))) egbf a9l JolQmn] Hofg u'dfpg'k of]. ;f]xl cjlwdf w]/} JolQm a]kqf kfl/p / ;j{;fwf/0f;d]t xhf/f}+ lj:yflkt x'g k'u]. ågåsfndf ;/sf/l ;'/Iff kmf}h / g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ af6 o'4df ;+nug g/x]sf w]/} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xtof epsf] lyof]. t/ To;df ;+nug b'j} kifsf bf]iflnfo{ s'g} sfaf{xl epsf] 5}g. ;fn dª\l;/ % ut] epsf] lj:t[t zflgt ;Demf}tfdfkm{t b]zdf ;z:q ågåsf] cf}krfl/s kdf cgto ep tfklg dfgjclwsf/ xggsf 36gf cem} klg JofKt x'g'sf ;fy} b08xlgtfn] lg/gt/tf kfo/x]sf] 5. b08xlgtfsf] a9\bf] k j[lq / /fhosf] u}/hjfkmb]xlsf sf/0f dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f yk r'gf}tlk"0f{ ag]sf] 5. ;z:q ågåsfndf ul/psf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3g / HofbtLsf 36gfdWo] b'o{j6f k ltlglwd"ns 36gfx o; cwoogsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/psf 5g\. tl 36gfx x'g\m /fd]5fksf] bf]/daf uflj;df epsf] ;fd"lxs xtof / lrtjg df8lsf] affb/d'9]df PDa';df kf/]/ ljikmf]6 u/fopsf] ofq' a;sf] 36gf. ågåsfndf /fho / ljb f]xl b'j} kifaf6 epsf ;fd"lxs xtofsf] k ltlglwtj ug]{ epsfn] ol b'o{ 36gfnfO{ cwoogsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/psf] xf].!=! cwoogsf] p2]zo cwoogsf] ;du p2]zo, ;z:q ågåsfndf epsf dfgjclwsf/ xgg tyf HofbtLsf b'o{j6f k ltlglwd"ns 36gf (emblematic cases) nfo{ ;ª\d0fsfnLg Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljzn]if0f ug'{ xf]. cwoogsf ljz]if p2]zo o; k sf/ 5g\M cwoogsf nflu 5flgPsf 36gfsf] :ynut cwoog u/l 36gf / kll8tsf] cj:yfaf/] cwofjlws hfgsf/l ;Íng ug]{, 36gfnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ Pj+ dfgjlo sfg'gsf cfwf/df ljzn]if0f ug]{, / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg GofonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fhon] / cgo ;DalGwt kifn] v]ng'kg]{ e"ldsfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{. 1 tyofísf af/]df cgo ; f]tx af6 klg k'gk'{li6 ul/g'kg]{. g]kfn ;/sf/ zflgt tyf k'glg{df{0f dgqfnon]!#,^$^ hgf d[tssf kl/jf/nfo{ /fxt ljt/0f ul/;s]sf] 5. ( visited on 27 December 2011)

12 o; cwoogsf] lgisif{n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofok lt ;DalGwt kifx nfo{ bflotjaf]w u/fpg d2t k'ug] cfzf /flvpsf] cwoog ljlw o; cwoogsf nflu lgdg ljlwx ckgfopsf] lyof]]m b'j} 36gfsf af/]df pknaw ;Gbe{;fdu Lx sf] ;Íng / cwoog. 36gf:ynsf] e d0f tyf kll8t kl/jf/, k ToIfbzL{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf kif;fu JolQmut / ;d"xut 5nkmn u/l hfgsf/l cbfjlws. dfgjclwsf/ / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cgt/f{li6«o sfg'g / k rngx sf] ljzn]if0f. cwoogsf qmddf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u / ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo dfgjclwsf/;dagwl prrfo'qmsf] sfof{nosf k ltj]bg tyf ;~rf/dfwoddf k sflzt ;fdu Lx af6 ;"rgf ;Íng ul/psf] lyof]. /fd]5fksf] bf]/daf uflj;sf] 36gf:yn / lrtjgsf] df8l uflj;sf] affb/d'9]sf] :ynut e d0f ul/psf] lyof]. o; qmddf kll8t kif / ;/f]sf/jfnfx ;Fu k ToIf kdf s'/fsfgl u/l ;"rgf ;Íng 36gf tyf 36gf:yn;DaGwL hfgsf/l s_ bf]/daf 36gf bf]/daf 36gf /fd]5fk lhnnfsf] bf]/daf uf=lj=;=df epsf] xf]. of] 36gf:yn /fd]5fksf] ;b/d'sfd dgynlb]lv pq/ klzrd lbzfdf kb{5. ;fpg #@ ut] ttsfnlg zfxl g]kfnl ;]gfsf d]h/sf] g]t[tjdf upsf] ;+o'qm ;'/Iff kmf}hn] :yfglo lzifs o'j/fh df]qmfgsf] 3/df a}7s ul//x]sf dfcf]jfblx nfo{ laxfg sl/a!)m#) ah]lt/ ;]gfn] 3]/f xfn]/ uf]nl rnfpfbf s]xl JolQmx efu]sf / efug g;s]sf!( hgfnfo{ ;]gfn] kqmfp tyf lgmz:q kf/l b'j} xft k5fl8 affwl sl/a b'o{ 306fhlt k}bn lxf8fp/ a:tl ahf/af6 6f9f 8fF8fs6]/L egg] PsfGt hëndf k' ofof]. ;f]xl hëndf ah] ;a}nfo{ nfogdf /fv]/ ;]gfn] uf]nl xfgl xtof u/]sf] lyof]. /fli6«o 2 o'j/fh df]qmfgsf] 3/ bf]/daf ahf/af6 ldg]6sf] k}bn af6fdf kb{5. bf]/daf j8f cgo 3/x af6 s]xl cnu /x]sf] pgsf] 3/df 36gfsf] cl3nnf] lbgaf6} dfcf]jfblx a}7s tyf cgo sfo{qmd ug{ eg]/ cfp/ a;]sf lyp. dfcf]jfblx pqm 3/df a;]sf] yfxf kfo{ ;+o'qm ;'/Iff kmf}hn] 3/df 3]/f xfn]/ 3/leq /x]sf ;a}nfo{ -efug ;kmn s]xl afx]s_ lgmz:q kf/l agws agfpsf lyp. 36gfsf] s]xl ;do cufl8 dfq 3/ cfok'u]sf o'j/fh df]qmfg, cfˆg} 3/df al;/x]sf o'j/fh df]qmfgsf 5f]/f nlnf df]qmfg;lxt!( hgfnfo{ ;'/Iff kmf}hn] ;dft]/ nu]sf lyp. :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df o'j/fh df]qmfg tyf nlnf df]qmfgsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ ;Fu s'g} ;DaGw g/x]sf] b]lvg5.

13 dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] :ynut k tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/ / :yfglo afl;gbfn] lbpsf ;"rgfnfo{ cfwf/ dfgbf 36gfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f oxl xf]. ;fd"lxs xtofsf] e"d/ldf k/]sf!( dwo]!* hgfsf] nf; 8fF8fs6]/L egg] :yfgdf nx/} ufl8psf] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf lyp. tldwo] tlg hgf o'j/fh df]qmfg, 7"nf]/fd tfdfª / ;fgf]/fd tfdfªsf] nf; g]kfnl df3df g]kfnl ;]gfsf]] cwoog 6f]nL cfpg'cufl8 uf8]sf] :yfgaf6 lgsfn]/ glhs}sf] el/df ˆofFs]sf]df :yfglo ufpfn]sf] Jofks bafasf sf/0f k'gm ;f]xl :yfgdf g]kfnl ;]gfn] g} NofO{ uf8]sf] kfoof]. ;f]xl 36gfsf ;DaGwdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f ;]gfnfo{ ;xof]u ;'/fsl u/]sf] cleof]u nufo{ tlg hgf :yfglo JolQmx, qmdzm $$ jifl{o :yfglo dlxnf :jf:yo sfo{stf{ /]nldfof df]qmfg tyf :yfglo Jofkf/L eldaxfb'/ ebf}!% ut] / csf{ :yfglo Jofkf/L ljqmd df3!^ ut] xtof ul/of]. ol tlg}j6f xtofsf 36gfsf] /fhon] 5fglag u/]sf] 5}g. bf]/daf 36gfdf ;+o'qm ;'/Iff kmf}håf/f dfl/psf!( hgfsf] nf; k5fl8 b'j} xft affwl cffvfdf k L affw]sf] cj:yfdf 36gf:yn 8fF8fs6]/Lb]lv tnsf] el/df e]l6psf] / ufl8psf nf; ptvgg ubf{!* dwo]!% j6f nf;sf] 6fpsf]df /fokmn kmfo/cfd{af6 epsf] rf]6;fu ldng] Ps} k s[ltsf rf]6 nfu]sf] 3 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, bf]/daf 36gf, cg';gwfg ;ldltsf] :ynut lg/lif0f tyf k /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] bf]/daf 36gfsf] cg';gwfgsf df Ps ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof]. ;ldltdf s[i0fhë /fodfeml, ;+of]hs -e"tk"j{ GofofwLz, ;jf]{rr cbfnt_, k ]daxfb'/ lji6 -e"tk"j{ dxfgofoflwjqmf_, sgsdl0f bllift -kqsf/_, 8f= xl/x/ j:tl -lrlst;s, km/]lg;s lj1_ / xl/ km'ofn -/fdfccf_ ;b:o /x]sf lyp0. ;ldltnfo{ lbopsf] sfof{b]z o; k sf/ lyof]m 36gfsf] tyoaf/] hfgsf/l lng], 36gfsf] af/]df aofg lnfbf kll8t JolQmsf] dfgl;s tgfj, ;'/Iff / cg';gwfgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtsf] ;Ddfg ug]{, ;Dej ep;dd 36gf:ynsf] :ynut e d0f ug'{kg]{, 36gf:yn k s[lt emnsg] sfuhft tof/ ug'{kg]{, dflg;x d/]sf] ep ;Dej ep;dd z/l/df uf]nl nfu]sf] 7fpF / bf]xf]/f] le8gt ep gepsf] ;DaGwdf tyox n] k dfl0ft ug]{ u/l k ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{, 36gfsf] cg'udg ubf{ le8gt epsf] cj:yfdf h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ;femf wf/f # sf] kfngf ep gepsf] lg/lif0f ug'{kg]{. pqm ut] cfof]unfo{ k ltj]bg a'emfpsf] lyof]. 4 :ynut cwoogsf qmddf bf]/dafsf :yfglo JolQmsf cg';f/ 36gfsf ;DaGwdf Jofks bafakl5 g]kfnl ;]gfn] blks u'?ªsf] ;+of]hstjdf cwoog 6f]nL u7g u/l :ynut cwoogsf nflu k7fpsf] hfgsf/l k fkt epsf] lyof]. g]kfnl ;]gfsf la=p= s'df/ zdf{sf cg';f/ df]xgaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] cwoiftfdf bfdf]b/ l;njfn / k sfz yfkf ;lddlnt df3df bf]/dafsf] :ynut cwoog ug{ upsf] kfoof] -@)^^ ebf} # ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df_. pqm cwoog k ltj]bg xfn;dd klg ;fj{hlgs epsf] 5}g. r}tdf :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf ;fy} nf; ufl8psf] :ynsf] cjnf]sgsf r}tdf :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf r}tdf :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df.

14 kfopsf] 5 /!^ j6f nf;df Pp6f dfq uf]nl nfu]sf] 5. o;af6 uf]nl glhs}af6 xfg]sf] k'li6 x'g5. g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f xtof ul/psf tlg hgf JolQmx cf cfˆg} k];f Joj;fo u/]/ a;]sf ;j{;fwf/0f :yfglo epsfn] 36gfdf pglx sf] k ToIf ;/f]sf/ gepsf] k'li6 x'g5. t;y{, bf]/daf 36gfdf g]kfnl ;]gf / 36gfkZrft\ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f lgmz:q JolQmx sf] xtof epsf] b]lvg5. v_ df8l 36gf lrtjg lhnnf, snof0fk'/ uflj;l:yt df8lsf] affb/d'9] ut] g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f df8laf6 gf/fo0fu9tkm{ cfo/x]sf] ;fj{hlgs a;df tf/sf] ;xfotfn] a;nfo{ nlift u/l ul/psf] ad lj:kmf]6df k/l #% hgf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf g]kfnl ;]gfsf # hjfg;d]t #* hgfsf] d[to' / &# hgf ;j{;fwf/0f 3fOt] epsf lyp. pqm 36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] affb/d'9] vf]nfdf lar5fpsf] ad ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmn] vrfvr el/psf] ;fj{hlgs a; cfpsf] b]v]/ tf/sf] ld6/ 6f9faf6 k8\sfpsf lyp. pqm a;df ttsfnlg zfxl g]kfnl ;]gfsf sdtldf!@ hgf hjfg;d]t ;jf/ epsf] b]lvg5. 36gf 36fpg' k"j{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwgdf ;]gfnfo{ ;jf/ gu/fpg wdsl lbopsf] tyf ;]gfnfo{ ;j{;fwf/0f tyf a; Joj;foLx n] k6s k6s ;fj{hlgs a;df ;jf/ gx'g cfu x u/]sf lyp. To;sf afah'b klg ;]gfn] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwg k of]u u/]sf] b]lvg5. ;fj{hlgs a; / To;df klg a;leq / a;sf] 5tdf u/l sl/a!%) hgf ;jf/ b]vbfb]vb} g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] a;nfo{ nlift u/l ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpsf] kll8t;dagwl hfgsf/l bf]/daf 36gfdf!( hgfsf] Ps} :yfgdf ;fd"lxs xtof ul/psf], Ps hgfnfo{ rflxf 36gf:yn cyf{t\ o'j/fh df]qmfgsf] 3/ glhs} cfpfb} ubf{ uf]nl xfgl dfl/psf] tyf Ps hgf dlxnfnfo{ ;f]xl :yfgaf6 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, bf]/daf 36gf, cg';gwfg ;ldltsf] :ynut lg/lif0f tyf k k[=!@, nf; cjnf]sg k ltj]bg. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: Investigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 20. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: Investigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 32. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: Investigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 20. o'j/fh df]qmfgsf] 3/ glhs} g]kfnl ;]gfsf] uf]nl nflu d[to' epsf 6]saxfb'/ yfkfdu/ /fhgllts sfo{qmddf efu lng cfpsf / pgl lgmz:q /x]sf] r}tdf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/;fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df.

15 lu/ˆtf/ u/l a]kqf agfo{ dfl/psf] kfog5. pqm 36gfkZrft\ ;'/fslsf] cleof]u nufpfb} g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf :yfglo sfo{stf{åf/f tlg hgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xtof ul/psf] lyof]. o;/l pqm 36gfdf hgfsf] xtof epsf] lyof]. xtof x'g]df!( hgf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf lgmz:q sfo{stf{ / kffr hgf ;j{;fwf/0f /x]sf] b]lvg5. tldwo]!( hgf /fd]5fk lhnnfsf / Ps Ps hgf qmdzm nlntk'/, wg'iff, sfe ]knf~rf]s, l;gw'kfnrf]s / ;f]n'v'da' lhnnfsf lyp. dwo]!* hgf k'?if / ^ hgf dlxnf lyp. d[to' x'g]x sf] gfdfjnl cg';"rl! df ;+nug ul/psf] 5. g]kfnl ;]gfåf/f xtof hgfdwo]!( hgf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf sfo{stf{, Ps hgf :yfglo k fylds ljbfnosf lzifs / Ps hgf ljbfyl{ lyp. To:t}, g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] xtof u/]sf tlg hgfdwo] Ps hgf :yfglo dlxnf :jf:yo sfo{stf{ / b'o{ hgf :yfglo Jofkf/L lyp. df8l 36gfdf d[to' x'g] #* hgfdwo] #^ hgfsf] 36gf:yndf / b'o{ hgfsf] pkrf/fy{ e/tk'/ NofpFb} ubf{ d[to' epsf] lyof]. hgf lrtjg lhnnfsf afl;gbf lyp. aflx/l lhnnfsfdwo] kffr hgf gjnk/f;lsf, rf/ hgf emfkfsf, k;f{ / sf:slsf b'o{ b'o{ hgf tyf tgx'f, uf]/vf, pbok'/ / ;'v]{tsf Ps Ps hgf lyp. d[to' x'g]dwo] tlg hgf g]kfnl ;]gfdf sfo{/t lyp. of] 36gfdf d[to' x'g]df!* k'?if dlxnf lyp, tldwo] ;ft hgf afnaflnsf klg k/]sf lyp. pd]/sf cg';f/ sdtldf 8]9 jif{sl aflnsfb]lv &) jif{sl j[4 dlxnf;d]t 36gfdf k/]sf lyp. pqm 36gfdf k/l &# hgf 3fOt] epsf lyp. h;dwo] ^( hgf 3fOt] lrtjg lhnnfsf lyp. cof]wofk'/l uflj; df8lsf dfq ## hgf lyp eg] df8l snof0fk'/ hgf lyp. e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf rf/ hgf / ubl{ uflj;sf tlg hgf, v}/xgl uflj;sf b'o{ hgf tyf auf}8f / lzjgu/ uflj;sf Ps Ps hgf lyp. aflx/l lhnnfsf tlg hgfdwo] sf:sl lhnnfsf b'o{ / Ps hgf ndh'ª lhnnfsf lyp. 3fOt] x'g]df $) hgf k'?if / ## hgf dlxnf 5g\. df8l 36gfdf d[to' / 3fOt] x'g]x sf] gfdfjnl df lbopsf] kl8s;dagwl hfgsf/l bf]/daf 36gfdf g]kfnl ;]gfsf] gf/fo0fbn u'nd, /fd]5fk Aof/]saf6 upsf] ;+o'qm ;'/Iff hgfsf] xtof epsf] lyof]. pqm ;'/Iff ansf] sdf08sf] g]t[tj g]kfnl ;]gfsf d]h/ r}tdf :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df tyf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, bf]/daf 36gf, cg';gwfg ;ldltsf] :ynut lg/lif0f tyf k k[=!#, ;ldltsf] h]7df :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf ;fy} lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, e/tk'/, lrtjgaf6 k fkt /]s8{sf cfwf/df.

16 kf]v/]nn] u/]sf lyp eg] ;xfos sdf08/ k x/l lg/lifs k jl0f s]=;l= lyp. ;}lgs cbfntåf/f ttsfnlg ;}lgs adf]lhd g]kfnl ;]gfsf d]h/ /fddl0f kf]v/]nnfo{ æcfˆgf] dftxtdf /x]sf kmf}hnfo{ cfjzos sfaf{xl u/æ egl u}/sfg'gl cfb]z lbpsf] / sdf08 sg6«f]n ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]kdf b'o{ jif{sf] s}b;lxt ;]jfaf6 avf{:tl ul/of]. o;sf ;fy} hd= b]jaxfb'/ yfkfsf] Ps tx 36'jf ul/psf] / ;xfos sdf08/, k x/l lg/lifs k jl0f s]=;l=nfo{ cfjzos sfaf{xl cufl8 a9fpg g]kfn k x/lnfo{ ;'emfj lbopsf] lyof]. g]kfnl ;]gfsf ttsfnlg d]h/ /fddl0f kf]v/]nnfo{ gful/s h]n gk7fo{ Aof/]sdf g} b'o{ jif{ agbl agfo{ /flvpsf] lyof]. ;]jfaf6 avf{:t epkl5 pgl ljb]zdf uo{ a;]sf] egg] rrf{ ;'lgg5. o;afx]s cgo kl8sx tyf sdf08 /]:kf]lg;ljln6lú k 0ffnLcg';f/ sdf08df /x]sf cgo s'g} klg JolQmx dfly s'g} sfaf{xl cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g. g]kfnl ;]gfn] u7g u/]sf] b'o{j6f cwoog 6f]nL cyf{t\ sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/LÚ df klxnf] 6f]nLsf] ;+of]hs g]kfnl ;]gf dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfnosf k d'v lg/]gb k ;fb cof{n lyp eg] bf]; f] 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs k blk ljqmd /f0ff lyp. b'j} 6f]nLn] 36gf:yn;Dd k'ul cwoog ug{ g;s]sf] kfopsf] 5. tl k ltj]bgx dfly Jofks cfnf]rgf epkl5 df]xgaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] cwoiftfdf bfdf]b/ l;njfn / k sfz yfkf ;lddlnt t]; f] df3df :ynut cwoog u/l bf]ifldfly sfaf{xlsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfoof]. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uåf/f ul/psf] 5fglagsf] k ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs epkl5 Jofks bafasf sf/0f g]kfnl ;]gfn] t]; f] cwoog 6f]nL u7g u/]/ k ltj]bg agfo{ ;}lgs cbfntåf/f sfaf{xl cufl8 a9fpsf] b]lvg5. ;f] 36gfkZrft\ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] /fd]5fksf ttsfnlg OGrfh{sf] cu'jfo{df ;]gfnfo{ ;xof]u ug{ ;'/fsl u/]sf] cleof]u nufo{ tlg hgf :yfglo JolQmx sf] xtof u/]sf] lyof]. pqm xtofdf cu'jfo{ ug]{, ;+nug x'g] tyf sdf08 /]:kf]lg;ljln6lú k 0ffnLcg';f/ sdf08df /x]sf cgo s'g} klg JolQmx dfly s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sfaf{xl cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g. o; ljifodf lhnnf k x/l sfof{no /fd]5fkdf ph'/l;d]t btf{ epsf] kfofb}g. g]kfnl ;]gfsf d]h/ /fddl0f kf]v/]nnfo{ ttsfnlg ;}lgs sf] bkmf $( s, %$ / ^) adf]lhd s;'/ ls6fg ub}{ ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf ^@ sf] pkbkmf! sf] 3 jif{ s}b / ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf ^@ sf] pkbkmf! sf] ª adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 avf{:tl epsf] / h=d= b]jaxfb'/ yfkfnfo{ ttsfnlg ;}lgs sf] bkmf #$ / %$ adf]lhd s;'/ ls6fg ub}{ ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf ^@ sf] pkbkmf! sf] 5 adf]lhd Ps tx bhf{ 36'jf ul/psf] ;}lgs pk/yl la=p= s'df/ zdf{åf/f hfgsf/l. -; f]tm ;}lgs pk/yl la=p= s'df/ zdf{;fu cg';gwfg ebf} # ut] lnpsf] cgtjf{tf{_. g]kfnl ;]gfsf pk/yl la=p= s'df/ ebf} # ut] o; cwoog ;d"xn] u/]sf] s'/fsfglsf r}tdf :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm, kll8tsf kl/jf/x tyf Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ /fd]5fk lhnnf sfof{nosf clwsf/lx ;Fu o; cwoog ;d"xn] u/]sf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df.

17 df8l 36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ Pl/of sdf08/sf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf] ;d"x ;+nug /x]sf] kfog5. pqm 36gfdf ;+nug kffr hgfnfo{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f sahfdf lno{ >d lzlj/ú df k7fopsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] eg]sf] / g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf cwoif k'iksdn bfxfn -k r08_ åf/f cfˆgf] tkm{af6 untl epsf] :jlsf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs kdf Ifdf dfu]sf] ljlegg ;~rf/dfwoddf cfpsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbln] cfgtl/s sfaf{xl u/]sf] eg]sf JolQmx sf] gfd lgdg 5M cgsaxfb'/ du/ -lv;g_, rl08sf kf}8]n -;fx;_, /fdaxfb'/ s'dfn -;'hg_, -xs{_ / -b]j]gb _. t/ oldwo] s;}nfo{ klg s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sfg'gl sfaf{xl epsf] 5}g. clxn] kl8s sxff /x]sf 5g\ egg] hfgsf/l kfpg ;lspg. o;sf cltl/qm ågåsf] ;dodf / To;df klg g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwgdf ;]gfnfo{ ;jf/ gu/fpg wdsl lbpsf] tyf ;]gfnfo{ ;j{;fwf/0f tyf a; Joj;foLx n] k6sk6s ;fj{hlgs a;df ;jf/ gx'g cfu x u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ hf]lvd kg]{ u/l cfkm" dftxtsf ;]gfnfo{ xltof/;lxt ;fj{hlgs a;df ;jf/ x'g ptk ]l/t ug]{ tyf lgb]{zg lbg] g]kfnl ;]gfsf s'g} klg kbflwsf/ldfly sdf08 /]:kf]lg;ljln6lú k 0ffnLcg';f/ sdf08df /x]sf clws[t tyf g]kfnl ;]gfsf cgo s'g} klg JolQmx dfly s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sfaf{xl cufl8 a9]sf] kfopg. o; 36gfsf ;DaGwdf lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, lrtjgdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf cwoif k'iksdn bfxfn lj?4 xtof zlif{ssf] ph'/l btf{ ul/psf] ep klg ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd pqm ph'/lpk/ d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o epsf] 5. cgosf xsdf lhnnf k x/l sfof{no lrtjgn] d'n'sl P]gsf] xtofcgtu{t ph'/l btf{ u/l clen]vls/0f u/]sf] 5 t/ s'g} lsl;dsf] sfaf{xl cufl8 a9]sf] kll8tx sf] cj:yf / ck]iff :ynut e d0fsf qmddf bf]/daf 36gfsf gf} kll8t kl/jf/;fu s'/fsfgl ul/psf] lyof]. o; qmddf Ps} kl/jf/sf b'o{ hgfsf] xtof epsf], cf7 kl/jf/sf 3/d"nLsf] xtof epsf] / kffr kl/jf/sf] g]kfndf yftl /x]sf hjfkmb]xlsf d'2fx df ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3 dfgjclwsf/ prrfo'qmsf] sfof{no g]kfnsf k d'v l/r8{ a]g]6n] l/kf]6{;{ Snadf lbpsf] ;fpg!$ h]7df :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df. 36gf:yndf p4f/sf qmddf pqm a;df ;jf/ g]kfnl ;]gfsf] ;fyaf6 xltof/ e]l6psf] s'/f k'li6 epsf] 5. d'2f btf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd cftísf/l tyf ljwj+;ftds sfo{ -lgogq0f tyf ;hfo_ P]g tyf cwofb]zcgtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl eo{ ljlegg cbfntx df g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ lj?4 bfo/ epsf ;Dk"0f{ d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] / ;f]xl P]g / cwofb]zcgtu{tsf] s;'/pk/ cg';gwfgsf] qmddf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ d'2fx grnfpg] egl lg0f{o epsf] 5.

18 cfly{s l:ylt Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfoof] -x]g'{xf];\ as;!_. 3/df sdfo{ ug]{ d'vo JolQmsf] cefjsf ;fy} cgo lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u gepsf sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] k7gkf7gdf sl7gfo eo/x]sf] / tldwo] b'o{ kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfn] k9fonfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg g;s]sf] kfoof]. kl/jf/sf ;b:o;fy} k To]s dlxnfx n] 3/d"nLsf] pkl:yltdf ;xfossf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf]df 3/d"nLsf] cg'kl:ytdf 3/sf] d'vo cfo cfh{s tyf ;xfossf] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k/]sf] 5. bf]/dafsf] pqm 36gfdf dfl/psf Ps hgf dfcf]jfbl sfo{stf{sl ktgl bf]; f] ljjfx u/l cgoq upsln] pgsf tlg hgf 5f]/f5f]/L cnkq k/]sf] kfoof]. as;! s}gnl tfdfª -bf]/daf 36gfsf kll8t nid0f tfdfªsl ktgl_ d]/f klt kf6l{sf] sfd ug'{x'gyof]. kl/jf/df tlg 5f]/L / b'o{ 5f]/f u/l hddf 5 hgf 5f}+. ;fgf] 5f]/f * jif{sf] 5. p;nfo{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf] ;xof]udf sf7df8f}+df k9fo/x]sl 5'. xfd f] Psxn uf]? nfug] af/l dfq epsf]n] klt x'fbf Hofnf dhb'/l ul/g] ul/gyof] / ufx f];fx f] u/]/ kl/jf/sf] vr{ rn]sf] lyof]. t/ clxn] kl/jf/ rnfpg ufx f] 5. af/ldf pah]sf] cggn] ^ dlxgf klg wfgb}g. 3/df agfpsf] hff8/s;l a]r]/ kl/jf/ rnfpfb} 5'. To;afx]s cfdbfglsf] c ; f]t s]xl 5}g. klxnf klg C0f nfu]sf] lyof]. pqm 36gfkl5 C0fdfly emg\ C0f ylkpsf] 5. 3/ /fd f] 5}g, 5fgf] /fd /L 5fpg;d]t ;s]sf] 5}g. g]kfnl ;]gfåf/f xtof ul/psf JolQmsf kl/jf/n] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ttsfnlg /fxt:j k k d'v lhnnf kmfu'gdf?= Ps nfv gub kfpsf] b]lvg5. To:t} g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f xtof ul/psf tlg hgfsf] kl/jf/n] 36gfsf] s]xl ;dokzrft\?= Ps nfv krf; xhf/ kmfu'gdf?= Ps nfv gub k fkt u/]sf] b]lvg5. pqm /fxt /sdk lt ;a} kll8t kl/jf/ c;gt'i6 /x]sf] / ttsfn plrt Ifltk"lt{ tyf kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fo / /f]huf/ldf ;xof]u x'g'kg]{ ck]iff /fv]sf] e]l6g5. o;sf ;fy}, s'g} klg kif;fu ;+nug epsf] ep tfklg kl8sdfly ttsfn sfg'gl sfaf{xl x'g'kg]{ dfu /x]sf] 5. df8l 36gfdf kll8t epsf ;ft kl/jf/sf ;b:ox ;Fu of] cg';gwfg h]7df 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof]. 3fOt]x n] cfk"mn] klxn] ub}{ cfpsf] k];f Joj;fonfO{ lg/gt/tf lbg g;s]sf], pkrf/sf nflu yk Jooef/ ylkg'sf ;fy} C0f;d]t nfu]sf] atfpsf 5g\. 3fOt]x nfo{ ;/sf/sf r}tdf bf]/dafsf] :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df.

19 lgmz'ns cf}ifwl pkrf/ pknaw u/fpg] elgpsf]df 36gfsf] ;dodf c:ktfndf pknaw u/fopsf] k fylds pkrf/ ;'ljwfafx]s s'g} klg ;xof]u gkfpsf], cfly{s ;d:of k/]/ pkrf/ u/fpg g;s]sf], cf}ifwl pkrf/ ul//xg'kg]{ cj:yfsf 3fOt]x n] pkrf/sf qmddf cfkm"x ;Fu epsf] rncrn ;Dklt tyf 3/hUuf;d]t laqml ug' {k/]sf] atfp. s]xl kll8tsf] 3/d"nL g} 3fOt] ep/ s]xl sfd ug{ g;sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf x'gfn] dlxnfdfly yk lhdd]jf/l a9]sf] kfoof] -x]g' {xf];\ ;Ltf clwsf/l -s[i0f clwsf/lsl ktgl_ d]/f klt df8l 36gfdf 3fOt] x'g' epkl5 nfdf] ;do;dd cf}ifwl pkrf/ ul/of]. t/ klg cfkm"n] klxn] ub}{ cfpsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf pxffnfo{ Nofpg ;lspg. Pp6f a};fvlsf] ;xf/fdf lxf8\g ;Sg];Dd x'g'epsf] 5. klxn] pxffn] 3/sf] ;a}h;f] sfd ug'{x'gyof]. t/ 36gf epkl5 ;a} lhdd]jf/l d]/} sffwdf kg{ cfof]. cem nf]ug]sf] cf}ifwl pkrf/sf nflu vr{sf] hf]xf] ldnfpg'kbf{ / 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] k9fo;d]t x]g'{kbf{ dnfo{ ufx f] epsf] 5. pxffsf] vfg kfg, ;/;kmfo / lb;f lk;fa;d]t u/folbg'kg]{ sfdsf] af]emn] d]/f] sdd/ effr]sf] 5. o;af6 xfdl kl/jf/} kll8t epsf 5f}+. df8l 36gfsf kll8tx dwo] d[to' x'g]sf kl/jf/n] ttsfn /fxt:j k?= Ps nfv krf; xhf/ / k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ldfkm{t?= Ps nfv gub tyf 3fOt]x n] k fylds pkrf/ ;]jf k fkt u/]sf 5g\. ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k fkt /fxtk lt ;a} kll8t kl/jf/df tlj c;gtf]if /x]sf] 5. ttsfn plrt Ifltk"lt{ tyf kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fo / /f]huf/ldf ;xof]u x'g'kg]{ ck]iff /fv]sf 5g\. 36gf epsf] :yndf affb/d'9] 36gf kll8t ;ldltsf tkm{af6 :df/s lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] k ltjfb u/]sf] / dfgjclwsf/jfblsf] cfj/0fdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ ;dly{tx n] dfgl;s kdf tgfj;d]t lbpsf] s'/f kll8tx n] atfp. kll8tx n] kl8sx dfly ttsfn sfg'gl sfaf{xl x'g'kg]{ dfu u/]sf 5g\. 36gf epsf] nfdf] ;do;dd klg kl8snfo{ s'g} sfaf{xl gepsf]df k ltzf]wsf] efjgf;d]t JoQm u/]sf 5g\ -x]g' {xf];\ as; #_. b'j} 36gfsf kll8tx sf ck]iff tyf dfux nfo{ qmda4 ubf{ kl8snfo{ ttsfn sfg'gl sfaf{xl x'g'kg]{ dfu ;a}egbf dxœjk"0f{ kdf cufl8 cfpsf] kfopsf] 5. bf]; f]df afnaflnsfsf] lziff tyf /f]huf/ldf ;xof]u, To;kl5 ttsfn /fxt, Ifltk"lt{ tyf lgmz'ns cf}ifwl pkrf/ ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{, affb/d'9] 36gf kll8t ;ldltn] :df/s lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\. :df/sdf d[ts tyf 3fOt]sf gfd pnn]v 5. :df/s agfpg g]kfnl ;]gfsf] ;d]t ;xof]u pnn]vo /x]sf] h]7df :ynut e d0fsf qmddf :yfglo JolQm tyf kll8tsf kl/jf/x ;Fu ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df.

20 as; # d]/l cfdf a;df r9l gf/fo0fu9 hfg nfubf 36gfdf k/l xfdlnfo{ 5f8]/ hfg'eof]. 3/df cfdf gx'fbf w]/} g/dfonf] nfu5. xfdlnfo{ affrgsf nflu ;xof]u rflxpsf] 5. xfdl h:tf ul/a ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ dfg]{ tl JolQmx nfo{ s]xl klg sfaf{xl gxf'bf emg\ b'mv nfu5. pglx nfo{ klg To;/L g} dfg'{k5{. -36gfdf cfdf u'dfpsl Ps aflnsf_ kll8t kl/jf/sf lgldt /f]huf/l of cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, kll8tsf] a:tldf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ dfu /x]sf 5g\. #= ;z:q ågå / dfgjclwsf/ ;fndf ;z:q ågå ;'? epkl5 dfgjclwsf/sf] cj:yf qmdzm sdhf]/ agb} uof]. ågåsf] cjlwdf /fhon] k6sk6s ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff u of]. cftísf/l tyf ljwj+;ftds sfo{ lgogq0f tyf ;hfo P]g hf/l eof]. u/l b'o{ k6s o'4lj/fd u/]/ zflgtjftf{ ul/p klg ;kmn epg. o'4lj/fdsf] cjlwdf ;d]t xtof / lx+;fsf 36gf ep. bf]/daf 36gf o;} s8ldf kb{5. ;z:q ågåsf] cjlwdf /fhoåf/f JolQmx nfo{ a]kqf kfg]{, sfg'gl k lqmof k"/f gu/l kqmfp u/]/ nfdf] ;do;dd y'gfdf /fvg], lu/ˆtf/ jf sahfdf k/]sf JolQmx nfo{ oftgf lbg] jf dfg]{ h:tf sfo{x ul/psf tyo dfgjclwsf/;dagwl ljlegg lgsfox af6 ul/psf cg'udgaf6 k sfzdf cfpsf lyp. ljb f]xl kif ttsfnlg dfcf]jfbln] klg km/s ljrf/ /fvg]x nfo{ ljlegg lsl;dsf ef}lts sfaf{xl ug]{, cfly{s n'6 ug]{, cfly{s ;xof]u gug]{nfo{ s'6lk6 u/l cëeë;d]t ug]{, ckx/0f u/l >d s}bdf /fvg], lgxtyf gful/ssf] xtof ug]{, afnaflnsfnfo{ o'4sf nflu k of]u ug]{ / hah{:tl dfcf]jfb :jlsf/ ug{ afwo agfpg] h:tf sfo{x u/]sf lyp. dfcf]jfblsf o:tf lqmofsnfksf sf/0f xhf/f}+ kl/jf/ lj:yflkt x'g k'u]sf lyp. ljbfno zflgt If]q xf] egg] dgotfsf] cj1f eof]. vfbfgg tyf cf}ifwl h:tf clt cfjzos j:t'x sf] cfk"lt{df cj/f]w k' ofoof]. ljsf; lgdf{0f / lghl ;DklQ pkef]u ug{df klg b'j} kifaf6 cj/f]w k' ofop. ;z:q ågåsf] ;dodf epsf sltko 36gfx df Go"gtd dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{af6 klg /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf cg'udg k ltj]bgx

21 gful/sx jl~rt epsf lyp. b'j} kifåf/f dfl/psf dflg;x sf] k'uof]. o; cwoogsf nflu 5flgPsf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt lhnnfx, hgf / hgfn] ;z:q ågådf Hofg u'dfpsf lyp. ;z:q ågåsf ;dodf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf ultljlwx ;fdfgob]lv udel/ k s[lt;ddsf 5g\. df ;+;f/df a9l JolQm a]kqf kfg]{ d'n'ssf] :yfgdf g]kfnsf] gfd n]lvg k'u]sf] lyof]. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ )%* )^@ ;Dd s'n!,^!( hgf a]kqf epsf] egl ph'/l btf{ epsf] atfpsf] lyof]. #=! /fli6«o sfg'g tyf ;Demf}tfx #=!=! g]kfnsf] cgtl/d tftsfnlg ;ft bn / ljb f]xl g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ alr l5d]sl b]z ef/tsf] goff dª\l;/ & ut] afx a'fb] ;dembf/l u/]/ ;z:q ;ª\3if{ /f]sg] ;Demf}tf eof]. ;f]xl ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df b]zdf Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf nflu zflgtk"0f{ gful/s cfgbf]ng ;'? eof]. h;nfo{ bf]; f] )^# elgof]. Tof] hgcfgbf]ngdfk{mt g]kfnl gful/sn] b]zdf nf]stgq, zflgt / cu udgsf kifdf cfjfh a'ngb u/]. g]kfn clw/fhosf] nfo{ vf/]h u/l g]kfnsf] cgtl/d hf/l eof]. cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf cgo ljifosf cltl/qm ;z:q ågån] IftljIft kf/]sf] g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ k'gm cftdljzjf; k fkt ug]{tkm{ cl3 a9fpg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] cjwf/0ff klg ;dfj]z ul/of]. cgtl/d ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL s]xl k fjwfgx o; k sf/ 5g\M ;z:q ågåsf qmddf dfl/psfx sf kl/jf/nfo{ tyf o; qmddf 3fOt] eo{ ckfë / czqm epsfx nfo{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;z:q ågåsf] qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] udel/ pnnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nug JolQmx sf] af/]df ;To cgj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ prr:t/lo ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{. P]=P]=. lj:t[t hfgsf/lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\m hah{:tl a]kqf;dagwl ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo sfo{bnsf] k ltj]bg (A/HRC/7/206, 10 January 2008) g]kfnl sfª\u ];, g]skf -Pdfn]_, g]kfnl sfª\u ]; k hftflgqs, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6l{, jfddf]rf{ g]kfn / g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6l{ cfggblb]jl. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f ## -t_. P]=P]=, wf/f ## -w_.

22 lj:t[t zflgt g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf dª\l;/ % ut] lj:t[t zflgt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eo{ ;z:q o'4sf] cf}krfl/s cgto eof]. ;Demf}tfsf kifx n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljzjjofkl 3f]if0ffkq,!($* tyf cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/;dagwl cfwf/e"t l;4fgt / dfgotfx k lt k lta4 /x]sf] hgfpsf lyp. b'j} kifn] cf cfˆgf dftxtsf ;a} lgsfonfo{ of] ;Demf}tf ttsfn sfof{gjog tyf kfngf ug{ cfjzos lgb]{zg hf/l ug]{ / sfof{gjog ug]{ u/fpg] egl ;xdlt klg hgfpsf lyp. ;z:q ågåaf6 ptkgg ljifd kl/l:yltnfo{ ;fdfgols/0f ub{} ;dfhdf zflgt sfod u/fpg tyf o'4af6 kll8t / lj:yflkt JolQmx sf nflu /fxt sfo{ / k'g:yf{kg u/fpg /fli6«o zflgt tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof]u u7g u/l To;dfkm{t sfd cufl8 a9fpg b'j} kif ;xdt epsf] s'/f ;Demf}tfsf] a'fbf %=@=$ df k/]sf] 5. To:t} b'j} kif ;z:q ågåsf qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] udel/ pnnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nugx sf] af/]df ;To cgj]if0f ug{ / ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;l ;xdltaf6 prr:t/lo ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt epsf] s'/f zflgt ;Demf}tfsf] a'fbf g+= %=@=% n] b;f{pf5. ågå / oftgf kll8t tyf a]kqf kfl/psfx sf] kl/jf/sf] /fxt k fkt ug{] clwsf/nfo{ ;d]t ;'lglzrt ug]{ eg]/ a'fbf &=!=# df n]lvpsf] 5. #=@ cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjlo sfg'g /fd]5fksf] bf]/daf / lrtjgsf] df8lsf b'o{j6} 36gf ;z:q ågåsf ;dodf epsfn] o;df cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf ;fy} cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g;d]t cfslif{t x'g cfpf5. o' sf] ;dodf nfu" x'g] h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ;femf wf/f # -h;n] ljb f]xl kifnfo{ ;d]t ;d]6\5_ n] lgdg sf/afxlx ug{ h'g;'s} 7fpF / ;dodf lgif]w u/]sf] 5M!= hlphofg lj?4 k of]u ug]{, ljz]if u/l ;a} lsl;dsf] xtof, cëeë, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgf JolQmnfO{ agws agfpg]. #= JolQmut dof{bfdf cf3ft k' ofpg], ljz]if u/l ckdfghgs / lt/:sf/k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{. $= ;Eo gful/sn] ctofjzos 7fg]sf sfg'gl k Tofe"lt epsf] lgoldt cbfntsf] lg0f{olagf b08 ;'gfpg] / To;nfO{ sfof{gjog ug]{. h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ;femf wf/f # åf/f lgif]w ul/psf sfdsfaf{xl of udel/ k s[ltsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3g epdf JolQmut hjfkmb]xlsf cfwf/df ;d]t bflotj jxg ug'{kg]{ x'g5. h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ;femf wf/f # n] o'4df efu glnpsf gful/sx sf] ;'/IffnfO{ ljz]if dxœj lbpsf] 5. o;egbf

23 cufl8 a9]/ rrf{ ug]{ xf] eg] o'4df efu glnpsf gful/sx nfo{ dfgjlo tj/n] Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ubf{ s'g} wd{, lnë, hftlotf, hgd jf ;DklQsf cfwf/df ;d]t e]befj ug{ x'fb}g egg] s'/f :ki6 pnn]v ul/psf] 5. To;}u/L cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfntsf] wf/f *=@ -;L_ df ;z:q ågåsf] cjlwdf h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] ;femf wf/f # sf k fjwfgsf] pnnª\3g x'g]u/l sf]xl s;}sf] clwsf/ xgg u/]sf v08df o'4 ck/fw ul/psf] dflgg] Joj:yf 5. ljz]iftm o'4df ;+nug gepsf JolQmx sf xsdf of] Joj:yf cem a9l cfslif{t x'g5. To;}u/L xltof/ la;fo;s]sf xltof/wf/l ;d"xsf ;b:ox la/fdl jf 3fOt] jf s}bdf k/]sf 5g\ eg] ltglx pk/ hljgsf] clwsf/sf] xgg x'g] u/l s'g} sfaf{xl epsf] /x]5 eg] o'4 ck/fw u/]sf] dflgg5. cem :ki6 efiffdf egbf, h'g;'s} k sf/sf] xtof / oftgfnfo{ o'4 ck/fwsf] sf]l6df /flvpsf] 5. k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l GofofwLs/0f (International Criminal Tribunal for former Yogoslavia (ICTY) sf] ljwfgsf] /?jfg8fsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l GofofwLs/0f (The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f $ df tl b'j} 6«fO{Ao'gnnfO{ h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf k fjwfgx pnnª\3g epsf]df sfaf{xl;d]t ug]{ clwsf/ lbopsf] 5. tl clwsf/x k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofsf] ;z:q ågå /?jf08fsf] ;z:q ågådf o'4/t kifx n] h]g]ef dxf;lgwsf] k fjwfgnfo{ pnnª\3g u/]sfn] tl clwsf/x 6«fO{Ao'gnnfO{ ljz]if kdf lbopsf x'g\. cgt/f{li6«o k s[ltsf kmf}hbf/l ck/fwnfo{ ;Daf]wg ugf{sf nflu al;f+} ztfablsf] ;'?cftb]lv g} c:yfol k s[ltsf rf/j6f cgt/f{li6«o 6«fO{Ao'gnx u7g epsf lyp.!& h'nfo{!((* df ICC Rome Statute, 8.2 (c): In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character, serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts committed against persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention or any other cause: (i) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; (ii) Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; (iii) Taking of hostages; (iv) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all judicial guarantees which are generally recognized as indispensable. UN Security Council resolution 808 of 22 February UN Security Council resolution 955 of 8 November International military tribunal of Nuremberg; Tokyo tribunal; ICTY (1993): In May 1993, the Tribunal was established by the United Nations in response to mass atrocities then taking place in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ICTY was the first war crimes court created by the UN and the first international war crimes tribunal since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. It was established by the Security Council in accordance with Chapter VII of the UN Charter; ICTR:

24 epsf] ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;ef -h;nfo{ /f]d ;Dd]ngsf] gfdn] klg lrlgg5_ n] :yfol k s[ltsf] 6«fO{Ao'gnsf ;fy} cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfntsf] u7gsf] lgldt tof/ /f]d ljwfg kfl/t u of]. cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg'gn] ck/fwdf JolQmsf] klg pq/bflotj /xg] k fjwfg klxn] klg u/]sf] lyof]. t/ To;nfO{ cem a9l k efjsf/l agfpgsf nflu bf]; f] ljzjo'4kl5 :yfkgf ul/psf g'/]dju{ / 6f]lsof] 6«fO{Ao'gnsf] lg0f{onfo{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ o'4 ck/fw, zflgt lj?4sf] ck/fw / dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;lqmo /x]sf] JolQmsf] pq/bflotj cgt/f{li6«o txdf ;d]t /xg5, elgpsf] 5.?jf08fsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l GofofwLs/0f (ICTY), k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l GofofwLs/0f (ICTY) / cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfnt (ICC) sf] :yfkgf ubf{ klg of] k fjwfgnfo{ ;dfj]z ul/psf] lyof]. o;afx]s, s'g} klg lsl;dsf ck/fwx 5fglag ug'{, ck/fwlnfo{ sfaf{xl ug'{ / ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hjfkmb]xl agfpg' /fhosf] :jfefljs pq/bflotj t /x]s} x'g5. cfo{;l6ljfo{ (ICTY) sf] wf/f &-!_ / cfo{;l6lcf/ (ICTR) sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f ^-!_ df ;DalGwt ljwfgdf pnn]v ul/psf ck/fwx sf] of]hgf agfpg], cfb]z lbg], sfof{gjog ug]{ cyjf s'g} k sf/n] ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmx JolQmut kdf ck/fwk lt hjfkmb]xl x'g] Joj:yf 5. o;}u/l cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfgsf] df klg o:t} k fjwfg /flvpsf] 5. ol k fjwfgx g]kfnsf] bf]/daf / df8l 36gfdf klg nfu" x'g5g\. cyf{t\, tl 36gfsf nflu hh;n] of]hgf agfp, hh;n] cfb]z lbp, clg hh;n] sfof{gjog u/], tl ;a} JolQmx JolQmut kdf ck/fwk lt hjfkmb]xl x'g5g\. lsgeg] tl 36gf cgt/f{li6«o txs} ck/fw x'g\. cgt/f{li6«o :t/sf 6«fO{Ao'gn / cbfntsf k fjwfgx nfo{ kg5fp/ b'j} dfldnf ;'Nemfpg ;lsfb}g. sltko 36gfdf ck/fw ug{ cfb]z lbg] JolQmx /fho k d'v jf ;/sf/ k d'v;d]t x'g ;St5g\. To;}u/L ljb f]xl ;d"xaf6 klg k d'v sdf08/sf] ;+nugtf x'g ;St5, t/ ltgn] cfb]z lbpsf dfq} klg x'g ;St5g\. of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{gjog ug]{ sfddf, sltko cj:yfdf tnnf] bhf{sf JolQmsf] k ToIf ;+nugtf x'g ;St5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ck/fwlnfo{ Gofosf] s73/fdf Nofpgfsf nflu g} cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg'gn] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] xf]. cfo{;l6ljfo{ (ICTY) sf] bkmf &-@_ / cfo{;l6lcf/ (ICTR) sf] bkmf &-@_ df :ki6 elgpsf] 5 æbf]if nfu]sf] JolQm /fho k d'v jf ;/sf/ k d'v jf lhdd]jf/ ;/sf/l clwsf/l hf];'s} ep tfklg JolQmut txsf] hjfkmb]xlaf6 pdsg kfpfb}g / sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;hfodf klg s6f}tl x'g ;St}g.Æ by resolution 977 of 22 February 1995, the Security Council decided that the seat of the Tribunal would be located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. D. Evans Malcolm, International Law, Second Edition, Oxford press 2006, p. 733

25 g]kfn cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g nfu" u/fpg tyf kfngf ug{ / u/fpg ;xdt x:tfif/sf/l /fi6«xf]. g]kfnn] dfgjclwsf/;fu ;DalGwt d'vo dxf;lgwx sf] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5. tl ;a} sfg'g g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x g} x'g\. o; sf/0f tl cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k fjwfg kfngf ug'{ u/fpg' g]kfn /fhosf] bflotj klg xf]. gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;lgwsf] bkmf ^-!_ df æk To]s dfgjnfo{ hljgsf] clwsf/ 5Æ elgpsf] 5. of] clwsf/ æsfg'gåf/f g} ;+/lift /xg5 tyf s;}n] klg :j}lr5s kdf hljgsf] x/0f ug{ kfpfb}gæ egg] k fjwfg klg /flvpsf] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgjclwsf/ ljifo ;ldltsf] bkmf ^ sf] yk JofVofdf ;d]t æhljgsf] clwsf/ ;jf]{rr clwsf/ xf], hf] ;Í6sfnsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t x/0f ug{ ;lsfb}gæ elgpsf] 5. To;}u/L JofVofsf] df æo'4sf] /f]syfd ug'{ /fhosf] prr bflotj xf]æ elgpsf] 5. ;fy;fy} /fhoaf6 :j]r5frf/l kdf dflg;sf] hljg x/0f x'g gkfcf];\ egl ;ts{ u/fpsf] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgjclwsf/ ljifo ;ldltn] ;f]xl JofVofsf] # g+= a'fbfdf cfk/flws lqmofsnfkaf6 dflg;sf] hljg arfp/ jf ck/fwlnfo{ sfaf{xl u/]/ dfq /fhosf] bflotj k"/f x'fb}g, /fhosf] ;'/Iff ;+ogqpk/ :j]r5frf/l 9Ëaf6 xtof jf ck/fw ug{;d]tdf /f]s nufpg'kb{5, elgpsf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o cg'agw,!(^^ sf] ;d]tnfo{ Wofg lbg' pko'qm x'g5. s'g} klg JolQmsf] o; dxf;lgwdf Joj:yf ul/psf s'g} klg clwsf/ xgg epsf] kfopdf /fhon] k efjsf/l pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'kg]{ x'g5. To:tf] pkrf/ sfg'g;ddt ;Ifd cbfnt, k zf;lgs jf sfg'gl clwsf/laf6 pknaw x'g'kg]{ k fjwfg klg /flvpsf] 5. /fhosf cgo cësf clwsf/lx n] tf]lspsf sfg'gl pkrf/nfo{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg :ki6;fu pnn]v ul/psf] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] o; ljifosf] dxœjnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ yk JofVof ub}{ eg]sf] 5 o; cg'agwdf Joj:yf ul/psf clwsf/x sf] pkef]u u/fpgfsf lgldt Gofofnodfkm{t cg'agwsf Joj:yfsf] k ToIf k of]u ug{ ;lsg]5. /fhon] k zf;lgs ;+ogqsf] Joj:yf ubf{ klg ædfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3g epsf 36gfx sf] cg';gwfg :jtgq Pj+ lgikif cëaf6 oyf;dej rff8} u/fpg' /fhosf] pq/bflotjleq kb{5æ elgpsf] 5. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfo{ ;Ifd / clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpsf] v08df o; lsl;dsf lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug{ ;xh x'g ;S5 egg]tkm{ klg /fhosf] Wofgfsif{0f ul/lbpsf] 5. ;lgw sf] bkmf (. 38 CCPR general comment No. 6, 30/04/82, sixteenth session, UN, ICCPR, Article 2(3) (b).

26 g]kfndf rn]sf] ;z:q o'4sf] ;dodf 36]sf 36gf epsfn] bf]/daf / df8lsf b'j} 36gfdf cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g cfslif{t x'g5. o; dxf;lgwsf sltko k fjwfgsf] JofVof ug]{ ;Gbe{df dflysf b'j} sfg'gl k fjwfgx nfo{ kl/k"/ssf kdf x]l/g'k5{, cnuofp/ x]g'{ x'fb}g. #=# dfjclwsf/ ;+/If0f ;d'bfosf] wf/0ff / k of; /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] bf]/daf 36gfsf] :ynut cwoogsf cfwf/df pqm 36gfsf] :jtgq / lj:t[t cg';gwfg u/l bf]iflnfo{ cfjzos sfaf{xl tyf kll8t kl/jf/nfo{ plrt /fxtsf ;fy} o:tf 36gfx k'gm bf]xf]l/g glbg cfjzos ;ts{tf ckgfpg ;'/Iff lgsfonfo{ ;r]t u/fpg ut] ;/sf/nfo{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] b]lvg5. To:t}, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] df8l 36gfsf ;DaGwdf c;f/ # ut] k wfgdgql tyf dlgqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof]. cfof]un] ttsfnlg cj:yfdf u/]sf tl 40 HRC, General Comment no 31: 26/05/2004, Nature of the Legal Obligation Imposed on State parties to the Covenant, 18th session (Para: 11). cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df pqm 36gfsf] :jtgq / lj:t[t cg';gwfg u/l bf]iflnfo{ cfjzos sfaf{xl tyf kll8t kl/jf/nfo{ plrt /fxtsf] ;fy} o:tf 36gfx k'gm bf]xf]l/g glbg cfjzos ;ts{tf ckgfpg ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff lgsfonfo{ ;r]t u/fpgú pnn]v 5. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] df8l 36gfsf] cwoog k ltj]bgsf cfwf/df u/]sf l;kmfl/; lgdg 5g\M ;'/IffsdL{x nfo{ ;j{;fwf/0f ofq'x sf] hlphofgdf hf]lvd x'g] u/l ;j{;fwf/0fn] k of]u ug]{ u/]sf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l;fwgx df abl{ jf lagfabl{df xltof/;lxt ofqf ug]{ sfo{ ttsfn /f]sg. ;'/IffsdL{ / dfcf]jfblalr ;z:q le8gt eo/xg] jt{dfg cj:yf tyf h'g;'s} bf]xf]/f] le8gt x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfo{ b[li6ut u/l ;j{;fwf/0fn] k of]u ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l;fwg, ;j{;fwf/0f e]nf x'g] ;fj{hlgs 7fpFx h:t} z}lifs ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ejg, :jf:yo s]gb, wfld{s:yn, hfqf tyf xf6ahf/ nfu]sf cflb 7fpFdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hlphofgdf hf]lvd kg]{ u/l s'g} sfd s'/f gug{ gu/fpg tyf dfgjclwsf/ / cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'gsf k fjwfgx nfo{ Jojxf/df k"0f{ kdf kfng ug{ u/fpg ;'/Iff lgsfosf ;a} txdf cljnda lgb]{zg hf/l ug{. o:tf] k sf/sf] 36gf 36\g ;S5 egg] a; Joj;foLåf/f k"j{ hfgsf/l lbfbf klg To;nfO{ udel/tfk"j{s glno{ cfjzos ;ts{tf;d]t gckgfpg] :yfglo k zf;lgs clwsf/l / zfxl g]kfnl ;]gfnfo{ pqm ofq'jfxs a;df r9\g cg'dlt k bfg ug]{ lhdd]jf/ ;}lgs clwsf/ldfly cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'gadf]lhd JolQmut hjfkmb]xl x'g] epsf]n] lghx nfo{ cfjzos sf/afxl u/l ;f]sf] ljj/0f cfof]unfo{ pknaw u/fo{ ;xof]u ug{. >L % sf] ;/sf/nfo{ 36gfdf k/l d[to' x'g] ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s tyf ;}lgssf kl/jf/x nfo{ ttsfn clwstd Ifltk"lt{ pknaw u/fpg, 36gfdf k/l 3fOt] epsf JolQmx sf] lgmz'ns :jf:yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /fhoaf6 ug{ / Ifltu :t epsf] ;jf/l ;fwgsf] Ifltk"lt{ ttsfn pknaw u/fpg. a;x df ;w}fh;f] ctolws ofq'x r9l ofqf ul//x]sf] s'/fdf :yfglo k zf;g lj1 x'fbx'fb} klg To;nfO{ Jojl:yt u/l ofq'x sf] rfkcg' k oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ljifodf nfk/afxl u/]sf] b]lvg cfpsf] x'fbf o:tf ljifox df ;hu /xg :yfglo k zf;gnfo{ cfjzos lgb]{zg lbg. cfof]usf] lg/gt/ cfu xsf afah'b klg ;}lgs dxœj gepsf ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t kfg]{ / lgbf]{if dflg;x nfo{ nlift u/l ad ljikmf]6g ug]{, JolQmut ;DklQ gi6 ug]{, xtof ug]{, cëeë ug]{ tyf 3fOt] kfg]{ sfo{nfo{ hf/l /fv]sf] kfopsf]n] To:tf sfo{nfo{ ttsfn agb ug{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ nfo{ sf] lg0f{o.

27 l;kmfl/;x sfof{gjog ug{ u/fpgfsf ut] g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ k'gm Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] kfog5. 36gfsf bf]iflnfo{ sfg'gl sfaf{xl / kll8tnfo{ ttsfn oyf]lrt\ kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ub}{ b08xlgtfsf] cgto, sfg'gl zf;gsf] k Tofe"lt tyf hjfkmb]xl clej[l4sf nflu lg/gt/ bafa l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ tyf o;lgldt /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u / gful/s ;dfhn] lg/gt/ ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] egfo /x]sf] 5. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o ;'zln Kofs'/]nn] bf]/daf / df8l 36gfsf kl8sx sf] klxrfg eo;s]sf] / pglx nfo{ sfaf{xl x'g'kg]{ dfu pl7/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t pglx nfo{ k rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd sfaf{xl x'g g;sg'n] sfg'gl /fhsf] pkxf; epsf] / b08xlgtf ;+:yfut epsf] atfpg'epsf] 5. bf]/daf 36gfsf qmddf g]kfnl ;]gfn] lgmz:q JolQmx nfo{ xft affwl uf]nl xfg]/ df/]sf] / df8lsf] 36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] ;j{;fw/0f JolQmx r9]sf] ;jf/l ;fwgdf ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpsf] x'gfn] ol 36gfsf bf]iflx nfo{ ;}lgs P]gsf] cfwf/df ul/psf] sfaf{xl jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf] cfgtl/s sfaf{xl dfgo gx'g] / pglx nfo{ k rlnt P]gsf cfwf/df sfaf{xl x'g'kg]{ lhls/ >L Kofs'/]nn] ub}{ cfpg' epsf] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo dfgjclwsf/;dagwl prrfo'qmsf] g]kfn sfof{non] df8l 36gfsf] :ynut cwoog u/l g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ n] o'4df ;fd]n gepsf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xtof u/]sf] s'/f 7x/ u/]sf] 5 / cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g -h]g]ef dxf;lgw_ sf] ;femf wf/f # sf] pnnª\3g epsf] s'/f pnn]v u/]sf] 5. ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hlpwgsf] /Iff ug]{ k"0f{ lhdd]jf/l ;/sf/l kifsf] x'fbfx'fb} klg pglx nfo{ hf]lvddf kfb}{ g]kfnl ;]gfn] k6sk6s ;fj{hlgs a; k of]u u/]sf] kfopsf] x'gfn] ;/sf/ / g]kfnl ;]gf klg pqm 36gfk lt lhdd]jf/ /x]sf] / pglx af6 ;d]t cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'gsf] pnnª\3g epsf] s'/f k ltj]bgdf pnn]v ul/psf] 5. g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ nfo{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] k of]u ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwfg, ;j{;fwf/0f e]nf x'g] ;fj{hlgs 7fpFx h:t} z}lifs ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ejg, :jf:yo s]gb, wfld{s:yn, hfqf tyf xf6ahf/ nfu]sf 7fpF cflbdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hlphofg hf]lvddf kfg]{ u/l s'g} sfaf{xl gug{ gu/fpg tyf dfgjclwsf/ / cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'gsf k fjwfgx nfo{ Jojxf/df k"0f{ kdf kfng ug{ u/fpg cfˆgf dftxtsf ;a} txdf cljnda lgb]{zg hf/l u/l ;f] s'/fnfo{ ;fj{hlgs ug{. g]skf dfcf]jfblnfo{ pqm 36gf 36fpgsf nflu lg0f{o ug]{, of]hgf agfpg] tyf sfof{gjog ug]{ JolQmx df h]g]ef dxf;lgw adf]lhd JolQmut hjfkmb]xl x'g] epsf]n] 36gfsf] cg';gwfgsf nflu pglx sf] ljj/0f cfof]unfo{ pknaw u/fo{ ;xof]u ug{. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf ;b:o Pj+ k jqmf uf}/l k ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o ;'zln ;fpg!^ ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: Investigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 57, 58, 59, 60. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: In-

28 ;/sf/, g]kfnl ;]gf / g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ ;dif 36gfdf lhdd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;hfo ug{, b'j} kifaf6 epsf cg';gwfg k ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug{, k x/l cg';gwfg ttsfn cufl8 a9fpg / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hlpwg /Iff ug{ klg ;f] k ltj]bgdf ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. #=$ kl/k"/0f / b08sf nflu sfg'gl Joj:yf bf]/daf 36gfdf g]kfnl ;]gfsf] sdf08df /x]sf] ;+o'qm hgf lgmz:q JolQmx sf] xtof u/]sf] ep tfklg kl8sx nfo{ sfg'gl sfaf{xlsf] nflu s'g} klg k lqmof cufl8 a9fopsf] 5}g. kll8t tyf dfgjclwsf/sdl{x sf] k of; afah'b klg pqm 36gfsf] ph'/l (FIR) lhnnf k x/l sfof{nodf btf{ epsf] 5}g. g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f ;'/fslsf] cf/f]kdf bf]/dafdf xtof ul/psf tlg hgf ;j{;fw/0fsf xtof/fnfo{ sfg'gl sfaf{xl ug{ ph'/l btf{ epsf] ep tfklg kl8snfo{ sfg'gl sfaf{xl ug]{tkm{ s'g} k lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] kfofb}g. kll8tnfo{ k'ug upsf] Ifltsf] kl/k"/0fdf ttsfnlg /fxtafx]s cgo s'g} klg ;xof]u lbopsf] 5}g. df8l 36gfsf ;DaGwdf lrtjg lhnnf k x/l sfof{noaf6 k f/ldes :ynut cwoog ul/psf], 36gfsf] ;h{ldg ul/psf], k To]s nf;sf] d'r'nsf p7fo{ d[tssf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ /flvpsf], nf;sf] kf]i6df6{d epsf], hfx]/l aofg lnopsf], 36gf:yndf k fkt j:t'x km/]lg;s Nofadf cg';gwfgsf nflu k7fopsf] tyf 36gfsf] ph'/l k x/ldf btf{ ul/psf] 5. lrtjg lhnnf k x/l sfof{non] 36gf;DaGwL k f/ldes cwoog;lxtsf] /]s8{ kmfon Jojl:yt tl/sfn] /fv]sf] klg kfog5. t/ 36gfsf ;DaGwdf sf]xl klg kqmfp gk/]sfn] cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg g;s]sf] egg] egfo k x/lsf] /x]sf] 5. g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf cwoif k'iksdn bfxfn -k r08_ lj?4 ph'/l btf{ ep klg ;/sf/af6 pqm ph'/lpk/ sfaf{xl grnfpg] lg0f{o eo;s]sf] 5. vestigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 61, 62. OHCHR report, Attack against public transport in Chitwan and Kavrepalanchwok Districts: Investigation report, 18 August 2005, Para: 64, 66. /fd]5fk lhnnf k x/l sfof{no dgynldf ;Dks{ ubf{ hfx]/l /]s8{ cbfjlws /x]sf] sfof{nosf lgldq k d'vn] atfp r}t #! ut] lhnnf k x/l sfof{no dgynldf uo{ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ 36gfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/l kfopg. ;fy} P8ef]s];L kmf]/d /fd]5fksf lhnnf ;+of]hs kf08j k ;fo{+sf cg';f/ 36gf k x/ldf btf{ x'g g;s]sf] hfgsf/l kfoof]. lrtjg lhnnf k x/l sfof{nodf d'2f btf{ /x]sf] kmfondf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlgqkl/ifb\sf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{pk/ cftísf/l tyf ljwj+;ftds sfo{ -lgogq0f tyf ;hfo_ P]g tyf cwofb]zcgtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl eo{ ljlegg cbfntdf bfo/ epsf ;Dk"0f{ d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] / ;f]xl P]g / cwofb]zcgtu{tsf] s;'/ of cg';gwfgsf qmddf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ d'2fx grnfpg];dagwlú lg0f{o ep ut] dxfgofoflwjqmfsf] sfof{non] kqfrf/ u/]sf] / ;f]xl kq adf]lhd >L k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/l jlsn sfof{no, x]6f}8fn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] tyf d'2f grnfpg] sfaf{xl x'g cfb]zfg';f/ cg'/f]w ul/psf] sf]

29 #=% ;+:yfut tj/af6 epsf kxnx bf]/daf tyf df8l b'j} 36gfdf ljlegg ;+3;+:yfx åf/f :ynut cwoog u/l k ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/nufot ;DalGwt lgsfonfo{ l;kmfl/;x epsf] kfog5. t/ ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 tl l;kmfl/;x sfof{gjog ep gepsf] lg/gt/ cg'udg epsf] 5}g. kl8snfo{ sfg'gl bfo/fdf Nofpg] k lqmof cufl8 a9fpg / kll8tnfo{ ;dodf kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ugf{sf nflu lg/gt/ bafasf] cefj b]lvg5. kll8tx nfo{ cfkm"x n] Gofo kfpg] 5f}+ egg] s'/fdf cfzf / ljzjf; 36\b} upsf] kfopsf] 5. kll8tx n] g} ;/sf/nfo{ emsemsofpg 5f8]kl5 b08xlgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfo{ yk a9fjf ldng upsf] 5. hf] Hofb} vt/gfs ljifo ut] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/;dif bf]/daf / df8l 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] u/]sf l;kmfl/; sfof{gjog ug{ k'gm kqfrf/ u/]sf] kfog5. t/ ;/sf/l kifaf6 s'g} k ltlqmof hgfopsf] kfofb}g. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf l;kmfl/;x sfof{gjog gx'g] l:ylt cfpg' eg]sf] b]zdf b08xlgtfsf] ;+:s[lt r/df]tsif{df k'u]sf] ;Í]t xf]. b]zsf] :jtgq / :jfoq ;+:yfúsf] x}l;otaf6 cgtl/d dfkm{t ;+j}wflgsú x}l;ot kfpsf] ep tfklg /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfo{ ;/sf/n] k efjsf/l agfpg g;sg' Hofb} b'mvnfubf] cj:yf xf]. o:tf] cj:yfdf kll8t kifx lg/fz x'g k'ug' :jfefljs b]lvg5. h;n] /fhosf] pkl:ylt / sfg'gl /fhosf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ g} lvnnl p8fpsf] b]lvg5. $= cwoogsf] lgisif{ g]kfnsf] cgtl/d n] ;z:q ågåsf] qmddf dfl/psfx sf] kl/jf/ tyf To; qmddf 3fOt] eo{ ckfë / czqm epsfx nfo{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] ep tfklg /fhon] tt;dagwl Joj:yfsf] sfof{gjog u/]sf] kfofb}g. To:t}, /fhon] ågåkll8tsf nflu ;sf/ftds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gllt cjndag ug]{5 egl cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf pnn]v ul/psf] 5. t/ of] k fjwfgtkm{ klg /fhosf] Wofg upsf] st} b]lvfb}g. kq ;dfj]z u/l d'2f rnfpg gkfpg] egl pqm btf{ kmfonsf] cufl8 k[i7df pnn]v u/l /flvpsf] kfoof]. /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf ;b:o Pj+ k jqmf uf}/l k ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df. P]=P]=. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f ## -t_. P]=P]=, wf/f #% -!$_.

30 cwoogsf qmddf e]l6psf kll8t kl/jf/ / kll8t :jo+n] cfkm"x n] Gofo gkfpsf] u'gf;f] u/]. kll8tx n] bf]iflnfo{ sfg'gl sfaf{xl, afnaflnsfsf] lziffsf] k agw, kl/jf/sf ;Ifd ;b:ox nfo{ /f]huf/lsf] Joj:yf / lgmz'ns cf}ifwl pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ dfu /fv]sf 5g\. ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lnpsf] ;"rldf df8l 36gfsf] d'2f;d]t 5. lrtjgsf Ps k x/l clwsf/lsf cg';f/ k x/ln] cleof]hgsf nflu tof/ u/]sf] t/ dflysf] cfb]zú sf cfwf/df d'2fnfo{ cl3 a9fopsf] 5}g. dfcf]jfbln] æ36gfdf ;+nug epsfnfo{ sfaf{xl ul/;s]sf] / kf6l{ k d'vn] ;d]t k6sk6s dfkml dflu;s]sf]æ egg] sf/0f b]vfo{ tl d'2fx sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq nfg glbpsf] a'lemg5. bf]/daf 36gfdf ;+nugnfo{ ;}lgs cbfntn] sfaf{xl ul/;s]sf] bfal u/] tfklg sfaf{xlsf] k lqmof kf/bzl{ lypg. cgt/f{li6«o k s[ltsf] kmf}hbf/l ck/fw u/]sfnfo{ g]kfnsf] ;}lgs cbfntn] ljefulo sfaf{xl u/]/ dfq k'ub}g. o:tf 36gfsf l5gf]kmfgf] Goflos cbfntaf6 dfq ;DkGg x'g'kb{5. sfg'gl sfaf{xl klg ;f]xl :t/sf] x'g'kb{5 egg] Joj:yf cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf :ki6 5. cgt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf b[li6df bf]/daf / df8lsf 36gfx o'4 ck/fwsf sf]l6df kb{5g\. cgt/f{li6«o ceof;nfo{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] o:tf 36gf epsf sltko b]zdf ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3n] g} 6«fO{Ao'gn agfolbpsf] kfog5. sltko b]zdf rflxf ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u agfp/ ågåsf ;dodf epsf dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjlo sfg'g pnnª\3gsf 36gf / k j[lqnfo{ 5fglag u/l lg0f{o lng d2t u/]sf] kfog5. ågåsf a]nf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf 36gfx sf] 5fglag ug{?jf08f, k"j{ o'uf]:nfleof, l;o/flnof]g / sdaf]l8ofdf ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;lqmotfdf ljz]if cbfntx u7g ul/psf 5g\ eg] lrnl, ch]{lg6gf, blif0f clk msf, k"jl{ l6df]/ / lkmlnlkg;df ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g epsf 5g\. pk/f]qm b'o{ vfn] ;+/rgf b]zsf] e" /fhg}lts cj:yf cg's"n x'g]u/l l;h{gf ul/psf] ep tfklg ltgsf] d"n p2]zorflxf Gofo lg k0f ug{' g} lyof]. cg'ej / Oltxf;n] s] klg b]vfpsf] 5 eg] sltko udel/ k s[ltsf kmf}hbf/l ck/fwsf] 5fglag u/l Gofo lg k0f ug{sf nflu ;To lg k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u dfq kof{kt gx'g ;S5. 36gfsf] ldlxg 5fglag u/]/ GofonfO{ d"t{ k lbg] xf] eg] bf]/daf / df8l h:tf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf 36gfnfO{ ;d]6\g ljz]if k s[ltsf] Goflos 6«fO{Ao'gn u7g u/l lhdd]jf/l lbg'kg]{ b]lvg5. :j]r5frf/l kdf JolQmsf] hljg x/0f ug]{ sfo{nfo{ g]kfnsf sfg'gx n] klg lgif]w u/]sf 5g\. To;}n] ågåsf ;dodf epsf ep klg ol b'j} 36gfsf] ljbdfg sfg'gcg';f/ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] / o;sf nflu /fhon] sfaf{xl ;'? ug'{kg]{ lhls/ dfgjclwsf/sdl{x sf] /x]sf] 5. g]kfndf lx+;f / b08xlgtf a9\g'df ljutdf h3go dfgjclwsf/ xggsf 36gfdf /fhon] k efjsf/l

31 kn] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f xf] eggdf ;d]t ol b'o{j6f 36gf pbfx/0f x'g ;Sb5g\. s]xl o'/f]k]nl d'n'sx n] cfˆgf] b]zsf sfg'g k of]u u/]/ ljzjjofkl If]qflwsf/ sfod u/l udel/ k s[ltsf dfgjtf lj/f]wl ck/fw hxff ul/psf ep klg :jb]zl sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf NofP/ 5fglag ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. o;} dfgotfnfo{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ågåsf ;dodf ul/psf dfgjclwsf/ lj/f]wl udel/ k s[ltsf 36gfx nfo{ 5fglag u/fpg'k5{. o:tf 36gfx klg 5fglag x'g ;s]gg\ eg] o:tf k s[ltsf 36gfx a9\g ;S5g\. To;f] x'g glbg klg /fho ;r]t x'g' h?/l x'g5.

32 cg';"rl! bf]/daf 36gfdf ;+o'qm ;'/Iff kmf}håf/f dfl/psfx qm=;+= gfd 7]ufgf!= afa'/fd tfdfª k'ikú /fd]5fk, j]yfg cldasf bfxfn nlnsfú Os'8f]n ^, nlntk'/ #= k blk bf]ª /lqmdú j]yfg %, /fd]5fk $= gfd gv'n]sf ;+ultfú 88'jf $, /fd]5fk %= xs{axfb'/ tfdfª oyfy{ú km'nfzl *, /fd]5fk ^= /lj rf}xfg ;dl/ú uf]n' %, /fd]5fk &= pdf sfsl{ ;fxf/fú rgv' #, /fd]5fk *= Zofd tdfª OGSnaÚ rgv' (, /fd]5fk (= kbd/fh lu/l c;nú k'/fgfufpf *, /fd]5fk!)= lji0f'dfof yfkfdu/ ljdfú bf]/daf!, /fd]5fk!!= 7"nf]/fd tfdfª 5f]SkfÚ bf]/daf #, /fd]5fk!@= ;fgf]/fd tfdfª ætf/fæ bf]/daf #, /fd]5fk!#= nid0f tfdfª 5fofÚ bf]/daf #, /fd]5fk!$= gfd gv'n]sf hldgú wg'iff!%= gfd gv'n]sf ;f]dú sfe ]knf~rf]s, rf}jf;!^= gfd gv'n]sf ljdnfú ;f]n'v'da'!&= o'j/fh df]qmfg -afa'_ /fd]5fk!*= nlnf df]qmfg -5f]/f_ /fd]5fk!(= 6]saxfb'/ yfkfdu/ ljj]sú bf]/daf!, rt'/dfg yfdl ;d/ú a]kqf kf/l xtof ul/psl elgpsl dlxnf qm=;+= gfd gfd gv'n]sf piffú l;gw'kfnrf]s ; f]t M /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u g]skf -dfcf]jfbl_ åf/f xtof ul/psf JolQmx qm=;+= gfd /]lndfof df]qmfg bf]/daf, eldaxfb'/ >]i7 bf]/daf, ljqmd of]~hg bf]/daf, /fd]5fk

33 df8l 36gfdf dfl/psfx qm=;+= gfd 7]ufgf!= /fdrgb ;'j]bl snof0fk'/ %, df8l lji0f'k ;fb l3ld/] snof0fk'/ *, df8l lrtjg #= ldgs'df/l e08f/l snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg $= l8ndfof lgp/] ;fksf]6f snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg %= lgzrn ;fksf]6f snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg ^= 8Da/s'df/L ltjf/l snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg &= hfg'sf ltjf/l snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg *= /lj ltjf/l snof0fk'/ %, df8l lrtjg (= lbnaxfb'/ ;'g'jf/ snof0fk'/ $, df8l lrtjg!)= cftdf/fd ;'j]bl cof]wofk'/l &, df8l lrtjg!!= cghln ;'j]bl cof]wofk'/l &, df8l lrtjg!@= lji0f'dfof b'/f cof]wofk'/l (, df8l lrtjg!#= ;fgf]dfof af]6 cof]wofk'/l *, df8l lrtjg!$= l;tfb]jl Gof}kfg] cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l lrtjg!%= ldg' u'?ª cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l lrtjg!^= /d]z >]i7 cof]wofk'/l %, df8l lrtjg!&= /jlgb dxtf] cof]wofk'/l $, df8l lrtjg!*= dlgf k hf cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l lrtjg!(= ;'gaxfb'/ k hf cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l dlgdfof af]6] cof]wofk'/l (, df8l rfd'gf/fo0f >]i7 e/tk'/ /]0f' a/fonl e/tk'/ g=kf= %, blk]z a/fonl e/tk'/ g=kf= %, lbg]z nd;fn u+ufb]jl nd;fn bllksf nd;fn bliff nd;fn rgb afxfb'/ lji6 ;'dg;]g 7s'/L gjnk/f;l #)= xl/lk of e08f/l gjnk/f;l #!= o1/fh kf}8]n l;v f}nl, gjnk/f;l

34 qm=;+= gfd 7]ufgf >Ls'df/L u'?ª ;bl{, gjnk/f;l ##= v'ds'df/l kf}8]n l;v f}nl, gjnk/f;l #$= dl7'dfof sfsl{ kf]v/f g=kf= (, sf:sl #%= ;'idf sfsl{ kf]v/f g=kf= (, sf:sl dfl/psf ;}lgs hjfgx qm=;+= q=g+= gfd 7]ufgf 6+saxfb'/ UofdL du/ -Ko'7_ tfs'{3f6 #, uf]/vf #&=!*(&&% wgaxfb'/ cf=d= -l;kfxl_ tfjf>l %, pbok'/ #*=!($$(* kbdaxfb'/ 3=d= -l;kfxl_ bxrf}/ $, ;'v]{t df8l 36gfdf 3fOt] epsfx qm=;+= gfd 7]ufgf!= n]vgfy clwsf/l s[i0fú df8l, b'uf{dfof du/ df8l, lrtjg #= wgs'df/l kf}8]n df8l, lrtjg $= lji0f'dfof lj=s= cof]wofk'/l &, df8l, lrtjg %= ;fljql 9sfn snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg ^= k"0f{axfb'/ lh=;l= snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg &= ;Ltf ;'j]bl cof]wofk'/l &, df8l lrtjg *= g/dfof cfrfo{ snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg (= k/d]zj/ sfˆn] df8l, lrtjg!)= nidlsfgt l3ld/] snof0fk'/ *, df8l, lrtjg!!= 6Lsfk ;fb a/fsf]6l e/tk'/!), ultf kf]v/]n df8l, lrtjg!#= odgf/fo0f cof{n df8l, lrtjg!$= odsnf ;'j]bl df8l, lrtjg!%= ltnsaxfb'/ ;'on ndh'ª!^= s[i0f l3ld/] snof0fk'/ *, df8l, lrtjg!&= a]gldfof af]6] cof]wofk'/l &, df8l lrtjg!*= xf]dgfy ;'j]bl cof]wofk'/l #, df8l, lrtjg!(= l8ndfof e"iffn snof0fk'/ (, df8l, kjg v8\sf snof0fk'/ *, df8l, lrtjg

35 qm=;+= gfd hugdfof u'?ª snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg efg'eqm cfrfo{ snof0fk'/ $, df8l, s[i0fdl0f kf}8]n lzjgu/, z]if/fh jfun] df8l, cfzlif 5]qL cof]wofk'/l &, df8l, cl:dtf lj=s= cof]wofk'/l &, df8l, rgb axfb'/ dxt cof]wofk'/l (, df8l, u'ghg >]i7 kf]v/f g]qaxfb'/ u'?ª cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l, lrtjg #)= xl/snf k'g snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg #!= ;fu/ ;'j]bl snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg s[i0fk ;fb kf]v/]n snof0fk'/ #, df8l, lrtjg ##= zf]ef lj=s= snof0fk'/ (, df8l, lrtjg #$= ;'blk lj=s= snof0fk'/ (, df8l, lrtjg #%= k sfz kf08] snof0fk'/ (, df8l, lrtjg #^= lji0f'eqm kf08] snof0fk'/ (, df8l, lrtjg #&= ;Gtf]ifL yfkf auf}8f *, df8l, lrtjg #*= sljtf a?jfn snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg #(= d}of nfld5fg] snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg $)= h'gf nfld5fg] snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg $!= k"hg nfld5fg snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg $@= /fw]zofd e08f/l snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg $#= lji0f'k ;fb cf]emf snof0fk'/ %, df8l, lrtjg $$= sfnldfof tfdfª snof0fk'/ &, df8l, lrtjg $%= /Ltf tfdfª snof0fk'/ &, df8l, lrtjg $^= O{Zj/Lk ;fb kf}8]n snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg $&= e'jg zflgt kf}8]n snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtjg $*= /fh' kl/of/ kf]v/f, a}bfd $(= k"mndfof kl/of/ kf]v/f, a}bfd %)= hfgsl /]UdL ubl{ ^, lrtjg %!= r'g' s];l snof0fk'/ #, df8l, lrtjg %@= 1fg' kf}8]n e/tk'/ lrtjg %#= dgs'df/l 5]qL cof]wofk'/l &, df8l, lrtjg

36 qm=;+= gfd 7]ufgf %$= uf]df clwsf/l cof]wofk'/l *, df8l, lrtjg %%= hogtl af]6 cof]wofk'/l &, df8l, lrtjg %^= nidl kf}8]n v}/xgl, lrtjg %&= k l;l4 kf}8]n v}/xgl, lrtjg %*= gf/fo0fbq kf}8]n -xfn d[to' eo;s]sf]_ cof]wofk'/l %, df8l, lrtjg %(= ;"o{axfb'/ u'?ª cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l, lrtjg ^)= /fh' k hf cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l, lrtjg ^!= b]jlk ;fb /]UdL cof]wofk'/l %, df8l, lrtjg ^@= ljj]s a/fonl e/tk'/ g=kf= ^, lrtjg ^#= jl/axfb'/ /fo{ cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l, lrtjg, ^$= gjlg e'h]n cof]wofk'/l %, df8l, lrtjg ^%= udnf e08f/l e/tk'/ g=kf=!, /fdgu/ ^^= g/xl/ /fgfef6 cof]wofk'/l *, df8l, lrtjg ^&= ljqmd rf}w/l -rfns_ ubl{ %, lrtjg ^*= nfnl;+x du/ cof]wofk'/l (, df8l, lrtjg ^(= u+ufaxfb'/ u'?ª -xfn d[to' eo;s]sf]_ df8l, lrtjg &)= cldasf clwsf/l df8l, lrtjg &!= sf]lknf clwsf/l df8l, lrtjg &@= dgxl/ ;fksf]6f df8l, lrtjg &#= gf/fo0fl ;fksf]6f df8l, lrtjg &$= k"hf u'?ª cof]wofk'/l ^, df8l, lrtjg &%= g]qaxfb'/ /fgfef6 snof0fk'/ $, df8l, lrtg ; f]t M affb/d'9] 36gfsf] :d[ltdf lgld{t :df/s, df8l

37 ;Gbe{;fdu Lx /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] ljlegg cg'udg tyf cg';gwfg k ltj]bgx ( ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3 dfgjclwsf/ prrfo'qmsf] sfof{no g]kfnsf cg'udg tyf cg';gwfg k ltj]bgx ( Gfful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o cg'agw,!(^^. hah{:tl a]kqf;dagwl ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo sfo{bnsf] k ltj]bg (A/HRC/7/206, 10 January 2008) g]kfnsf] cgtl/d g]kfn ;lgw lj:t[t zflgt cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l cbfntsf] ljwfg,!((*. David Miliband Human Rights: Annual Report Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Great Britain, ICCPR, General Comment No. 6. lgdg j]a;fo6x M

38 Back cover ;fdflhs ;+jfbsf nflu ;xsfo{ -PP;8L_ ;fdflhs ;+jfbsf nflu ;xsfo{ú -PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu PP;8L_ g]kfnsf ljlegg 7fpFdf legg legg ljifo / If]qdf lqmofzln ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmx alr ;+jfb k lqmofaf6 ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt lj:tf/ ug{] p2]zo lnp/ ;'? epsf] cleofg xf]. nf]stflgqs d"no / dfgotf k j4{g ug'{ o;sf] d"ne"t p2]zo xf]. of] p2]zo k fkt ug{sf lgldt PP;8Ln] g]kfnl ;dfhsf] ;/f]sf/sf ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;Da4 kifalr cgt/lqmof ax; ub}{, u/fpfb} cfpsf] 5. dfgjclwsf/, :jtgq ;~rf/ / lziff cflb ;fdflhs dxîjsf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf g]kfnl ;/f]sf/jfnfx ;Fu ;xsfo{ ub{ } af}l4s ;+jfbsf nflu k otg/t /xg' PP;8Lsf] Wo]o xf]. oxl Wo]ocg' k PP;8Ln] ol If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yf tyf JolQmx alr ;xsfo{ / ;+jfb a9fpg k/fdz{, 5nkmn, cwoog / sfo{zfnf uf]i7l h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{5. o:tf 5nkmnn] prr k fyldstfdf /fv]sf ljifox df glltut / uxg k s[ltsf] ;+jfb cl3 a9fpg cjwf/0ffkq ;d]t k sfzg ug] { ub{5. PP;8Ln] dfgjclwsf/, :jtgq ;~rf/ / lziffsf If]qdf ;lqmo /x]/ nf]stgq tyf v'nf :jtgq ;dfhsf] k j4{gdf nfluk/]sf ;+:yf tyf JolQmx sf alraf6 goff / l;h{gzln ljifox klxrfg u/l cfufdl lbgdf sfd ug{ ;lsg] ljifox sf] k fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5. To:tf ljifox df sfd ug{ rflxg] cg'bfg /sd k fkt ug{ cgt/f{li6«o :t/sf ;xof]ul ;+:yfx ;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ :yfglo / cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx alrdf ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd klg cufl8 a9fopsf] 5. ;/f]sf/jfnfx ;Fusf] 5nkmnsf qmddf k fyldstfdf k/]sf ljifox df /rgftds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ PP;8Ln] :yfglo ;ª\3;+:yfx nfo{ k ]l/t u5{. /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o :t/sf cjwf/0ff, gllt tyf sfo{qmdx nfo{ ;3fp k' ofpg ;Sg] / :yfglo :t/df b]lvpsf afwf Jojwfgx klxrfg u/l lbuf] ;dfwfg lbg ;Sg] k s[ltsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{sf nflu kl/of]hgf k :tfj tof/ kf/l cg'bfg /sdsf nflu cfj]bg k]; ug{ klg PP;8Ln] :yfglo ;ª\3;+:yfx nfo{ k f]t;flxt ub}{ cfpsf] 5.